...FREAKONOMICS A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything Revised and Expanded Edition Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner CONTENTS AN EXPLANATORY NOTE In which the origins of this book are clarified. vii PREFACE TO THE REVISED AND EXPANDED EDITION xi 1 INTRODUCTION: The Hidden Side of Everything In which the book’s central idea is set forth: namely, if morality represents how people would like the world to work, then economics shows how it actually does work. Why the conventional wisdom is so often wrong . . . How “experts”— from criminologists to real-estate agents to political scientists—bend the facts . . . Why knowing what to measure, and how to measure it, is the key to understanding modern life . . . What is “freakonomics,” anyway? 1. What Do Schoolteachers and Sumo Wrestlers Have in Common? 15 In which we explore the beauty of incentives, as well as their dark side—cheating. Contents Who cheats? Just about everyone . . . How cheaters cheat, and how to catch them . . . Stories from an Israeli day-care center . . . The sudden disappearance of seven million American children . . . Cheating schoolteachers in Chicago . . . Why cheating to lose is worse than cheating to win . . . Could sumo wrestling, the national sport of Japan, be corrupt? . . . What the Bagel Man saw: mankind may be more honest than we think. 2. How Is the Ku Klux Klan Like a Group of Real-Estate Agents? 49 In which it is argued that nothing is more powerful than information,...
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...Self-Awareness In Dementia Pablo Gonzalez Estrella Mountian Community College: PSY 101 April 7, 2015 Self-Awareness In Dementia The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in self-awareness between ten patients who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease and twelve patients that suffer from frontotemporal dementia. However, in the study they also include a group of eleven normal adults to compare the results with. The method used in this study was to have the subjects describe their current personality and their personality before the disease. The first hypothesis was that patients with FTD would be the most inaccurate when describing their current personality. The second hypothesis was that patients who suffered from FTD would not only describe their current personality incorrectly, but they would also fail to acknowledge a change in personality before the disease. The subjects involved in the study were recruited from a dementia clinic in San Francisco. The researchers gathered a broad group of subjects that varied in race, sex and financial status. The subjects then went through a verification process in order for them to qualify for this study. The group of normal adults were recruited through a local newspaper ad and the rest volunteered. All of the subjects needed an informant for them to describe their personality. Therefore, the results would be more accurate and unbiased. The procedure for the study involved a questionnaire called the Interpersonal...
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...Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, Vol. 74, No. 5, 1337-1349 Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-3514/98/$3.00 Do People Know How They Behave? Self-Reported Act Frequencies Compared With On-Line Codings by Observers Samuel D. Gosling, Oliver E John, and Kenneth H. Craik University of California, Berkeley Richard W. Robins University of California, Davis Behavioral acts constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits. How reliably can observers code the acts individuals perform in a specific situation? How valid are retrospective self-reports of these acts? Participants interacted in a groupdiscussion task and then reported their act frequencies, which were later coded by observers from videotapes. For each act, observer-observer agreement, self-observer agreement, and self-enhancement bias were examined. Findings show that (a) agreement varied greatly across acts; (b) much of this variation was predictable from properties of the acts (observability, base rate, desirability, Big Five domain); (c) on average, self-reports were positively distorted; and (d) this was particularly true for narcissistic individuals. Discussion focuses on implications for research on acts, traits, social perception, and the act frequency approach. "You interrupted my mother at least three times this morning" exclaims Roger. "That's not true," responds Julia, " I only interrupted...
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...Research and Design Methodology Elizabeth Dressel Excelsior College Abstract The study of lifespan and development requires research to understand what makes people who they are. There are different types of research, which assist with gathering data and measuring outcomes. The three I will be describing are the longitudinal, cross sectional and sequential design. There are also different formats of collecting data such as systemic observation, self reports, the clinical method and ethnograpy, which I will explain my understanding of the similarities and differences. Keywords: longitudinal design, cross sectional design, sequential design, systemic observation, self-reports, clinical method and ethnograpy Research and Design Methodology In the longitudinal design the participants are monitored frequently for a short or long period of time and data is analyzed as the participant ages. By monitoring the participants in this way it unfolds patterns and allows the researcher to more easily see relationships over a period of time. For example our textbook used an example of behavior types and then added male and female to further see relationships. The limitation to this study is the possibility of drop out of the participants due to the length of study. The cross sectional seems to be a more convenient type of research due to the time frame. It does study different age groups but at one period of time not over a period of time as in the longitudinal...
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...explanation for criminal behaviour. (15) A) Longitudinal studies are psychological investigations carried out over a long period of time, or at various intervals over a long period of time. They allow psychologists to study changes in behaviour and, for instance, partiality to crime, and how this behaviour and the attitudes of those partaking in such behaviour change over time and why. But there is a flaw in the fact that longitudinal studies like Farrington, et al., have many extraneous variables that can affect the validity of the results. This is not an issue for studies like Wikstrom & Tafels Peterborough Youth Study, which was a snapshot study â a study conducted at just one point in time â and consists of a singular analysis of the school reports of 2,000 14/15 year olds and one interview, thus making the practicality of psychological research far easier than the 40 year-long longitudinal study Farrington conducted. On top of this, the most commonly used approach to collecting data from longitudinal research is self-report; both Farrington and Wikstrom & Tafel used them. Self-report techniques are a good indicator of partiality to criminal behaviour because you can ask personal questions and learn about smaller crimes that unreliable criminal records (used by Farrington in a bid for concurrent validity) and school reports (used by Wikstrom and Tafel for the same purpose) omit. But in spite of this, self-report may be subject to withheld information or social desirability...
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...collected. The authors breaks down the three major sources of data that is used in evaluating crime: official police reports, crime surveys and victim surveys (Mosher, Miethe & Hart, 2011). However, despite the flaws associated with ways that crime data is analyzed, the authors do a good job showing the good and the bad of each method used. I believe that it is important to understand the limitations of the criminal studies being...
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...1.1 Background of the Study Bachelors of Business Administration (BBA) is a four year object oriented business management program with an aim of producing self-motivated, highly disciplined and confident middle-level skilled human resources in the field of management, administration, finance and accounting required by various public and private sector business enterprises and institutions. So in the quest of achieving its objectives the students of BBA are given practical oriented assignments, out of which internship is one of them that is done in the 8th semester. An internship is a temporary position with an emphasis on on-the-job training. It provides an opportunity for the students to handle the real life situation of the workplace, to apply their conceptual knowledge in the practical situation and to learn the art of conducting study and presenting its findings in a scientifically and systematic manner. Internship is very much valuable and result-oriented and it carries weight equivalent to 6 credit hours in BBA program of T.U. Therefore I did my internship in Rastriya Beema Company Limited, Ramshahpath for 60 days. This report is the outcome of the above mentioned internship. The present report has been prepared on the basis of experience obtained throughout the internship period. I spent my first week in Customer Help Desk and the rest of the internship period is done in Self-employment Insurance Department. So, primary source of this report preparation is the observation...
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...explanation for criminal behaviour. (15) A) Longitudinal studies are psychological investigations carried out over a long period of time, or at various intervals over a long period of time. They allow psychologists to study changes in behaviour and, for instance, partiality to crime, and how this behaviour and the attitudes of those partaking in such behaviour change over time and why. But there is a flaw in the fact that longitudinal studies like Farrington, et al., have many extraneous variables that can affect the validity of the results. This is not an issue for studies like Wikstrom & Tafels Peterborough Youth Study, which was a snapshot study â a study conducted at just one point in time â and consists of a singular analysis of the school reports of 2,000 14/15 year olds and one interview, thus making the practicality of psychological research far easier than the 40 year-long longitudinal study Farrington conducted. On top of this, the most commonly used approach to collecting data from longitudinal research is self-report; both Farrington and Wikstrom & Tafel used them. Self-report techniques are a good indicator of partiality to criminal behaviour because you can ask personal questions and learn about smaller crimes that unreliable criminal records (used by Farrington in a bid for concurrent validity) and school reports (used by Wikstrom and Tafel for the same purpose) omit. But in spite of this, self-report may be subject to withheld information or social desirability...
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...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................
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...Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory .......................................
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...Immigrant Minority Health: Disparities in Self-Reported Diabetes Mellitus among Arab, Chaldean, and Black Americans in Southeast Michigan. Hikmet Jamil, Monty Fakhouri, Florence Dallo, Thomas Templin, Radwan Khoury, Haifa Fakhouri Wayne State University, University of Texas Immigrant Minority Health: Disparities in Self-Reported Diabetes Mellitus among Arab, Chaldean, and Black Americans in Southeast Michigan Abstract This study shows a disproportionately amount of minorities are affected by diabetes mellitus in the medical community. This study reveals statistic facts as well as documented facts. Research has consistently documented that on almost any measure, minorities have poorer health than do other groups. Not many minorities report to their primary care physician for some signs and symptoms due to diabetes mellitus. The United States population has become increasingly diverse, making it a reliable source of information on the reports of this disease. This research will show facts as to why immigrant minorities have disparities among minorities. Social, economic, and environmental factors are research to find the disparities of this deadly disease. This study examines the effects it has on three ethnic groups: Arabs, Chaldean, and Blacks. Using...
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...Connection? INTRODUCTION: Social media is a tremendously useful tool that we now rely on in our daily lives. Social media enable all of us to communicate and stay updated to our friends and family. Research could suggest social media sites as the cause behind the rise of teen and young adult narcissism? Researchers also suggest social media sites as being a forum for self-praise and gasconading. The report written by, Christopher J. Carpenter, makes an attempt to correlate social media sites to narcissistic behavior. The research of the report goes in depth examining one possible predictor of narcissistic behavioral use of social media sites. The research conducted was in depth and it also examined narcissistic personality traits, the history of the narcissistic personality inventory (NPI) and narcissism on Facebook. The NPI includes aspects such as ‘‘a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness,’’ ‘‘an inability to tolerate criticism,’’ and ‘‘entitlement or the expectation of special favors without assuming reciprocal responsibilities.’’ METHOD: According to the report written by Carpenter “there were 294 participants in the survey whose ages ranged from 18 to 65 years ( M = 23.26, SD = 7.30)” of the 294 participants “74.1% were college students and 68% were female”. The participants were not compensated for the participation and according to the research they were recruited by “the members of an undergraduate research methods course in a medium sized...
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...class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Baker, J. J., & Baker, R. W. (2011). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Overview of Health Care Finance Details Objectives 1.1 Define basic health care finance terms. 1.2 Describe the four segments that comprise a financial management system. 1.3 Identify financial reporting practices & ethical stds of conduct. Read the Week One Read Me First. Due Self Study Points N/A Reading Self Study Self Study Self Study N/A...
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...Campbell and Fiske Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Campbell and Fiske Introduction Psychology is the scientific study of the mental capability and behavior with the aim of creating an understanding of different groups of individuals, both human and nonhuman, in the society. In psychology, constructs refers to ideals or variables that is impossible to quantify since they do not possess any measurable attribute. Motivation, intelligence anger, personality, attachment, love and fear are some example of construct. Personality psychology comprises of characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that shapes a person. One of the most prominent issues in personality psychology is the measurement of personality construct. This paper aims at looking into the measurement of construct with regard to multitrait-multimethod matrix developed by Campbell and Fiske and other single methodology. The multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix is an approach for the examination of Construct Validity. It was developed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). According to Campbell and Fiske, there are six major considerations when examining a construct's validity through the MTMM matrix. The six considerations are as follows. The first consideration is the evaluation of convergent validity, which is used to design tests that measures and shows how construct relate to each other. The second consideration is the evaluation of divergent validity. In this case, the construct being measured...
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...Define psychology: Psychology involves the study of human and behavior, experiences and the mind. Psychology can be implemented using slews of techniques and is analyzed from different positions. Psychology has had a dynamic history; it has evolved over decades and has grown into a dependable science. More former understandings of the philosophies and ideas played a prominent role by outlining contemporary concepts. “Psychology has a long past, but only a short history.”(Ebbinhuas, 1973) Wilhem Wundt’s’ work was the blueprint of modern psychology in 1879; he instituted the laboratory dedicated to psychology in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt had a particular interest about human behavior, emotions. His techniques had special emphasis on experimental evidence that endorsed explanatory theory. Today psychology is thought of as the scientific study of human behavior and mental process. However, this was not always the case. The soul of man was the leading interest of philosophers’, followed by the mind and conscious experience, and finally observable behavior. Problems arouse with the affiliation of body and soul. It remained unsolved by philosophers because it was founded on delusive dualism and involved a separate study of physical and spiritual development. Afterwards, the spiritual panorama was supplanted by a broader word “mind”. Modern psychology is disinterested in the study of mind, rather, the mental processes have deputized mind. The “mind approach” in psychology was rejected...
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