...Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and with the extensive analytic work that has accompanied the MDGs.[2] Yet, much of the discussion of poverty reduction and economic development in low and middle income countries has either ignored the issue of income distribution or has tended to view income distribution only in terms of its impact on economic growth. Poverty and inequality, however, are intimately bound up with one another.[3] Both as an analytic issue and as a policy issue, there are severe limitations in attempting to deal with poverty – or, more broadly, with economic well-being – without also examining income inequality. Indeed, it is questionable that we can even define poverty independently of income distribution. In this essay, I want to develop the argument that economists and economic policy-makers should focus much greater attention on inequality as measured by the distribution of income (and wealth). The traditional focus simply on absolute levels of income as a measure of poverty and economic well-being is fundamentally flawed. My argument here has thee parts: • Poverty or, more generally, economic well-being cannot be effectively defined as distinct from income distribution. • Income distribution is fundamental to our understanding of justice (fairness) and human rights, and relative...
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...revolutionary, and more pleased with results that make the system just a little better. The liberal is more likely to see improvements in race, class, and gender issues, while still recognizing that much more needs to be done. Libertarianism view • Variation of conservatism that believes government should be small and should play only the most minimal possible role in social life • Oppose government programs for the redistribution of income and other types of intervention to correct the ills of society • Often have much in common with liberals, such as their stance on the drug war. Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe...
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...India – A Cultural Profile for Business by Brian Moore MBAA 604 International Management and Aviation Policy Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida March 6, 2011 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 3 INTRODUCTION 4 DISCUSSION 5 Country Background 5 Business Culture 7 Comparison to American Business Culture 12 Tips for Conducting Business with Indians 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 17 ABSTRACT Two of the fastest growing economies in the world today are China and India. Many organizations are taking their operations global and these two countries provide plenty of attractive opportunities to both increase business prospects and enhance current operations. However, as attractive as moving into a foreign country may be, there are many potential pitfalls that must be carefully considered by management before taking the plunge. Of critical importance is the country’s culture and its impact on daily life, expectations and behaviors. This is particularly important in terms of business customs and norms, and an understanding and appreciation of these considerations can make or break a company’s attempt to globalize. This paper will focus on the country of India and will provide a cultural profile for the country. The discussion will begin by providing background information regarding the country, its people and history. Profiles...
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...CHAPTER SUMMARY – CHAPTER 1 – ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS Frequently, the ethically correct course of action is clear, and people in business act accordingly. Exceptions occur when there is uncertainty about ethical obligations in particular situations or when considerations of ethics come into conflict with the practical demands of business. In deciding on an ethical course of action, we can rely to some extent on the rules of right conduct that we employ in everyday life. However, business activity also has some features that might limit the applicability of our ordinary ethical views. One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character which can be summarized as the conduct of buyers and seller and employers and employees. A second distinguishing feature of business is that it typically takes place in organizations which is a hierarchical system of functionally defined positions designed to achieve some goal or set of goals. Because business involves economic relations and transactions that take place in markets and also in organizations, it raises ethical issues for which the ethics of everyday life has not prepared us. Decisions making occurs on several distinct levels: the level of the individual, the organization, and the business system. The level of the individual represents situations that confront them in the workplace and require them to make a decision about their own well-being. The level of the organization can be identified...
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...Fancheng Wang Professor Steven Cassedy MMW 22 A10 March 16, 2012 One-child Policy in China China’s one-child policy, one of the most controversial policies, has been intensely changing China’s social structure since 1979. This policy worked as a milestone on controlling the mass amount of population and had a profound impact on all aspects of Chinese’s life. Apparently, it decelerates the growth rate of population; otherwise, there could be 23 million newborns in China annually (Shanor 53). To some extent, this policy relieves a comparative land shortage under the mass population in the countryside (Davin 65). In addition, it raises the average level of education and health care in the city because parents are likely to put more effort into taking care of the only child in the household (Kane 109). Despite its marvelous success in both the city and countryside, some scholars are concerned with the side effects tied to this policy, such as “little emperors”, labor force shortage and an aging society, which will only escalate in the future (Shanor 54). Although this policy impact on people's lives are good or bad cannot draw a conclusion, but through some social problems, it is not hard to foresee the future of this policy having negative influence on the only-child’s different stages of age. Since the first generation of children under this policy have already reached their thirties and have become part of the mainstream society, these side effects have gradually impacted...
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...sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/49 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for International Journal of Cross Cultural Management can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ccm.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ccm.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations (this article cites 6 articles hosted on the SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): http://ccm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/49#BIBL Downloaded from http://ccm.sagepub.com at N E Wales Inst of H E on February 28, 2007 © 2005 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. CCM International Journal of 2005 Vol 5(1): 49–66 Cross Cultural Management A Cross Cultural Perspective on Perceived Leadership Effectiveness Jun Yan California State University, USA James G. (Jerry) Hunt Institute for Leadership Research, Texas Tech University, USA ABSTRACT We propose a theoretical model to explain how societal/cultural settings may influence the leadership perception processes of followers and the ways perceived leadership effectiveness can be achieved. We adopt five cultural dimensions – collectivism/ individualism (CI), masculinity/femininity (MASC), power distance (PD), uncertainty avoidance (UA) and fatalism (FT), and relate them to two types of leadership perception modes – recognition-based and inference-based...
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...Name: Ahmed Abdelaal Ahmed "Outsourced Movie" In Light of the Movie Discuss the Following Questions: Explain Hofstede cultural dimension and how it is clearly manifested? Below is a brief explanation of the cultural dimensions and examples from the film that represent each of the dimensions. Individualism and Collectivism Individualistic cultures “offer their members a great deal of freedom, the belief being that this freedom makes it possible for each person to achieve personal success” . Members tend to “put their own interests and those of their immediate family ahead of social concerns” In contrast, members of collectivist cultures “have tight social frameworks in which members of a group . . . feel primary loyalty toward one another and the group to which they belong” . · Todd has his own apartment in Seattle, he lives alone, and he is ambitious and consumption-oriented. As he explains to Puro: “In my world, it just makes sense to work your ass off and go into credit card debt just so you can have that 50-inch plasma.” · Todd also does not see his parents often, even though they live only two hours away from him. This news stuns Puro, who also cannot understand why Todd continues to work for a company and a boss he dislikes. Todd and Puro are at opposite ends of the individualism-collectivism continuum. A series of events at the beginning of the film also highlight the contrast between individualist and collectivist cultures: · When...
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...International Journal of E-Business Development (IJED) Attitudes toward Online Shopping: A Comparison of Online Consumers in China and the US * Department of Marketing, Howard University, 2600 6th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA Department of Marketing, The George Washington University, Funger 301D, 2201 G Street, NW, Washington DC, 20052, USA ^ Department of Marketing, Towson University, Stephens Hall 123, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA 1 gong.gw@gmail.com; 2maddox@gwu.edu; 3rstump@towson.edu market, one that is striving to transform its economy from being manufacturing-based to technology-based. The Chinese government has attached great importance to e-tailing in spurring economic growth and recently has released a series of policies to regularize and guide Internet and e-tailing development (6). Furthermore, China has overtaken Japan as the world's second-largest economy and is predicted to replace the US as the world's top economy in roughly a decade (12). Collectively, all of these factors bode well for an improving etailing environment in China. The focus of this study is to examine whether online consumers in China and the US share similar attitudes with regard to online shopping. While there is a wealth of research focusing on online shopping behaviour in Western countries, relatively little research has compared consumer attitudes toward online shopping across nations. Reflecting the call by Van Slyke, Belanger and Sridhar (13) for more cross-cultural...
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...Legislature that affect Family and Consumer Science Birdie Bell December 11, 2014 Dr. Lynda Martin POLICY AND LEGISLATURE THAT AFFECT FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCE Family and consumer sciences are an important academic discipline that students in most of North America take as a humanity subject (Brotherson & Duncan, 2004). The aim of this paper is to identify the policies and legislation on families in the United States and consumer science and examples will be used to illustrate these clearly. Federal and State laws on Families The United States Supreme Court has long made a pronouncement that the family law belongs to the individual states within the nation’s federalist system. Even if the federal government has as well undertaken regulation of issues that affect families, initially in a sporadic manner and then in a more consistent manner, the Court has made an affirmation of the primary role of the state in defining family. A large number of commentators show of appreciation of this authority allocation, presenting an argument that that it plays an important role in promoting family pluralism by showing to honor to local values and choices. However, others point out that federalism creates “equality by design” (Laura, 2014, p. 1835). Therefore, a large number of commentators present an argument that deference to states play a role of insulating courts and federal agencies from the disorderliness of family life, thus demeaning the family relationships’ significance...
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...Management Notes Video People’s behavior is not only about the person, but the environment they are in! Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology: I-side: human resources functions Ex: training, selection, performance appraisal O-side: understanding and predicting behavior Ex: motivation, work attitudes, stress, leadership, team effectiveness Organizational behavior: the scientific study of individual and group behavior in organizations; focused on different levels of analysis * Use of the scientific method to understand and solve problems relate to people in organizations * Focus on organizational behavior * Individuals: attitudes, behavior, health * Groups/teams: norms, cohesion, conflict * Organizations: firm performance, culture, climate Historical influences: * Fredrick Taylor: first to subject work to scientific study; interested in efficiency * Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) * Conducted first field experiments like shuffling studies * Time-and-motion studies to identify “one best way” to do a job * Ford example; he found a way to make Ford cars cheaper * Elton Mayo: studied workers at Hawthorne; worked of the Western Electric Co. in late 20’s – early 30’s * Research on effects of lighting, breaks, length of work day, and type of incentive pay on performance * Illumination studies and Hawthorne Effect * Social factors affect behavior in...
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...“Evaluate the view that religion is an important source of moral values in contemporary societies” The debate as to whether religion is a vital source of moral values in contemporary society is continuous. Sociologists aim to know and understand exactly how and if religion plays any role in current society. This leads us to ask what exactly religion is. According to sociologists, there are three main ways of defining religion: substantive, functional and social constructionist. Max Weber (1905) describes substantive religion as a belief in a superior or supernatural power that is above nature and cannot be explained scientifically. Substantive definitions are exclusive – they draw a clear line between religious and non-religious beliefs. To be a religion, a set of beliefs must include beliefs in God or the supernatural. Functional definitions, however, are inclusive – allowing sociologists to include a wide range of beliefs and practices. Emile Durkheim (1915) defines it in terms of contribution it makes to social integration rather than specific belief in a higher being. Milton Yinger (1970) identifies functions that religion performs for individuals, such as answering ‘ultimate questions’. Whereas, the final definition is social constructionist takes an interpretivist approach focusing how religion is defined by the individual. This definition believes that it is impossible to produce a single universal definition of religion to cover all cases since in reality different individuals...
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...The Chinese Economy The People's Republic of China is the world's second largest economy after the United States. It is the world's fastest-growing major economy, with average growth rates of 10% for the past 30 years. China is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods in the world. China became the world's top manufacturer in 2011, surpassing the United States. For 2010, inbound foreign direct investment into China surpassed $100bn for the first time, and investment overseas by Chinese companies in non-financial sectors totaled $59 billion. The country's per capita GDP (PPP) is $7,518 (IMF, 93rd in the world) in 2010. The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized, while regions in the hinterland are less developed. China and the Political Economy of Global Engagement In many respects it was not until 1992 that China really began to engage with the global economy in a significant way. In an inspection tour of development in southern China in 1992, Deng Xiaoping praised the emergence of proto-capitalist practices in open areas and called for further opening. Following Deng’s exhortations, the CCP declared in October 1992 that China now had a ‘socialist market economy’—the ideological battle appeared to have been won, and this victory was given further force when 1993 saw more FDI flood into China than in the preceding 14 years of reform put together. A trade deficit in 1992 was turned into surplus as exports doubled in the...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Tilapia are sometimes known as “aquatic chicken”, due to their high growth rates, adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, ability to grow and reproduce in captivity and feed on low trophic levels. As a result, these fishes have become excellent candidates for aquaculture, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Tilapias live in freshwater ecosystems, but can also tolerate water that contains low levels of salt. They are most often grown in ponds, cages and rice fields. Tilapias prefer a warmer water temperature that is why it’s the second most cultured fish in the Philippines. White bean nutrition facts show a complete nutrition source that has significant amounts of essential amino acids, as well as an abundance of unsaturated fat, minerals, vitamins, and protein. Also, it contains no cholesterol and is a great source of plant protein that can substitute for meat, poultry, or other meats. For this reason, white bean is a good source of protein. Due to the high cost of commercial feeds, the researchers thought of utilizing white bean, which is a good source of protein, as main ingredient for an alternative supplemental feeds. Small quantities of fish feed can be made quite easily in the laboratory, classroom or at home, with common ingredients and simple kitchen or laboratory equipment. Fish farmers, hobbyists and anyone interested in aquaculture will not only save money but they will...
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...enough to understand, in practice it can be an extremely difficult proposition. Opposing views about what is right and wrong, disagreement on what is fair and equitable, understanding each other’s message and form of communication, and even the procedures that will be used to conduct negotiations are but a few of the hurdles that negotiators will encounter. Negotiation is further complicated when the parties find themselves negotiating across dissimilar cultures. Culture is a powerful factor in shaping how people think, communicate and behave. It therefore affects how they negotiate. In business arena, negotiations are crucial aspects of inter-organizational relationships like joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, licensing and distribution agreements, and sales of products and services. As the proportion of foreign to domestic trade increases, so does the frequency of business negotiations between people from different countries and cultures. To successfully manage these negotiations, businesspeople need to know how to influence and communicate with members of cultures other than their own. This paper investigates the impact of culture on negotiations. It begins by defining negotiation, cross cultural negotiation, culture, including a discussion on how culture is imbedded in negotiation orientations, processes and styles around the globe. Finally, it attempts to analyze the influence of cultural differences on and approaches to negotiations and the importance of ascertaining...
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...Date: 04/12/2013 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ROHTAK Socio Economic Transformation of India Skewed Sex ratio- Improving the socio-economic fabric of India Submitted By: Section A Group No. 3 INDEX Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Global Trend 3 Indian Trend 4 State-wise analysis 4 Sex-ratio indicators 6 Child sex ratio 6 Sex ratio at birth 7 Son preference 7 Mortality differentials 8 Social Implications 8 Brought women 9 Polyandry/abduction 9 Social fabric 10 Crime rates 10 Economic Implications 10 Labor force 11 Unorganized sector 12 Consumer Power 13 Economic status 13 Policy Constraints 14 Recommendations 15 Immediate strategy 16 Short term strategy 19 Long term strategy 20 Role of NGO’s 22 What needs to be done 24 The future 25 References 25 Abstract The rise of boy child population in India for the past twenty years parallels the experience of other Asian Countries such as China and South Korea. There were 945 girls per 1000 boys in 1991, 927 in 2001 and only 914 in 2011. India’s increasing number of rich class seems to have increased the practice of sex selection in the new technology promoted by private health sector. The new technology has aggravated the social problem of bias against girl child and continues to have caused the drastic reduction in the proportion of female...
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