...INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Bioinsp. Biomim. 1 (2006) P1–P12 BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS doi:10.1088/1748-3182/1/1/P01 PERSPECTIVE Biomimetics—using nature to inspire human innovation Yoseph Bar-Cohen Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA E-mail: yosi@jpl.nasa.gov Received 7 November 2005 Accepted for publication 7 March 2006 Published 27 April 2006 Online at stacks.iop.org/BB/1/P1 Abstract Evolution has resolved many of nature’s challenges leading to lasting solutions. Nature has always inspired human achievements and has led to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems, and many other benefits (Bar-Cohen Y (ed) 2005 Biomimetics—Biologically Inspired Technologies (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 1–552). This field, which is known as biomimetics, offers enormous potential for inspiring new capabilities for exciting future technologies. There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes that involve making simple copies, such as the use of fins for swimming. Others examples involved greater mimicking complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after the principles of aerodynamics were better understood. Some commercial implementations of biomimetics, including robotic toys and movie subjects, are increasingly appearing and behaving like living creatures. More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development of prosthetics...
Words: 9606 - Pages: 39
...SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY MECHANICAL & AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT III TERM SECOND YEAR 1 Course number MEC211 2 Course Title STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3 Credits 5 4 Contact Hours (LT- P) 3-1-2 5 Course Objective To understand the relationship between stress and strain in solids. 6 Course Outcomes On successful completion of this module students will be able to 1. Understand the concept of strain and stress, stress- strain diagram, Elastic constants and constitutive relations.. 2. Determine principal stresses and strain and locate principal planes. 3. Apply the theory of simple bending to compute stresses in beams of homogenous and composite sections of different shapes. 4. Calculate slope and deflection in beams.Use Double integration method, Macaulay’s method, moment area method methods to calculate slope and deflection for the following : a) Cantilevers b) Simply supported beams with or without overhang Under concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads or combination of concentrated and uniformly distributed loads. 5. Apply different formulae to analyze stresses in struts and columns subjected to axial loads. 7 Outline syllabus 7.01 MEC211.A Unit A Simple stresses and strains 7.02 MEC211.A1 Unit A Topic 1 Concept of stress and strain, St. Venant’s principle, Stress and strain diagram, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus (E), Modulus of Rigidity(G), Bulk modulus(K), Poisson ratio. 7.03 MEC211.A2 Unit A Topic 2 Stress and elongation...
Words: 958 - Pages: 4
...Fall 13 rev. 1 Engineering & Green Technology Department Fall River, Massachusetts Course Number & Title: Instructor: EGR172 - Material Science Prof. Sid Martin Phone #: 774-473-7934 Email: sidmartin007@gmail.com (preferred) Sidney.Martin@bristolcc.edu Engineering Materials Properties & Selection, Budinski & Budinski, Ninth Edition, Prentice Hall Lecture: Monday & Wednesday @ 11-12:15 pm, Rm: B112 Lab: Monday or Wednesday @ 12:30-1:45 pm, Rm: B112/B113 Text: Class Times & Locations: I. Course Description: A study of the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of engineering materials. Particular emphasis is placed on the interdependency of atomic structure, micro-structure, material phase relationships, and solid state reactions to each other and to the modification of these properties. The use of metals, plastics and advanced materials in economic, sustainable and reliable design is investigated. The laboratory includes metallographic examination using light microscopy and the study of material science principals and treatments of metals. II. Course Requirements: The Student is required to review daily assignments and lecture notes, and complete assigned reading, laboratory presentations and homework problems. Two hours of out of class study per class/laboratory hour should allow students to be adequately prepared for class and complete these requirements. Homework and Laboratory Presentations will follow a prescribed format and should be neat and organized...
Words: 1541 - Pages: 7
...Topic Title:__Relection on media__________________________________ Group Members: ______Dorji___________________________________________________________ |Criterion |Standard | |Responsiveness to Topic |20 – clearly addresses the topic and responds effectively to all aspects of the assignment; | | |18 – clearly address the topic, but may respond to some aspects of the assignment more effectively than others | |Score / 20 |16 – addresses the topic, but may slight some aspects of the topic | | |14 – indicates confusion about the topic or neglects important aspects of the assignment | | |12 – suggests an inability to comprehend the assignment or to respond meaningfully to the topic | | |20 – explores the issues showing...
Words: 660 - Pages: 3
...Received: 14 February 2012 / Accepted: 22 October 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Abstract The study presents the effect that elastomeric matrices different in their chemical nature (a non-polar and crystallizing natural rubber and a polar and non-crystallizing acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber) have upon the dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of the composites comprising different amounts of conductive carbon black. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and Dielectric thermal analysis (DETA) are the techniques used for studying the structure-properties relationships of the composites. The experimental results show that the matrices studied and their specific properties have a great impact O. A. Al-Hartomy : A. A. Al-Ghamdi Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia O. A. Al-Hartomy Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia F. Al-Solamy Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia F. Al-Solamy Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia N. Dishovsky (*) : M. Mihaylov : M. Ivanov Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridski Blvd., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria e-mail: dishov@uctm.edu F. El-Tantawy Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt upon both the dynamic...
Words: 5103 - Pages: 21
...abut how a sample can be analyzed when it is immersed into a high pressure cell in Dielectric spectrometer. In the broadband dielectric system under hydrostatic pressure and broad range of frequency the sample is analyzed. Dr. Casalini also talked abut the transition states of liquid to super-cooled liquids then to glass, which are the major phase transitions related in glass formation. At transition point’s temperature Tg, a laser light is applied to heat polymer materials. Using pressure as a constant variable and temperature as a changing variable it is possible to model the glass transition state. He used some mathematical models that he had tested on glass transition dynamics. In his lab more than seventy materials were identified or verified using thermodynamical scaling models. Moreover he talked about how Lenard Jones potential plot and soft-sphere potential can be used to verify repulsive forces that reside in intramolecular potentials and experimental evidences that depicted intramolecuar potentials for materials in their amorphous...
Words: 252 - Pages: 2
... P.V.P Siddhartha instate of technology ramesh_612@yahoo.c ABSTRACT This paper will provide an overview of the smart materials. The various types of smart material are also presented in this paper. To get the clear idea about the smart materials, its definition and types are explained briefly. Some of the types of these include piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys piezoelectric, Varieties of smart materials already exist, and research is being carried out extensively to derive new materials. Applications of various types of smart materials are clearly explained. Some of applications of already existing smart materials are studied. The expectations of the smart materials and the predictions of future applications have been presented on the later part of the paper. And it is concluded that the application of smart material in future becomes a trend in various fields in engineering. INTRODUCTION Smart...
Words: 1525 - Pages: 7
...Experiment 5 - Cold Work, Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth Objective To study the effects of cold working on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 70/30 Cartridge Brass. Background A small percentage of the energy expended in plastically deforming a material remains stored in the metal as an increase in internal energy. Changes are produced in both its physical and mechanical properties. Principally, there is a marked increase in hardness and electrical resistivity with the amount of cold working. Microstructurally, this increment in internal energy is associated with an increase in the dislocation density as well as the density of point defects, such as vacancies and interstitials. For most metals, the dislocation density increases from the values of 106-107 lines/cm2 (typical of the annealed state) to 108-109 after a few percent deformation and up to 1011 -1012 lines/cm2 after heavy deformation. At a more macrostructural level, the grains become markedly elongated in the direction of working and heavily distorted. This distortion is evident from a bending of annealing twins and from unevenness in etching caused by local strain inhomogeneities. While the increased hardness and strength that result from the working operation can be important, it is often necessary to return the metal to its initial condition by annealing. This usually means holding the cold worked metal at a temperature above about 1/3 of the absolute melting point for a period of time. The...
Words: 1487 - Pages: 6
...properties of injected plastic parts in presence of cracks, a tension test and a constant load. The material used was Polystyrene and the surface-active substances were olive oil and corporal sweat. This study was conducted because it was observed that the surface-active substances affects the mechanical properties of the resin as well as the presence of cracks, and actually is not reported any methodology for conducting this study. Experimental Part For this study, there were injected 110.5*85.5*1 mm plates in a REED-Prentice 100 TE (Clamp Force = 100 ton) injection machine with an injection mold with two similar cavities, but with a different located entrance. The used material was a Polystyrene PS-2820 from Estirenos del Zulia (Table 1). In table 2 are showed the used optimal process conditions. Notches were mechanized in each plate with a saw. The normalized tensile test specimens were cut with a milling machine. It was used a Galdabini 2500 universal test machine to make mechanical tests, and a Starrett Sigma VB300 stereoscopic magnifying glass to verify the crack length. To study the crack surface it was used a Macro Magnifying glass Olympus SZ61. To study the orientation and the stress concentrator in the plaques it was used a polaryscope Photoelastic Inc. 082. Introduction Since long time ago, the fracture has been a serious problem for the use of all materials. The fracture may be described how any change of the...
Words: 2565 - Pages: 11
...properties of the materials J. Michalski ) , J. Marszalek, K. Kubiak Faculty of Mechanic Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow UniÕersity of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, ul. W. Pola 2, Poland ´ ´ Received 9 August 1999; received in revised form 17 February 2000; accepted 17 February 2000 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study and experimentally quantify the cam and follower wear mechanisms of a diesel direct valve-gear. Camshafts are made of nodular cast iron, surface hardened, ion nitrided and nitrosulphurized, and those made of grey chilled cast iron are mated with followers made of chilled grey cast iron and hardened steel. The investigation was carried out on a laboratory bench equipped with an engine head with a camshaft, followers and systems creating the conditions necessary for a routine run of the valve gear. Cam wear was defined by comparing the profile lifts of the cams. The height of the followers was measured using a coordinative measuring machine and a perpendicular optimeter. The rotational speed, valve displacement and the torque required by the valve gear were measured. Camshaft C9 and the thimble shaped followers with regulating plates F6 were also examined in a diesel engine. The effects of the materials the kinematic pair was made of, heat treatment and thermochemical treatment, the cams’ own stresses at the moment-of-friction value, as well as the extent and nature of element wear, were analysed. q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights ...
Words: 6535 - Pages: 27
...Group #14 Carburization and Decarburization Lab #2 Report ME3040 Engineering Materials Writer: Andrew Kissner Analyst: Kurt Bowie Technicians: Blake McShane and Ben Kinzel Objective: The influence of carburization and decarburization on material properties is examined. Materials Needed: Carburized sample of 1080, fully annealed sample of 1090. Equipment Required: Vickers Microhardness Tester. Procedure: The primary steps used in this procedure include the following: 1. The viewer on the Microhardness Tester is used to make a visual measure of the carburized/decarburized layer in each sample. 2. Microhardness tests are conducted on each sample at 0.1mm intervals from the outer edge for 1.0mm, and then at 0.5mm intervals for an additional 3.0mm. A complete set of procedural steps is available in the Appendix section of this lab report. Theoretical Results: Throughout the process of any experiment, it is a necessity to understand the data that is gathered. Knowing this, a direct comparison between carburized and decarburized steel is necessary. Referring to the appendix section, Figure 1a displays the relationship between hardness of the material and the distance from the edge. It is apparent that the relationship between these two qualities is inversely proportional; meaning that as distance is increased, the hardness begins to decrease. However, when referring to Figure 1b, it holds true that an opposite trend occurs. When observing Figure 1b, one can see...
Words: 1288 - Pages: 6
...25-5 “in” are being under axial compression forming buckling. Buckling can occur in any compressive structure and should always be considered in design. Significance: Columns are one type of the commonly used structure in bridges and building to support. However whenever these columns are compressed with axial load, they tend to buckle. The shorter the column the better it is when it comes to buckling. Longer columns tend to bulk faster and under a lower load. An extensive buckling may results into a fracture. Engineers prefer to use columns due to their lightweight and high strength, however, buckling is an important failure to look at whenever there is any structure with an axial load applied on it. Apparatus Required: Tools and materials used in this experiment are: 1. Baldwin Universal Testing Machine with 60, 0000 lb. capacity 2. Ruler. 3. Micrometer or Caliper. 4. Specimens: steel (C1018 hot rolled or ASTM A36) rods with nominal 0.5 inch diameter of with lengths of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 inches. (Nominal properties: E = 29500 ksi, sy = 36,000 psi) 5. Lubricating grease for ends of specimens. Procedure: First the diameter and the length of the sample specimens using a ruler for length and micrometer or caliper for diameter were measured. With the – Baldwin Universal Testing Machine with 60, 0000 lb. capacity – running, the specimen were fixed into the jaw after they have been lubricated with grease. With the machine being turned on, the compression of the bar...
Words: 668 - Pages: 3
...this paper. Also, these stresses lead to a change in carrier mobility. This leads to formation of keep out zones (KOZ) in surrounding silicon. The various factors affecting the size of the KOZs are also considered. 1 1 Introduction A via (Latin for path or way) is an electrical connection between layers in a physical electronic circuit that goes through the plane of one or more adjacent layers. A through-silicon via (TSV) is a vertical electrical connection (via) passing completely through a silicon wafer or die. This is an interconnection method in which holes are drilled through active chips, after which they are filled with an interconnect material. Different tiers of chips are then stacked on each other by CuCu bonding or by the use of micro-bumps [1] Even though there are many interconnect materials that are currently used for the filling of TSVs, copper (Cu-TSV) is the most preferred. This is because of its high electrical conductivity, relatively well-known deposition process and high resistance to electromigration which results in a large current-carrying capacity. TSVs are a high performance...
Words: 2618 - Pages: 11
...Sharpening Scientific Skills Problem: How can I apply my skill as a scientist to learn more about a substance? Materials: 1 250 ml beaker 1 hot plate 1 pair of beaker tongs 2-3 teaspoons of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate Observe and Describe the substance (state whether your observations are qualitative/quantitative or direct/Indirect) Blue Powder Crystal Shiny Describe what tests or investigations you could do to learn more about the substance: freeze add water burn Procedure: 1. Place 2-3 teaspoons of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate in the 250 ml beaker. 2. Place the beaker on the hot plate and turn the hot plate on to the lowest setting. 3. Observe the material as it heated, recording observations in Table 1. 4. When changes cease to occur, turn off the hotplate and remove the beaker from the hot plate using tongs. 5. Once the beaker is cool, rinse the beaker and place in the “to wash” container. Table 1: Heating of copper sulfate pentahydrate qualitative observations Stuff turn white stinks evaporating liquid fizzle Questions Are any of your observations better described as inferences or conclusions? All observations, no inferences or conclusions except for evaporating water. What tests could you now do to learn even more about the material? Write a brief procedure and complete the test(s) if possible. Since the material is CuSO4*5H20. We could add water to the white powder and see if it becomes blue again since most of the stuff...
Words: 255 - Pages: 2
...Concrete + Fly ash Properties of the material Shapes Fly ash consists mainly of hollow spherical shapes which creates a ball bearing effect in the mix, improving workability without increasing water requirements. Fly ash also improves the pump-ability of concrete by making it more cohesive and less prone to segregation. The spherical shape improves the pump-ability by decreasing the friction between the concrete and the pump line. In addition, some fly ashes have been shown to significantly decrease heat generation as the concrete hardens and strengthens. Fly ash, as do all pozzolanic materials, generally provide increased concrete strength gain for much longer periods than mixes with Portland cement only. Durability The biggest reason to use...
Words: 1105 - Pages: 5
