...One of the pathogens that has been stored for the purpose of preparing for a bioterrorist attack is the infamous Smallpox. This virus was stored due to how decimating it was to humans on a massive scale, although thankfully Smallpox was eradicated from the world thanks to a vaccination that was implemented globally. Unfortunately, the virus has to be kept frozen in a couple of facilities in fear that other (unknown) individuals may have samples and may choose to use them against a population in the future (The age of viruses, 2005). If the virus was ever to be released, the current samples that are being stored would be needed for research purposes in order to begin countermeasures. When analyzing these situations, the main bioethical principle that needs to be kept in mind is utilitarianism. When faced with situations such as these, nothing is more important than doing the most good for the most people (Lyons, 2001). The perspectives of said people must also be thought of, if a bioterrorism attack were to happen then the common folk would panic and rightfully so. Nothing is scarier than learning there is something out there that they could...
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...for Smallpox, Polio, and Measles. Moreover, there are still many infectious diseases that need to be contained and controlled; for example, Ebola. Even though vaccines help save lives every day, there are people that oppose the use of vaccines for fear that the vaccines...
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...Imagine this: you are an average human being, content with traveling to work and returning home to your family every day. One day, you discover you have a fever and a perpetual headache; adding to the severe back pain you have been experiencing, you assume you have influenza. However, your suspicion is invalidated when scarlet lesions begin to appear on your face, hands, and your body. It dawns on you that you don’t have influenza, you have smallpox, and consequently you remember: smallpox does not have a cure. Thankfully, this situation would never occur today due to the remarkable scientific discovery of the vaccination. In the years prior to the creation of the vaccination, some scientists had experimented with variolation, which was the...
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...Smallpox Smallpox was caused by either variola major or variola minor which was an infectious disease. Variola vera or variola is a derivative of the latin varius, meaning “spotted”, or varus meaning “pimple”. In 15th century Europe “smallpox” was first used to separate great pox and variola. Exposure to the virus is followed by an incubation period, people may feel fine and do not have any symptoms. This incubation period averages about 12 to 14 days but can range from 7 to 17 days. People aren’t contagious during this period of time. Malaise, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting, and fever are the first symptoms of smallpox. When you get this fever it’s usually very high at least in the range of 101 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. At this time people are normally too sick to do or to carry on their daily routine. This lasts about 2 to 4 days and is called the prodrome phase. Over half of people with smallpox experience chills and vomiting. About 15% become confused. In the beginning a rash emerges as small red spots in the mouth and on the tongue. The red spots grow into sores which then open up and spread large amounts of the virus into the mouth and throat. This very person becomes most infectious, at this time. Sores in the mouth break down around this time. Then a rash appears on the face making its way to the other body parts. This usually happens within 24 hours. As the rash gets to increase, the fever starts to fall and the person starts to feel better. You get...
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...The use of vaccines have led to the total eradication of the smallpox virus in 1979. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. A person that has been infected with the virus becomes contagious when sores come into view in both the mouth and the throat of the individual. As the sores (pustules) rupture and copious amounts of the virus enters the mouth and throat the person will develop a rash on their face that will spread to all of their extremities. The individuals entire body will be covered with this rash in 24 hours. The individual will remain contagious until all of the smallpox scabs have fallen off their body. The virus is generally spread from person to person by direct contact of droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes and spreads the virus to other individuals (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016)....
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...In a perfect world, there would not be such a thing as illness. Therefore, there would not be a need for a vaccine, but, sadly, perfect does not exist. Living in this world, people encounter diseases very frequently, and many diseases cannot be defeated by immune systems without previous exposure to the virus. This would not be a problem to the human body for illnesses like the common cold or the flu, but, for deadly illnesses like smallpox, the body most likely will not be able to defeat the illness and will begin to shut down. Here is where the question arises, should vaccinations be a requirement for all children? Some would argue with a strong no saying vaccines cause more harm than good, but statistics prove this to be false. By getting...
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...died from Smallpox in the 20th century (Flight, Collette). Smallpox is a very contagious disease, and has been found very deadly. This disease has been affecting the population for thousands of years. Currently scientists are researching to treat smallpox. Although smallpox is very deadly, scientists and general people can help understand the disease. Scientists and people are trying to piece together on what the virus did in the past, to learn what the virus is, and how to prevent Smallpox from spreading. Over thousands of years, smallpox has killed over millions of people. In 1000 AD, there were a lot of people who got Smallpox in China (History of Vaccines). So, in response, the son of a statesman...
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...When early colonists came to what is now America they brought a very deadly disease with them, smallpox. Although some people may not have even heard of smallpox today back then it was one of the leading causes of death all over the world. This paper will explain what smallpox is, how it affected the people, and finally how the people finally conquered smallpox. To understand why smallpox was such a deadly disease and had such a huge impact on the people of colonial America, especially the Indians it is important to know how the disease works. Smallpox is a disease caused by the variola virus, and is closely related to diseases such as cowpox, however it is much more deadly. If a person were to get smallpox, they would probably not...
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...Good Evening Dr. Anttila and Class, Smallpox is a devastating form of infectious disease characterized by fever and a peculiar skin rash that develops gradually leaving survivors with permanent scars over sizable areas of their body, particularly on their faces, and blindness in some when it affects their cornea. It plagued the earth for centuries killing millions of people worldwide until 1977. The cause of the infection is a poxvirus known as the variola virus. About 30% of people who contracted the disease dies and survivors develop immunity (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016; Theves, Biagini, & Crubezy, 2014). The disease has a 7 to 19 days incubation period. Initial symptoms include high fever, headaches, body aches, sometimes vomiting, and a rash characterized by small red spots that starts on the tongue and in the mouth and throat which last for about 4 days. When the rash in the mouth breaks down, rashes starts to appear on the face that spreads to the arms, legs, hands and feet. On the 6th day, the rash turns into a pustule that forms a crust and then scab in about 5 days. Most of the rashes scab over in about 2 weeks. After 3 weeks from the initial appearance of the rash, the scabs fall off leaving a permanent scar. The person remains contagious until all scabs have fallen off, usually about 4 weeks (CDC, 2016)....
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...against one or more illnesses. They are generally made with a biological pathogen from the illness. It acts as an antigen which is a relatively harmless part of the pathogen and allows the body to produce more antibodies to fight the disease. Vaccines work as a mock infection. When the powerless virus enters your body, it produces more antibodies. When it easily destroys the virus your body is left with the surplus of the disease specific antibodies that prohibit the virus from causing any harm (U.S. Department of...
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...epidemic it freaks out. We try to find reasons why it is happening. Natural selection, the end of days, whatever but it’s never just a scientific reason. It’s never just something in the air. Knowledge is the key to our own fear of these diseases. Knowing how this are caused and better yet how to protect ourselves from it is how we will beat diseases from the past present and future. Monkeypox virus is an rare disease that is caused by infection with monkeypox virus. The virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes variola virus (the cause of smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus. Two outbreaks of a pox-like disease started in 1958 in a monkey colony which was kept for research. But the first human case of the disease wasn’t until 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. And the only time there has been an outbreak in the US was in 2003. Transmission of monkeypox virus occurs when a person comes into contact with the virus from an animal, human, or materials contaminated with the virus. The virus has to enter the body through broken skin even if the break is too small for the eye to see, the respiratory system, or the mucus membrane, like your eyes, nose or mouth. Animal to human contact can happen due to a scratch or bite, or from contaminated meat. Human to human transmissions all though less common is still very popular, and come from large respiratory droplets. The first defense...
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...I. There are numerous amounts of diseases all over the world. In the present time, these diseases are cured or contained by vaccines. A couple centuries ago, doctor Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796. He discovered this vaccine by observing his ambiance. Jenner realized that milkmaids (tend to cattle) frequently contracted cowpox, but after they convalesced they were immune to the deadlier disease smallpox. So Jenner said, “Why not infect people with cowpox to confer immunity to the more dangerous disease.” With his research, he got the pus from a milkmaid who had cowpox and put it on a small healthy eight-year-old boys cut. Eventually, the boy was infected with cowpox, how Jenner predicted. When he was done recovering, Jenner took the riskiest step there is. Jenner deliberately injected the smallpox disease into the kid. This was a dangerous step because smallpox resulted in thousands of deaths every year or left the person disfigured. Thankfully, the boy...
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...In the United States, 90% of parents vaccinate their children and follow the recommended schedule. That is about twenty-eight immunizations against fourteen different diseases in the first two years of life. But, at least 10% of parents skip or delay some shots, and around 1% do not vaccinate at all "Vaccines-Calling the Shots". Most people have gotten at least vaccinated once in their lives. Doctors use vaccines as sort of a boot camp for immune systems from adults to small children. The way it works is by using a dead or weakened virus that would imitate the real virus if it attacks. The immune system responds by attack to virus and leaving behind white blood cells that know how to fight the virus now. Vaccines came from Dr. Edward Jenner. He was the first man to deliberately inoculate people with a mild, non-fatal disease called "cowpox" that came from a similar strain to smallpox, thus making people immune to the virus. He called his technique "vaccine” from "vacca" Latin for cow "Vaccines-Calling the Shots"....
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...infection, their body can battle it all the more effectively. In the event, that a child is not vaccinated, they will have an expanded danger of getting the illness. B. Immunization is as essential for adults as it is for children, but then numerous adults are not ideally vaccinated. Immunizations emulate the virus so as to anticipate disease by that same virus or bacteria. II. Body A. Vaccine preventable diseases haven't gone away a) Measles is an exceptionally irresistible viral illness that can result in fever, hacking and unique red-cocoa spots on the skin. The shingles antibody is a decent illustration. Shingles are brought on by a reactivation of the chickenpox virus. It can result in a serious and excruciating skin rash. The immunization is suggested for adults 60 and more seasoned (Shah, 1664). b) Measles is brought on by a virus that is exceptionally contagious, can live for up to two hours on surfaces and get transmitted through a tainted individual's hacks or sniffles. Measles is contagious to the point that "90% of the individuals near to that individual who are not insusceptible will likewise gotten to get tainted. c) Smallpox is additionally a disease that needs one to get immunized against it. Immunizations shield us from genuine diseases furthermore keep the spread of those diseases to others. Through the years, immunizations have provided protection against diseases, for example, measles, mumps, and whooping...
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...I. Appendix With the outbreak of globalization, the movement of goods, information, and people has been made fairly easy. Unfortunately, however, the movement of infections and diseases has also been made easy. Due to the fact that our world has become very interconnected, multiple organizations have come about to aid these transfers, be it the transfer of information, or public health. One of these organizations is the World Health Organization, a coordinating authority for health was created in parallel to the United Nations and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In the 19th Century, there was a massive eruption of diseases, most importantly the cholera epidemic. All around Europe, countries were pushing towards an international health convention to try to address the issues at hand, and while many conventions were finally held, there needed to be something more global to set things right. After the First World War plagued the world, the League of Nations came about and created several agencies to help in aiding the world. One of those agencies was the League of Nations Health Organization. The Health Organization was primarily made to control diseases and try to prevent them. However, their successes came to a halt when the second World War broke out. In 1945, when the war had already ended, the United Nations came about and replaced the former League of Nations. The 61 members of the United Nations all signed the constitution of the World Health Organization in 1946...
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