...promotion the focus is on prevention of disease processes. Secondary prevention focuses to identify the disease before the manifestation of symptoms become apparent and the tertiary focus of health promotion is the treatment of the symptoms of the disease process once is has manifested in the patient. (Grand Canyon University, 2011, para. 8- 10) The role of the nurse changes as the prevention focus changes. For example, a group of individuals living along the Texas/Mexico border was identified as being high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient population was working class poor without the ability to afford health insurance and clinics with waiting lists so long they were not adequately serving the community. The study showed there was a “demand for health education among the very poor and for participatory programs that meet their needs through efforts that fit their lives culturally and economically.” (Millard et al., 2010, p. 907) With that knowledge they formed DEEP, Diabetes Empowerment Education Program. The program put the high risk patients together for weekly meetings that featured a healthy meal that could be made on a budget and an exercise regimen that all members of the family could participate in. At the end of the...
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...Case Study 2: Hyperlipidemia Scenario R.M. is an active 61-year-old man who works full time for the postal service. He walks 3 miles every other day and admits he doesn’t eat a “perfect diet.” He enjoys 2 or 3 beers q HS (every night), he uses stick margarine, eats red meat 2 or 3 times per week, and is a self-professed “sweet eater.” His cardiac history includes a recent inferior myocardial infarction (MI) and a heart catheterization revealing 3-vessel disease: in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, a proximal 60% lesion; in the right coronary artery (RCA), proximal 100% occlusion with thrombus; and a circumflex with 40% to 60% diffuse ectatic lesions. A stent was deployed to the RCA and reduced the lesion to 0% residual stenosis. He has had no need for nitroglycerin (NTG). Six weeks after his MI and stent deployment, he had a fasting advanced lipid profile. The results were total cholesterol 188 mg/dl, HDL 34 mg/dl, triglycerides 176 mg/dl, LDL 98 mg/dl, pattern B LDL typing at 19 nm, homocysteine 18 mg/dl, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS CRP) 12 mg/dl, fasting blood glucose (FBG) 101 mg/dl, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 1.04 mg/dl. Total Cholesterol 60 34 Triglycerides 45-155 176 LDL 5% and greater than placebo) of niacin are flushing, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased cough, and pruritus. Flushing (warmth, redness, itching, and/or tingling of the skin) may vary in severity and is more likely to occur with initiation of therapy...
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...Some parents will use fever-reducing drugs such as acetaminophen at the first indication of fever, but there are no studies proving this type of drug will reduce risks of seizures. There is always a question of safety when giving medications to young children. It may be a better option to give the child plenty of fluids and ensure he/she is appropriately dressed—not overdressed. Rarely, doctors will prescribe anticonvulsant medication. Prolonged daily use of such medications are not recommended due to side effects and questionable effectiveness in prevention. Rescue or abortive medications, such as Diazepam and Klonopin are prescribed most often. Rectal Diazepam (Diastat) may lower the risk of febrile seizures if taken at time of fever. 9 This medication is usually well tolerated. Occasionally the child can experience drowsiness, lack of coordination, and hyperactivity. 2 What research is being done on febrile seizures? 12 The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), handles research in this area in medical centers throughout the U.S. 9 Environmental and genetic risk factors that make children more at risk to FS are...
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...part of this case control study, we note that VaD participants tend to have a higher lipid profile, do less exercise, and engage less frequently in social interaction and educational or reading activity. They have less fresh vegetables, fish and offal, but more deep fried food. This underscores the recommendation of a healthy lifestyle for the prevention of vascular cognitive impairment. Lipid disorder Elevated low-density lipoproteins cholesterol levels increases the risk for VaD in stroke patients,51 52 and also affects amyloid β processing and deposition causing dementia, in particular Alzheimer’s disease. 53 Although statin drugs are effective in preventing recurrent stroke both because of their lipid lowering effect and also their plaque-stabilising effects on vascular function and control over atherosclerosis, their effect on dementia is uncertain. A recent systematic review and...
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...Stroke Hagir Elsheikh Grand Canyon University 12/18/12 Health promotions are identified in general as the participation of the individuals and their families with their care delivery. During our career we learned about many types of nursing roles to practice the nursing with its all aspect starting from the assessment ending by the evaluation as a circle that continue to improve from the beginning of the nursing profession with Nightingale to today. The focus was to teach the individual as well as the ways to live healthy and change the life style that needed to be changed and adapt a new healthier life style. Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 Bangkok Charter as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health." (WHO) 2005 Bangkok. What that mean is we need to adapt new policies to address the issues and reasons behind our inability to start and maintain a healthier life style and change the existing life style that we have currently. With that being addressed we have to address the reason behind the inability which could be one of many reasons such as income, job security including the working condition, housing and food as well as...
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...the key to success. In this paper we will be examining the definition and description of epidemiology, the steps and methods of epidemiology, reviewing the data of the selected population. We will also be looking at the epidemiological triangle as well as various levels of prevention. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2012). Epidemiology is a type of science that guides our understanding of the strong points of how exposure and the relation to how it effects our health. Epidemiology can be used for many things such as the use of occupationally associated illnesses (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 222, 2012). According to the Center of Disease and Control, epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems (CDC,...
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...crystalline substance made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is used in the treatment of rheumatic fever, headaches, neuralgia, colds, and arthritis; reduce temperature and pain. The formula for aspirin is C9H8O4. Aspirin's scientific name is acetylsalicylic acid. The main ingredient in ASA is salicylic acid. Aspirin is derived from a chemical extracted from willow bark: Salicylate Acid. Salicylate Acid has a long history of uses. During Medieval times herbalists used it for its palliative properties. This ingredient grows in small roots, leaves, flowers and fruits on plants. The willow leaf was used as herbal medicine by the ancient Greeks during childbirth to ease labor pains. There is also documentation of the first proper scientific study of the herbal remedy in year 1763. Dried willow bark was used by Reverend Edward Stone of Chipping Norton near Oxford on 50 parishioners suffering from rheumatic fever. He then recorded the benefits it had. It wasn't until year 1823 that salicin was extracted from willow and formally named. A German chemist named Felix Hoffmann set out to find a drug that would ease his father's arthritis without causing severe stomach irritation. His father’s stomach irritation came from sodium salicylate. Salicylate was the standard anti-arthritis treatment of the time. Hoffmann figured that the acidity of the salicylate made it hard on the stomach's lining. He then began looking for a less acidic formulation....
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...Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore and evaluate the process of discovery, development, future trends and potentials for artificial blood vessels as a medical device and promising technology in cardiovascular treatment. This is the technology that will provide great health benefits to the patients and is more cost effective then traditional methods like coronary bypass. Coronary heart bypass has a number of disadvantages, for example, procedure can not be carried out if patient has not got a vessel with a sufficient quality standard. Also a coronary heart bypass procedure is a long duration operation and has a higher risk of further infections with additional pain and discomfort for the patients. Use of artificial blood vessels provide a more advantageous type of surgical procedure for patients and surgeons, reducing time, risk of infection and pain in...
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...Running Head: CASE STUDY IN INEFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT Case Study in Ineffective Pharmacological Management Southern University A&M College Graduate Nursing 652 Dr. Blair April 23rd, 2015 Introduction In the case study of Mr. J; he has been exhibiting dyspnea upon exertion and fatigue. His blood pressure was 170/95 mmHg. After reviewing his labs; his LDL level was 200 mg/dl. Upon physical examination, he was found to have peripheral edema and jugular vein distention. A chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and pleural effusion. An echogram has also been scheduled. Based on his signs and symptoms, the physician suspects Mr. J has new onset Stage C heart failure. Mr. J has multiple prescribed drugs for Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Parkinson’s, Gout and Depression. After careful reviewing Mr. J’s medications there is concerns ineffective pharmacological management. Ineffective pharmacological management refers to medication therapy prescribed that does not take into account the patient’s age, diagnoses and comorbidities; therefore leading to complications of existing health problems. Side effects, adverse reactions and drug to drug interactions have to also be considered when reviewing a patient’s medication regimen. The drug categories most commonly involved in adverse reaction are cardiovascular agents, antibiotic, diuretics, anticoagulants, hypoglycemic, steroids, opioids, anticholinergic...
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...Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology March 20, 2016 Introduction Atrial Fibrillation, commonly known as A-Fib or AF, is the most common type of persistent cardiac arrhythmia. AF effects only 2% of the population under the age of 65, but 9% of those over the age of 65 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Many other cardiac diseases are seen with AF, either as a cause, or as a result of the atrial fibrillation. Left untreated, AF can result in tachycardia that causes ventricular dysfunction and/or heart failure, along with a significantly increased risk of thromboembolic stroke. I recently conducted an interview with my father who has had AF for nearly 20 years and I compared my findings in the literature against his experiences with the disease. Pathophysiology Atrial Fibrillation is a supraventricular tachyarrthymia. In the heart, ventricular rate is controlled by the conduction and refractory properties of the AV node and the progression of wave fronts entering the AV node. Calcium channels are accountable for the major depolarizing current in AV nodal cells. Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation boosts AV nodal conduction, whereas vagal stimulation impedes AV nodal conduction. Sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, as with illness or exertion, speeds up the ventricular rate. After each atrial excitation wave that depolarizes AV nodal tissue, those cells become refractory for a time, preventing subsequent impulses from propagating...
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...Case Study Ms. J. O. is an 82 year old female with a variety of comorbidities including Alzheimer’s type dementia. She is a resident of a dementia unit of a local assisted living facility. She was brought in to the hospital for a fall from which she stated she had hit her head but never lost consciousness. On arrival to hospital she was noticed to be very confused with complaint of back pain, chest pain but alert. After a short period of time her GCS abruptly dropped to 3 requiring intubation. CT scan of her head showed no bleeds, strokes or abnormality. All lab values were within normal limits and her blood pressure was mildly hypotensive 93/55. Past medical history 1. Ms. J.O. has had numerous falls recently requiring multiple emergency room visits. Each visit also showed evaluation of altered mental status over her normal state of being. On one fall she suffered a pelvic fracture, sacral fracture and L2-3 fracture. Another fall she suffered a nasal bone fracture. She was treated for pain control for each visit and then returned to assisted living facility. Per family she has been at her facility for about a week before this fall. 2. 3. Type 2 diabetes 4. Ulcerative colitis 5. Anxiety/Depression 6. Hypothyroidism 7. Osteoarthritis 8. GERD 9. Alzheimer’s type dementia 10. Stroke 11. Peripheral neuropathy 12. Chronic back pain from falls 13. Hypertension 14. Knee surgery 15. Cataract surgery 16....
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...together with the subcortical regions. It has no specific cure method and caused by some factors such as drug usage, alcohol abuse, brain concussion caused by head accidental injuries, severe stroke, electroshock therapy, tumor formation within the brain and Dementia. (Davis, S. 2017). Some of its effects include memory loss, confusion, and inability to recognize people’s faces or locations, and tremors. Notably, Anterograde amnesia is caused by the infection of Alzheimer’s disease. It is a degenerative disease that destroys the memory and other mental functions such as cognition. It causes the brain cells to deteriorate and die, considerably causing a reduction in mental functions and memory. When Alzheimer’s disease incapacitates the brain cells which are responsible for storage of the most recent and current happenings, Anterograde amnesia results because it is through such a process that forgetfulness of the recent most happenings is induced. Additionally, stroke leads to Anterograde Amnesia. It happens that the brain cells only functions well when adequately supplied with oxygen. Oxygen is in turn supplied by the blood that flows into the brain through the blood vessels. When a stroke occurs such that the blood vessels taking blood to the brain rupture and causes bleeding, an extreme case occurs where the brain cells go through oxygen deprivation as a result of limited or no oxygen supply to the brain, they die and get damaged hence the brain functioning is adversely affected...
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...from both anorexia and bulimia who believe that they weigh too much and are too fat or too heavy regardless of their actual weight or appearance (Shisslak, Crago, & Pazda, 1990). The major difference between the two disorders is the criteria established by DSM-IV-TR that defines each disorder; for example with anorexia nervosa, the patient refuses to maintain body weight at or above the minimally weight based on their age and height. They have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though they are underweight. They are in denial of the seriousness of their low body weight and females who have reach menarche experience at least three consecutive absences of their menstrual cycle. Patient with Bulimia nervosa engage in recurrent episodes of binge eating where they eat a larger amount of food than most people would eat in the same amount of time and under the same conditions and similar circumstances. They feel out of control during this time so engage in...
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...also known as stroke can broadly be described as an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Without blood the brain cells are staved of oxygen, and can begin to die within minutes if the blood supply is completely cut off. It is this cellular death which has the greatest influence on the sequelae or after math of the stroke. Hemiplegia is the most common sequelae of stroke, this medical condition characterised by paralyses of one side of the body. It is similar to, but should not be confused with hemiparesis which is when one side of the body is weak but still mobile. While the leading cause of hemiplegia is a Cerebrovascular Accident, it is not the only cause, other neural conditions such as a unilateral pyramidal (UMN) lesion may also cause hemiplegia. It is difficult to discuss Hemiplegia without also discussing Stroke, similar to cause and effect, if stroke is the cause then hemiplegia is effect. A sudden stroke can be deadly, and how well someone recovers or if they recover depends largely on how fast they receive treatment. In Australia the most popular method for identifying stroke is the FAST test: * Face – Check their face. Has their mouth dropped? * Arms – Can they lift both arms? * Speech – Is their speech slurred? Do they understand you? * Time – Time is critical. If you see any of these signs Call 000 now! Thanks to implementation of tests such as this and advancements in emergency medical treatment of stroke, the numbers of stroke survivors is...
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...is often associated with war veterans. These days, assuming symptoms of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat tours is almost stereotypical. In fact, in the 2012 American Psychological Association (APA) annual meeting, some argue to change PTSD to post-traumatic stress “injury” to be more accommodating to soldiers, and to resolve the issue of unreported PTSD-related symptoms within military ranks (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explained that many soldiers do not report their symptoms because of the fear of being viewed as weak (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). However, the incidence of PTSD can be as common among civilians as it is for those in the military. Barlow and Durand (2013) reported recent studies showing that those who are “raped, held captive, tortured, or kidnapped, or badly assaulted” are more at risk for developing PTSD than those who experienced military combat. While the reports conveying “zero” conditional risk of PTSD from exposure to military combat seem to need clarification, PTSD remains to be a debilitating condition for those who have the proclivity to develop the disorder. This paper will discuss the diagnostic criteria, etiology, effective treatment, and outcome research pertaining to PTSD. PTSD: A trauma and stressor-related disorder PTSD now belongs in the group of trauma and stressor-related disorders as published in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric...
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