...Reflection on the Self Paper Deonte Jones PSY/400 January 26, 2012 Yvonne Moore Personal Reflection on the Self Paper At the cross-roads of the objective reality of behavior and the myriad of perceptions, representations, and schemas that constitute human thought is the mediating element of the self. It cannot be discounted that the individual self does not exist in a vacuum, but rather in a social framework that includes regular contact with other selves. The self is more a confederation or alliance of concepts than a single, unilateral mechanism, bringing together the possible-self, the social-self, and the self-concept into one amalgamated system. However, the self can be better understood upon a full examination of the aforementioned subordinate parts and within the context of a practical application of the self onto two social situations within my own life. Self Concept Central to the idea of self is the answer to the question: “Who am I?” This question can be answered in many ways, but it is the piecing together of the potential answers that constitute our complete self-concept (Myers, 2008). The self-concept can further be divided into self-schemas—specific beliefs about the self that help define the self-concept. Humans use self-schemas as templates to organize the world without and the mental life within. For instance, higher learning approaches can intrinsically motivate if the content is perceived relevant to a student’s self-schemas and fosters...
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...Eating and Self-Perception Much of nutrition focuses on the individual who is responsible for picking the right foods, eating healthy, exercising, and doing what’s best for their body. Nutrition consultations are one-on-one, focused on the single person’s dietary needs and deficiencies. However most of us are a part of a larger network of people, whether it be because we’re married, work in a large office, or have a tight-knit group of friends. Who we eat with, as it turns out, has a big impact on what we eat (Delormier, Frohlich, and Potvin, 2009). The idea of eating as a social activity is nothing new, but how food choices are influenced by these social interactions may impact body image and self-esteem in the long run. Also, body mass indexes (BMI’s) and gender play into the relationship. This paper will focus on the social aspects of eating and how unhealthy eating affects body image and self-esteem. Fast food has become an icon for inexpensive, tasty, and quick meals. In 2009, consumers in America “spent almost $600 billion at fast food restaurants” alone (Tangari, Burton, Howlett, Cho, and Thyroff, 2010, p. 2). However, most fast food is deemed unhealthy, because it is “high in calories, saturated fat, and sodium” (Tangari, Burton, Howlett, Cho, and Thyroff, 2010, p. 2). Does this stop people from eating it? Obviously not, but how do people feel after they eat it? One way that someone can evaluate their feelings about themselves, is to consider their self-esteem...
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...Attitude Theories Your attitude is your positive or negative evaluation about an object. There is more than one theory about how a person’s attitude is formed through cognitive, behavioral, and affective processes. This paper will outline two theories of how a person’s attitude is formed. Self Perception Theory Fazio stated that self perception theory argued that attitudes stem from the observation of one’s behavior. (Fazio, 1987, p. 129) A person’s attitude toward something is formed after that person observes their behavior toward an object. An example is you listen to rock music, therefore you must like it, and you would form a positive attitude towards rock music based on your behavior of listening to it. An individual decides their attitude, and emotional feeling toward an object based on the observation of their own behavior and the circumstances that caused the behavior. Self-perception theory also suggests that when the internal cues are weak or uninterpretable, the individual is in the same position as the outside observer who must rely on external cues to infer the individual’s inner state. (Bem, 1972) What I believe to be a negative aspect of this attitude theory is I don’t believe an attitude toward an object is based solely on one’s behavior. An example would be as a child my mother told me to eat spinach and even though I ate the spinach, didn’t mean I liked it because I ate it. I ate it so I wouldn’t get in trouble but my attitude towards spinach was that I...
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...Attitude Theories Patricia Saylor Strayer University Online Prof. Robin Oatis-Ballew May 6, 2012 Cognitive dissonance was fist examined by Leon Festinger, this arose from the observations he made of a cult whom believed that the earth would soon be destroyed by a flood. Members that had been faithful to the cult had to give up their homes and jobs to come and work for the cult. This came about after the fact the earth was not destroyed by the flood. The faithful members of the cult were ashamed and felt like they had made fools of themselves for believing that something like this was about to happen. According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. This is the feeling of uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in the mind at the same time. Dissonance increases with the importance of the subject to us, how strongly the dissonant thoughts conflict, our inability to rationalize and explain away the conflict. Two factors affect the strength of the dissonance: the number of dissonant beliefs, and the importance attached to each belief. There are three ways to...
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...Attitude Theories Patricia Saylor Strayer University Online Prof. Robin Oatis-Ballew May 6, 2012 Cognitive dissonance was fist examined by Leon Festinger, this arose from the observations he made of a cult whom believed that the earth would soon be destroyed by a flood. Members that had been faithful to the cult had to give up their homes and jobs to come and work for the cult. This came about after the fact the earth was not destroyed by the flood. The faithful members of the cult were ashamed and felt like they had made fools of themselves for believing that something like this was about to happen. According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. This is the feeling of uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in the mind at the same time. Dissonance increases with the importance of the subject to us, how strongly the dissonant thoughts conflict, our inability to rationalize and explain away the conflict. Two factors affect the strength of the dissonance: the number of dissonant beliefs, and the importance attached to each belief. There are three ways to eliminate dissonance: reduce...
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...ATTITUDES AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS Nancy Hoosier Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on October 6, 2012 for Nancy Hoosier’s B370 Organizational Behavioral Analysis Course. In this assignment we will be going over four main objectives. The first one being what are some challenges and opportunities for Organizational Behavior. The second point we will discuss will be what are the main components of attitudes and how consistent are they. The fourth will be defining the self-perception theory. Some of the different challenges and opportunities for Organizational Behavior are employees aging, corporate downsizing, temporary working employees, and global competition. Managing workforce diversity is a huge challenge now in this day and age. For managers OB offers insights to improve a manager’s people skills, and helps to see the value of workforce diversity. (Robbins & Judge, 2010) The three main components of attitude are Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral. These components are all very closely related. An example of the Cognitive Component would be my supervisor playing favorites. This would be very unfair. The component Affective example would be a feeling of disliking your supervisor. And Behavioral results...
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...“Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance)” (McLeod, 2008). Issue 5: Does Cognitive Dissonance Explain Why Behavior Can Change Attitudes debates the cognitive dissonance theory with one of the authors challenging the theory by claiming that self-perception is a better explanation as to why people behave differently once they have acted outside of their norm as most people try to find some sort of consistency between their actions and their attitudes. Consonant and dissonant cognitions both affect the attitude on opposite ends of a spectrum. As with consonant cognitions the behavior matches the attitude and with dissonant cognitions have behaviors that conflict with their attitudes. One of the most powerful influences on attitude change is the motivation of people to maintain that consistency between their attitudes and behaviors. Although the cognitive dissonance theory is studied and utilized by psychologists all over the world, there are some who reject this theory and believe that self-perception is what enables people to decide on their attitudes, emotions, and behaviors because they are able to cast judgment upon themselves based on their behavior in different situations. Summary of both Arguments in Issue 5 Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) position in the current issue is that cognitive dissonance does explain why behavior can change attitudes. Psychologists...
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...the thesis sample chapter 1, 2 , 3 CHAPTER I The Problem Introduction Tertiary education or post-secondary schooling is referred to in Education Act of 1982 as “higher education leading to a degree in a specific profession or discipline.” This is to provide a general education program that will promote national identity, cultural consciousness, moral integrity and spiritual vigor, train the nation’s manpower in the skills required for national development, to develop the profession that will provide leadership for the nation; and to advance knowledge through research work and apply new knowledge for improving the quality of human life and responding effectively to changing societal needs and conditions. (Aquino, 2003) According to Aquino (2003), a careful scrutiny of the aforementioned objectives will suffice to impress in the people’s minds the crucial importance of tertiary or college education. There are numerous reasons that college education is important. Among these reasons are gaining advantage over competition, demonstrating aptitude in a specific area and the fact that many job opening require a college degree are few of the top reasons. (http://www.degreedirectory.com). Moreover, college education many more opportunities in working life, especially for higher paid jobs and the chance to work with and be taught by some of the finest and most knowledgeable people. (http://www.importanceofcollege.com). McGuire (2010) stressed that getting a college education is...
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...The Self Paper Kimberly Kline Psych/555 January 20, 2014 Tracy Masiello The Self Paper This paper will define the concept of self, and explain how an individual develops a self-concept. It will explain the relationship between the self and emotion and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-esteem. It will also explain the relationship between the self and behavior and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-presentation. The Concept of Self Self- concept is the knowledge and beliefs people have about themselves. According to Fiske, (2010) self-concept is broken down into conceptual self and operational self. Conceptual self can be broken down into the material self which looks at the boundaries of our physical bodies, the inner self which is more of our private self or our inner identity, the interpersonal self is the role we play in our lives and how we interact with others and the societal self which deals with the society we live in and/or our culture. The operational self relates to self-concept, self –esteem and self-presentation. Self-concept deals with the cognitive aspect of self. It is the knowledge and beliefs we have about ourselves and how we represent our self to others. Self-esteem is more of our self and our emotions. Self-esteem is measure by how people feel about themselves. If people feel valuable and meaningful their self-esteem is rated to be high. If a person feels insignificant...
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...consumption-related behaviours (how often they should brush their teeth) Attitude Object (A0): Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible or intangible. The Functions of Attitudes Functional Theory of Attitudes: Attitudes exist because they serve some function for the person; that is, they are determined by a person’s motives. • Developed by psychologist Danial Katz Attitude Functions 1. Utilitarian Function a. Related to the basic principles of reward and punishment b. Develop attitudes based on whether these products provide pleasure or pain c. Ads that stress straightforward product benefits appeal to the utilitarian function 2. Value-expressive Function a. Express the consumer’s central values or self-concept b. Product attitude not because of its objective benefits c. Of what the product says about him/her as a person d. Highly relevant to lifestyle analyses, where consumers cultivate a cluster of activities, interest and opinions to express a particular social identity 3. Ego-defensive Function a. Formed to protect the person, either from external threats or internal feelings b. Products that will protect their image 4. Knowledge Function a. A result of a need for order, structure, or meaning b. This need is often present when a person is in an ambiguous situation • Attitudes can serve more than one function, but in many cases a particular one will be dominant • By identifying the dominant function a product serves, marketers...
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...Socialization Paper Diana Medley PSY/211 July 13, 2015 Donna Allgood Socialization Paper The factors that contribute to one’s attitude, Affects- emotions, Behaviors-actions, Cognitions- thoughts, the ABC’s of attitude (Carter & Seifert, 2016, Chapter 16). When our emotions, actions and thoughts are not working together it can be difficult. Finding out more about our behavior will help us learn more about our attitude. The self-perception theory says that we are not fully aware of our attitudes. Most of the time with infer our attitudes based on our behavior. It is the opposite in fact, our behavior affects our attitude. We can change our behavior and the result will be a change in attitude. Conformity is changing your thoughts or behavior with those of another (Carter & Seifert, 2016, Chapter 16). When a person conforms they change what they like or do not like, what they believe, etc., in order to fit in with a person or group. Social pressures and norms can be blamed for conformity. Obedience is a behavioral response to orders given from someone in a place of authority (Carter & Seifert, 2016, Chapter 16). Many dog owners take their dogs to obedience school where the dogs are taught to obey their owners, that is the first example of obedience that I could think of at first, then I told my daughter to go and pick her toys up, and she did, and then I realized we use obedience on a daily basis. Prejudice affect us in our everyday life. Prejudice leads to...
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...This theory aimed at predicting deliberate and premeditated behavior. The theory was an add on to the previously formulated theory of reasoned Action when research proved that human action is not entirely voluntary or controlled by rational reason. According to this theory the greatest determinant that leads to behavior is intention (a person’s willingness and readiness to perform a certain action).This intention is determined by attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms and an individual’s perception on their ability to control behavior (Ajzen 2005). Cognitive Dissonance theory According to this theory people have a tendency of seeking a consistency in their inner dispositions (both attitudes and beliefs). Further there is also a need for personal behavior to be in tune with attitudes and beliefs held. If there is a disconnect between behavior and attitudes, then it is postulated that most people will change their attitude to accommodate the behavior (Vaughan 2005). Self-perception theory This theory postulates that people infer on the states of their attitudes from observing their own behavior. That is, an individual’s observes their behavior and then learns his own disposition ,therefore behavior can also shape attitude .This was...
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...SUGENTHEERAN KOMANNAYAR (28380) GAYTHRI KUPUSAMY (26347) SELF PERCEPTION THEORY Self-perception theory is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behaviour and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitudes come prior to behaviours. Furthermore, the theory suggests that a person induces attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person reasons their own obvious behaviours rationally in the same way they attempt to explain others’ behaviours. The self perception theories is categories into three parts which is, Foot-In-The-Door technique There is both foot-in-the-door phenomenon and foot-in-the-door technique. As you can guess, the technique is used to get the phenomenon. The phenomenon is the tendency for people to comply with some large request after first agreeing to a small request. As you can then imagine, the technique is used to get compliance from others (to get them to behave in a way you want) in which a small request is made first in order to get compliance for a larger request. For example, someone might want you to give to give 5 hours of your time a week for the three months as a volunteer to a charity (a big request). But to get you to agree to this big request, they first ask you to volunteer for 1 hour one time and one time only. After hearing...
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...Social Perception was described as interpreting information about other people. If you feel that you are familiar with a person, you perceive to have a better understanding of that person intention. The pattern of thinking can affect a person's perception of others. The social contexts, in which you meet someone, can play a large part in whether the perception of someone will be positive or negative. How we perceive others is dependent on a significant number of factors; which are classified as internal and external. Internal factors include physical appearance, and verbal and nonverbal communication e.g facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, touch, and gaze. External factors include the target and the situation. The target of the object in question determines perception because attention is a prerequisite of perception. Secondly, the situation influences how we look at things and how we perceive them. A person who is shouting because of anger for example cannot be perceived to be short-tempered based on this but a person who has met them for the first time may be tempted to think so. Stereotyping is another perspective that influences perception; such that a person is perceived on the basis of the group to which one belongs to. Stereotypes refer to characteristics associated with a certain group of people such that people perceive all members of such a group to possess such characteristics or behavior. There are also factors that...
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...Can your mental models about your world both assist and limit your perceptions when you meet a person for the first time? (Senge, 2006) advocates the notion that mental models are the images, assumptions and stories which we carry in our minds of ourselves other people, institutions and every aspect of the world. I believe this to be a true statement when it comes to way in which we interact and reciprocate with a person we have met for the first time. It is the ideas we form consciously or unconsciously from our own experiences and which either lead or limit our activities and thoughts through various channels. Our world is so complex that when we meet a new person for the first time our initially inclined to try and make sense of who the new person actually is. All representations of what I perceive to be reality explain the cause and effects, of my understanding in its entirety of my expectations with regard to certain things which produce meaningful events, whilst allowing me to behave in certain ways. Mental models profoundly influence our lives on an individual level like a coloured lense becoming more saturated overtime (Senge, 2006), I think this statement is definitely advocated through the notion of perception in its simplest definition being a process allowing us to experience the world around us (Cherry, 2014). People are probably the most important feature in the world around me; my perceptions are something that is shaped by many factors ultimately affecting...
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