...experiences arising from human encounter and interactions. Often they are formulated in succinct formulas to instill discipline, and promote mutual relationship among the individuals in the society. In other words, both the ethical norms and principles are the fruits of man’s daily reflections concerning what is conducive for human welfare. They are veritable instruments at the service of the society as a whole. Since man is at the centre of every community, traditional or modern, he is ipso facto, an undeniable formulator of moral principles and norms. He uses his welfare, and a sense of common good as a moral standard of justice. In other words, whatever promotes the common good, and individuals’ welfare is considered “good” and “just”, and whatever does not, is seen as evil. It is from this perspective that this paper seeks to demonstrate, articulate and appraise the Igbo concept of justice (Ofo), which is more or less a communal justice. The interest of this write-up is limited on the idea of justice practice in the Igbo land and it efficacy before the advent of colonialism, which will be introduced with a definition of terms. It will further attempt to analyze the impact of colonialism (civilization) on this communal justice and proffer solutions where necessary. At the end, the aim of the paper is to appraise the communal justice practiced in Igbo land, which in the past helped our ancestors and forefathers to maintain peace and order in the community. DEFINITION OF TERMS The...
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...Create Your Own Ethical Framework We confront moral dilemmas daily in our personal and professional settings. In the process of making these ethical decisions, some truly life-altering, it is beneficial to have in place a well-grounded moral system or “ethical framework”, to help guide us in making our everyday decisions, both as professionals and in our private and social lives. The ethical stance that best fits my moral compass is teleological, specifically, utilitarianism, which holds “that an action is right if it promotes the maximum good” (Reamer 2006, p. 66). Teleological moral systems are characterized by a concentration on the consequences of any action. According to this position, in order to make the proper moral choices, a person must first attempt to establish what the results of their choices will be. If the consequence of their choices result in the right outcome, then the action is considered moral; if the consequences of their choices result in the wrong outcome, than the action is considered immoral. Social works ethical standards have evolved into a comprehensive guide detailing ethical practice and are found in the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics (National Association of Social Workers (NASW) 2008). A profession’s openness to establishing standards that will assist practitioners in monitoring their conducts correctness is can be seen as a sign of true professional competence. These standards are created to highlight those ethical issues...
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...Module 1 Final Project Part 3: Leadership Critique The leadership theories in this course flowed and ended up cascading for me starting with the expectations set by a leader (Pygmalion Effect); J.S. Livingston (2003) influencing the follower’s performance. Lower expectations for a subordinate resulted in their performance being of poor quality whereas higher expectations resulted in better performance. Livingston went on to also highlight that the expectations had to be realistic if they were to be achieved by the subordinate. This leads me to the leadership style that is exhibited by the leader who sets the expectations for his/her followers. A lot of research was done to study the leadership styles of various individuals and the studies revealed that there are a lot of influential factors that determine these leadership styles Bill George et al (2007:130) discovered in their research that a person is...
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...for keeping up teach and request inside the office at which they work. Numerous individuals see redress officers as the reason for savagery inside the detainment facilities and correctional facility. Others see revision officers as the individuals who are proficient, moral, and hold great good gauges. Numerous individuals are persuade that prisoners are being dealt with harshly by power or intimidation into negative living condition and are being dealt with dishonestly by the officers who judge them as indicated by the wrongdoing they have submitted, or by their relationship inside the office. Others see prison guards as the reason...
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...A Comparison of Ethical Theories Ethics are codes of behavior, adopted by a group; a family, community or nations, setting the boarders for behavior. Some examples of ethics theories include: virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontology. The virtue theory of ethics can be summed up with the statement, that if a person’s character is good, they will make good choices. The choices they make are strictly based on their internal thoughts and belief system, their choices do not rely on the laws of the country they live in or the traditions of their culture. The viewpoint of this theory is that “in living your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. Thomas Aquinas, added a religious aspect to this theory, his focus was on good and evil, specifically avoiding evil, obeying religious laws to be good. “For example, a virtuous person generally (habitually) acts virtuously, while doing virtuous acts also makes one virtuous.” Utilitarianism, at its most unpretentious explanation is that the moral worth of an action can be measure in the benefit of happiness that it brings. The consequence of an action, defines the morality of the judgment. This viewpoint focuses on the community as a whole, what decisions will enhance the lives of the most people. Groups who make up minorities can be left behind when decisions focus on the majority. Because this theory has a big focus on happiness, decisions can make only most of the population happy, but...
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...Abstract This paper will describe the particular characteristics of the individual’s population and what particular issues they may deal with in a correctional setting: relationship s with other prisoners and staff, possible issue with authority, treatment-related concerns, and relevant research on this population and its interaction with the correctional system. Next, discuss different aspects of the correctional settings and how they could be influencing the individual or population as a forensic psychologist: treatment options available for a particular individual or population needs, include treatment options while in prison, discuss the availability and flow of treatment as the individual or population, and discuss the efficacy of treatment...
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...MORAL COURAGE IN NURSING Objectives: 1. Recognize the characteristics of moral courage. 2. Discuss the concept of moral courage in nursing. 3. Identify steps to recognize moral courage. 4. Discuss strategies for developing moral courage. 5. List inhibitors of moral courage. 6. Ways to enhance the ability to demonstrate moral courage in nursing. 7. Describe organizational Structures that Support Moral Courage 8. Case studies "Stand up for what is right even if you stand alone." Anonymous Examples of unethical behaviors are seen today in academia, politics, sports, entertainment, banking, and the legal system. Healthcare professionals working in clinical practice, education, research, and administration are not immune to these unethical behaviors. They face ethical dilemmas on a regular basis. Shortages in the numbers of clinicians to deliver patient care, inadequate staffing levels, cost containment measures, consolidation of healthcare organizations and ineffective leadership have resulted in the escalation of ethical dilemmas nurses face today in healthcare environments. How individuals respond to these ethical dilemmas depends on their previous experiences with unethical behavior, their individual personality traits, their ethical values as well as their knowledge of ethical...
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...PRAYER AND THE 1 Prayer and the School Setting PHI 200 Instructor Lisa Linkin May 11, 2012 Prayer and the School Setting Many students throughout the world carry on their daily tasks of going to school. They come home or to their dorms from the excessive day of learning and they may say a prayer or they may not. For the ones that do say a prayer, they may feel as if the prayer would have been better said during school at the time of a “stressful situation or test”. This was not the case because prayer is being banned from school. This topic has been a very hot one from the time of the first person speaking out against having prayer in the school setting even until now showing no signs of letting up. Why is it so bothersome? It stands to reason that the reason prayer in the school setting is such a rampant subject is because those on both sides of the situation have very strong and valid arguments. Every time there seems to be a sound solution, there is something else that challenges the peace the solution seemingly creates. When it comes to the issue of prayer being appropriate for the school setting there are those that say that it is not appropriate, those that agree that it is, and those willing to look for solutions to pacify both sides. To even come close to beginning to identify whether prayer is appropriate for school or not one must understand exactly what both these...
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...Instructions 1. Construct a template that will be the guide throughout the writing process. This will improve how the document looks, feels and reads. Consistency in these three items is key to a good case study. 2. Draw your reader in with a unique title. It should attract the reader and make them want to read more. 3. Begin writing the paper. Start by identifying the problem that is being explored in the case study. 4. Explore the problem, including cause, effect and theory. Give as much background as possible. 5. Discuss the possible solution, and/or how this issue was specifically resolved. Tell what methods were used in the process. 6. Describe benefits of the study. Tell how the benefits overall affect the group to which your case study is aimed. 7. Utilize the general-to-specific-to-general approach. This is the approach to use because it draws the reader in, demonstrates a specific example, and then shows how it applies to the group as a whole. It also shows the reader how they can address their own problem this way. Tips & Warnings • Use facts and numbers where possible. This is specifically aimed at the benefits portion of the case study. Potential readers will be compelled with the numbers and how they are affected by them and remain interested. • Use photos if necessary. If photos are used, be sure they are professionally done so as to not sully the quality of the case study. • Have an executive sign off...
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...or schooling (Swaab, 2016). This deterministic approach towards explaining one’s behavior inevitably questions the existence of free will and what responsibility our current legal system can assign to a criminal. Despite the doubts regarding existence of free will I share with those holding the deterministic position, I believe that legal system should be based on the publicly supported concept of free will since such a system would contribute to the maintenance of social order and perseverance of the inherited...
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...Alfred North Whitehead’s statement “What is morality in any given time and place? It is what the majority then and there happen to like, and immorality is what they dislike” (Solomon & Higgins, 2009, p.273). As for business, it can have ethical standards, even though businesses are not moral agents. This statement is true because to work well, any business has to incorporate an element of morality. Morality in business is evident when a company provides equal opportunities for all employees. As a result, morals in a business setting act as a guide for employees and managers to work conscientiously. The value of ethical standards in business is that it provides employment opportunities for potential personnel without putting into consideration such aspects as sex, race, sexual orientation, religion, age, nationality, and color. If business adopts the above ethical standards, it concurs with Whitehead’s statement of morality. The reason is that people will like this business and associate it with terms of work and consumer relations. In my opinion, the profit alone cannot be the bottom line of business, even though it is essential for any commerce to make a profit to prove that it is operating in the right direction. To be successful, business has to balance its goals and client service as vital aspects that contribute to a good return. The most significant goal of business is to make money, but there are other less tangible goals that are intrinsic. For instance, when business...
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...Personal Ethics Development The ethical system and ground rules that I live by are expressed easy. I treat others as I would like to be treated. The concept that was the central foundation of my life was humility, sacrifice, God and family. The beliefs of my church growing up and the ethical standards used as the guidelines for the members were the driving force in what I defined as acceptable behavior. The church was always the central backbone of my family. I was raised by a single mother and she wanted me to have a strong sense of who God was and how he intended me to live my life. This was the underlying base for my development as a child into adulthood. I was exposed to several different religious views and it also allowed me to become open and accepting of others. My ethical system was formed by several components that include my mother, God, the church and a strong support system through friends and family, prayer and education. The character of an individual should be balanced in all aspects of a person’s life. A person’s personal value system will carry over from their personal life into their professional life. This will translate into their ethical business behavior. Observing the ethical statute of “treating others as I would like to be treated” affords for the emotional and physical protection of all in my personal and professional circle. If this thinking is encompassed by everyone in a group, whether in a single office or the entire company it fosters an environment...
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...Wk1 – DQ1 What is one way the U.S. legal system impacts U.S. businesses? Only one, as a business owner I have experienced a multitude of ways the legal system has an impact on U.S. businesses. The first one that comes to mind is setting up the ownership and organizational structure of a business. When an individual or a group of individuals is considering going into business they need to understand all the different ownership structures that can be established. There is a sole proprietorship (SP), general partnerships (GP), limited partnerships (LP), limited liability partnerships (LLP), limited liability company (LLC), s-corporations (S-Corp), and corporations (Corp). I'm sure there is a few more that I forget to mention. But, each one of these structures offers different advantages and disadvantages when considering setting up there structure. I have personally been involved with operating a SP, LLC, and an S-Corp. I'm a fairly simple person, so I describe setting up a company this way. If you’re looking for an easy low cost option and you’re not concerned with limiting your personal liability, then a SP is the way to go. If you are operating with a group of individuals, it can be as few a two, then I would suggest setting up an LLC. There are many choices of course, but this form of ownership has many advantages. They offer the best of a GP, LP, and Corp. LLC's can elect to be taxed as a partnership, which basically means the taxes flow to the owner’s personal tax returns...
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...ETHICS In Consequential Ethics, the outcomes determine the morality of the act. What make the act wrong are the consequences. It says, it will be legitimate to lie in order to get out of a serious problem, such as to save a persons life. In other words a white lie is fine. So the essence of morality is determined by the result or outcome of the act. NON – CONSEQUENTIAL ETHICS In non-Consequential Ethics, the source of morality comes from something else: law, God’s law, moral law, sense of duty, and your definition of what is the virtuous thing to do. All those considerations are built into the act itself before you could think of consequences, before it makes it right or wrong. One classic example is this system is lying. Lying could be wrong because in one system, it’s a violation of the nature of speech. It’s wrong to use a lie to achieve a good end. Simply put, a lie is a lie, is a lie. Egoism – Utilitarianism – Pragmatism Egoism - Means, act in your own self-interest. Utilitarianism - Do that which is moral only if the act produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. There are two brands of Utilitarianism: 1. Act Utilitarianism- Do the act. No consideration of before or after. Do what is called for now, and consider what action will produce the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. 2. Follow the Rule- Means you can’t think of actions as isolated instances. We make decisions based on trial and error, on our experiences. Follow...
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...The Road A little information about the author. Cormac McCarthy was born in 1933. He is an American novelist, playwright and screenwriter. Throughout his career he has written ten novels in different genres. One of the most prominent genres in his literary work is post apocalypse. He won the Pulitzer Prize for The Road. Some of his novels have been made into movies, such as; The Road, No Country for Old Men and All the Pretty Horses. Short plot summary The Road is a book about a journey of a father and a son through a post-apocalyptic landscape. The story is set a few years after an unspecified apocalypse which has destroyed civilization and most life on the Earth. Many of the human survivors have resorted to cannibalism and thus gruesome and immoral actions take place. Throughout the whole book we are not told the protagonists’ names, they are referred to as the man and the boy. The man and the boy realize that they cannot survive another winter where they are; therefore the father decides to take the boy south, to the sea. Throughout the story the man and the boy meet a few people. The first people they run into are cannibals and they get away just in time. Other than that they almost run into other dangerous people and cannibals, fortunately they always hide and get away. The only person they meet who does not try to kill or rob them is an old man who is also traveling on the road. The father is often coughing and spitting out blood, but despite being on the brink...
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