...Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States. Approximately 80,000 Americans have the disease. In the United States, sickle cell disease is most prevalent among African Americans. About one in 12 African Americans and about one in 100 Hispanic Americans carry the sickle cell trait, which means they are carriers of the disease. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin-A) are smooth and round and glide through blood vessels. In people with sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobin molecules - hemoglobin S - stick to one another and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff, assuming a sickle shape. Their shape causes these red blood cells to pile up, causing blockages and damaging vital organs and tissue. Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the bodies of people with the disease, causing anemia. This anemia is what gives the disease...
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...1 Personal Impact Paper on Sickle Cell Disease Glenda Kessen NUR427 9/8/14 Amy Highland 2 Sickles Cell Anemia is a chronic, serious red blood cell disorder that is lifelong. "It is the most common genetic disease in the United States." (Guyatt, GH 2007). Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is inherited and results in a decrease of the ability of red blood cells to carry much-needed oxygen through the body. The cells become clogged, due to their crescent shape, which keeps them from delivering oxygen. This can cause unbearable pain, damage to the body organs, and even death. The frequency of the pain episodes can range from several a year to multiple times a day. SCD is caused by hemoglobin S, which is an abnormal type of hemoglobin. When the cells are exposed to low oxygen levels, the Hemoglobin S changes the shape of the red blood cells. Red blood cells are made of marrow that is located inside the large bones of the body. The bone marrow is constantly making new red blood cells to replace the old cells. The life of the normal red blood cell life is about 120 days. Their purpose is to carry oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, from the body. Sickle-shaped cells die about ten to twenty days that prevents the bone marrow from making new red blood cells. Ethnicity plays a part in SCD, with African Americans more likely to be affected. Both parents are carriers of the sickle cell trait which is passed on to the child. The child will inherit...
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...Choice “E is the best answer. Sickle cell disease (SCD) and its variants are genetic disorders resulting from the presence of a mutated form of hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS). Given that this patient has sickle cell disease, he must have inherited two abnormal copies of the hemoglobin gene, one from each parent. Normally, humans have hemoglobin A, which consists of two alpha and two beta chains, hemoglobin A2, which consists of two alpha and two delta chains, and hemoglobin F, consisting of two alpha and two gamma chains in their bodies. Of these, hemoglobin F dominates until about 6 weeks of age. Afterwards, hemoglobin A dominates throughout life. Sickle-cell conditions have an autosomal-recessive pattern of inheritance from parents. The types...
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...Sickle Cell Disease Charlie Wilson HHC/220 March 13, 2014 Mark Perry Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell anemia or SCD is a condition that is inherited genetically by abnormal, red blood cells (erythrocytes) that has a form of sickle-shape. According to the Sickle Cell Society (2005), the beginning stage of this disease can begin as early as four months of age but are more common between one and two years of age. Symptoms while in childhood stage to adulthood consist of the following: * Breathlessness * Fatigue * Paleness * Painful aches throughout the body. * Swelling of feet and hands. * If you’re a male with this disease, you can experience painful erections. ( http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2005/Eppolifo/into.htm) Sickle cell can cause strokes in children as young as eight years of age. An individual who inherits this disease usually has a life span up to the middle 40’s. (SCDAA, 2005) PERI Model Utilization Sickle cell is a disease that is lifelong and inherited. This disease affects millions of individuals around the globe. Sickle cell is inherited from other family members that are carrying the sickle cell trait without having the disease itself. Most individuals who genetically inherited sickle cell has both parents with the gene or if one parent has the gene and the other do not, the child is likely to receive the sickle cell trait. The disease is very serious when the red blood cells form into a...
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...Sickle cell anemia(SCD) is an inherited genetic disorder which causes the expression of defective hemoglobin on chromosome 11 resulting irregularly shaped red blood cells also known as “sickle cells” because they look like a sickle or are in a crescent shape. The normal red blood cells are round, smooth and deliver oxygen to cells throughout the body but a cluster of sickle shaped cells blocks the blood flow, causing painful attacks and sometimes stroke. Due to their different shape and chemistry, they are controlled by many free radical processes. This paper will talk about the frequency this disease, inheritance pattern, genetic changes, current research and/or efforts to develop vaccine, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell anemia....
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...SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN B Gibson SOC313 Social Implications of Medical Issues Instructor: Betsey Morthland July 23, 2012 SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN Living with pain. What is sickle cell disease? Are you a carrier or do you have sickle cell disease? We will look at what is sickle cell disease and how do you know if you are a carrier. How many people have sickle cell disease, what challenges they face personally and socially? Are there programs to help people with sickle cell disease deal with pain management? This is just a peek at sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells. If you have sickle cell disease you have an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickle cell disease contains mostly hemoglobin*s. Blood cells become sickle and crescent shape, which causes them to have trouble passing through small round blood vessels. “When sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can each that part of the body. Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the complications of sickle cell disease.” (Florida Transition Project) There are several types of sickle cell disease – (SS) Sickle Cell Anemia, (SC) Sickle Hemoglobin C Disease, Sickle Beta-Plus, and Sickle Betz-Zero Thalassemia. Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition and this condition is not sickle cell disease. People that have the trait are normally healthy and they are only carriers...
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...of Sickle Cell Disease Gene of Two Parents Traits on a Child Desmond Jefferson PSY104 Holly Johnson April 15, 2013 In trying to expound the reasons why the genes of the two parents influence the traits of an offspring, with in examination of how abnormalities can contribute to genetic and / or chromosomal disorder. I will use sickles cell disease to explain my reasoning. According to Wikipedia, Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with over dominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickle cell disease decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. In this paper I will discuss how sickle cell disease occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Even though sickle cell gene of two parent’s traits affects a child, what are the chances of having a baby with sickle cell trait? Knowing that individuals with sickle cell trait can pass the sickle hemoglobin gene to their children and, when one parent has sickle cell trait and the other parent has normal hemoglobin the child may inherit. How do you know if you have sickle cell trait? You can easily get a blood test form most hospital, medical centers and doctor offices. When you get the blood test, it determines if you have sickle cell trait. As in women, they can find out if they have sickle cell traits during their pregnancy to find out if the child is going to have the trait or the disease. There...
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...Her diet consists of hot dogs, starchy foods and a sugar filled fruit punch. With the help of red blood cells (RBC’s) it keeps our bodies full and suffice of the older cells that been lost or have died. Now with platelets, this will help keep the patient from getting infections and such through wounds such as smaller cuts and scrapes. With platelets it will help the wound clot and prevent anymore bleeding. In children, iron deficiency anemia can be prevented by being sure that your child has good iron rich diet. For example, in your child’s first you should avoid giving them cow’s milk due to it being low in iron. Once they are old enough you may need to limit the amount of cow’s milk they receive. In our patient’s case, she needs to have a more iron rich diet. All of the processed foods and drinks should be limited or eliminated from her diet in order to improve her health. This type of anemia can be diagnosed by your past health and the results of the bloodwork done at patient intake. The second scenario is a 5 year old African American male who is being screened for the Sickle cell trait. Sickle cell anemia is the most common form of the sickle cell disease. SCD is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. This means that the blood cells are shaped like a crescent. Unfortunately, SCD cannot be prevented because it is an inherited disease. If a person is born with it, steps should be taken to reduce the complications. All it takes...
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...Sickle-cell disease From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the disease itself. For the genetic transmission of sickle-cell disease and its carrier state, see sickle cell trait. Not to be confused with Sick cell syndrome. Sickle-cell disease Classification and external resources Figure (A) shows normal red blood cells flowing freely through veins. The inset shows a cross section of a normal red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells log jamming, sticking and accumulating at the branching point in a vein. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with long polymerized HbS strands stretching and distorting the cell shape. ICD-10 D57 ICD-9 282.6 OMIM 603903 DiseasesDB 12069 MedlinePlus 000527 eMedicine med/2126 oph/490ped/2096 emerg/26emerg/406 MeSH C15.378.071.141.150.150 GeneReviews • Sickle-cell disease Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) or drepanocytosis, is a hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Individuals with one copy of the defunct gene display both normal and abnormal haemoglobin. This is an example of codominance. Life expectancy is shortened. In 1994, in the US, the average life expectancy of persons with...
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...Sickle Cell Anemia Dennis Martin Jersey College School of Nursing Pediatric Nursing NUR205 Ms. Fran Davis September 30, 2013 Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a multisystem disease, associated with episodes of acute illness and progressive organ damage, and is one of the most common severe monogenic disorders worldwide. Understand of the disease has gradually increased since the disease was first described with a characteristic sickle shaped erythrocytes by Herrick in 1910 (Herrick, 1910). This literature will cover what is SCD, along with other topic such as pathophysiology, etiology, sign and symptoms, risk factors and patient teaching. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a multisystem disease, associated with episodes of acute illness and progressive organ damage, and is one of the most common severe monogenic disorders worldwide (Weatherall, Hofman, Rodgers, Ruffin, & Hrynkow, 2004). Understand of the disease has gradually increased since the disease was first described with a characteristic sickle shaped erythrocytes by Herrick in 1910 (Herrick, 1910). In 1951 A Nobel Prize-Prize winning chemist by the name of Dr. Linus Pauling and his colleague Dr. Harvey Itano, discovered that the red, oxygen carrying protein called "hemoglobin" had a different chemical structure in persons with SCD. This led Dr. Pauling to coin the term "molecular disease" for disorders that resulted from proteins and abnormal chemical structures (Winter, n.d.). Although...
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...Effects of Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a genetic hemolytic anemia that is considered a significant public health issue (2). It is mostly common among black Americans and black Africans (3). Every year there are almost sixty million carriers of SCD, and 1.2 million sickle cell homozygotes are added worldwide (2). Not only 1 in 400 African Americans is affected by SCD, but also other families that have any ethnic background (3). Approximately 70% of inherited hemoglobin disorders seen worldwide result from SCD (2). It can cause serious complications that may lead to life-long disabilities and premature mortality (1). SCD can result in acute painful episodes, neurologic complications, and infection. The first effect of sickle cell disease is the acute episodes of pain. It can be the most frequent complication after the age of two, and the reason why patients seek medical help although some of these episodes can be managed at home (1). A higher death rate in patients over the age of 19 can be associated with more repeated episodes (1). The frequency and severity of episodes have a considerable variability among patients. Any area of the body can be affected by the episodes, especially the back, chest, extremities, and abdomen (1). An objective clinical signs such as fever, hypertension, nausea, and vomiting can accompany these...
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...Risk of Recurrent Stroke in Children with Sickle Cell Disease Receiving Blood Transfusion Therapy for at Least Five Years After Initial Stroke Taylor Kaplan University of Bridgeport Physician Assistant Institute Introduction Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that is characterized by a defect in hemoglobin. Normally, red blood cells take the form of a biconcave disk and can easily move through the vessels throughout one’s body. Sickled red blood cells however are very different; these damaged red blood cells cluster together as a result of the loss of oxygen and can no longer easily move through blood vessels in the body. This cluster creates a blockage in small arteries or capillaries and prevents the...
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...Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a blood disorder that affects more than 90,000 Americans. This condition is due to a genetic defect that mutates the structure of hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein of red blood cells. Normal red blood cells are round like the letter “O” so they can move easily through the blood vessels. Red blood cells with the hemoglobin genetic defect have reduced oxygen carrying capacity. They are sickle-shaped like the letter “C” which reduces their ability to traverse small blood vessels. This can lead to blood clot formation in the capillaries and organ damage. There is no readily available cure for SCD but some children with the disease have been treated successfully with bone marrow transplants. High dose...
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...SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA Name: Institution: Introduction The sickle cell anaemia is a relentless hereditary kind of anemia in which a transmuted form of hemoglobin disfigures the red blood cells into a hemispherical outline at low oxygen levels (Sickle cell anaemia, 2015). The disorderedly affects individuals of the Caribbean, African as well as Asian origin, in the United Kingdom sickle cell disorders is mostly usually experienced in the Caribbean along with African persons. Consequently, this paper is going to talk about sickle cell anaemia along with alternate issues related to it. What causes sickle cell anaemia? Sickle cell anaemia is brought about by an alteration as well as uncharacteristic alteration in the gene that initiates the body to create hemoglobin. The sickle cell DNA is mostly inherited whereby it is conveyed from one generation to another in the family. To acquire sickle cell anaemia one must inherit the flawed DNA from mutually all the parents. Should one get the DNA from only one parent then this condition can be described as a sickle cell condition? There is a high chance that the person’s blood will have some sickle cell, and will also be able to generate the ordinary hemoglobin but not experience the signs of the disease. Conversely, the individual will be perceived as the carrier of sickle cell anaemia...
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...Title: Pain, Coping and Sleep in Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease (Quantitative?) Abstract: Purpose The study examined the relationships among pain, pain coping, and sleep, and assessed factors (age, gender, frequency, and intensity of pain) that affect pain, coping, and sleep in children with sickle cell disease ( SCD). Methods Participants (66) were 39 children ( M = 11.5 years) and 27 adolescents ( M = 15.5 years) with SCD who completed an electronic visual analog scale ( eVAS), Pain Coping Questionnaire, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Results About two-thirds of the children reported pain the previous month. No significant differences were found between pain and age, gender, pain intensity, or frequency. Most children coped with pain by seeking information, problem solving, seeking social support, and positive self-statements. There were significant negative correlations in males between worse pain severity and behavioral distraction and internalizing or catastrophizing. The majority (91.2%) had mild to severe sleep disturbances, with 18.2% requiring sleeping medication three or more times a week. There were no significant differences between sleep and age, gender, pain intensity, or frequency. Conclusion Children with SCD experience pain that affects sleep patterns and the way they cope with pain. Nurses need to concurrently assess pain, coping, and sleep and promote sleep hygiene and positive coping strategies during pain episodes. Graves, J. K....
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