...Smokeless Tobacco Use in Bangladesh Dr. Papia Sultana1, Munjila Begum2, Shamima Akter3, Md. Mizanur Rahman4 1. Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh 2. MSc Thesis Student, Department of Statistics, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh 3. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, International Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 4. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh and Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. Abstract Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT), commonly used in many countries, is associated with various health effects and should given ‘most urgent and immediate priority’ intervention to reduce the effects. Data and Methods: Data was obtained from GATS survey; information from 2009 individuals aged 15 years and above living in Bangladesh using smokeless tobacco products was analysed for this paper. Descriptive analysis and comparison of characteristics to gender was done. Logistic regression was used for advance analysis. Results: Respondents from rural area (56.45%) use more smokeless tobacco products than from urban area (43.55%); average age was 47 yrs with standard deviation (SD) 15.50. Female (69.89%) were more likely to use smokeless tobacco than male (30.11%). Prevalence of using smokeless tobacco was high among the less educated and illiterate...
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...Term Paper For B.B.A(Hon's) Second Year Course Netrakona Govt. College Department of Management Topics : Taxes on Tobacco in Bangladesh Date : Letter of Transmittal Date: 25/04/2014 A.K.M. Khairul Hasan Lecturer Department of Management Netrakona Govt. College Netrakona Subject: Submission of Term paper on Taxes on Tobacco in Bangladesh" Sir, This is my pleasure to submit this term paper on "Taxes on Tobacco in Bangladesh" under the Supervisor. A.K.M Khairul Hasan. I have done my level best to completed Term paper in time. The whole experience of this Term paper enables me to get an insight in to the real life situation. I have really enjoyed working in this field this Term paper prepared by me as a fundamental issue. I hope This Term paper will enable to find out real scenario of on existing Tues or tobacco in Bangladesh. I would like to thank you for your supportive suggestion and helping me to carry on this study. With out your direct helps this term paper would not be prepared by me. Abdul Aziz Roll No: 9822765 Registration No: 1800488 Session: 2010-2011 B.B.A (Hons.) Second year Class Roll: 227 Netrakona Govt. College Netrakona. Author's Declaration of Originality I hereby certify, that I am the sole author of this Term paper on "Taxes on Tobacco in -Bangladesh". it is prepared for a partial fulfillment of BBA degree. To the best of my knowledge my Term paper does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights. Any...
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...Smokeless tobacco not only contains a long list of harmful chemicals such as nicotine and TSNAs (tobacco-specific nitrosamines, a carcinogen), but also the product itself has an extensive microbial community. Given these facts, it is reasonable to think that use of smokeless tobacco products may also affect the chemistry and microbiome of the user’s mouth. In the experiment detailed in this article, the authors examined the metabolomics, or the total metabolites, produced by the bacterium Capnocytophaga sputigena, an opportunistic pathogen associated with periodontal diseases, in the mouth after exposure to smokeless tobacco. To do this, they grew C. sputigena in blood-heart infusion (BHI) media to imitate the soluble nutrients in human tissue where this bacterium lives. The also grew some C. sputigena in BHI mixed with aqueous extracts collected from homogenized smokeless tobacco. The authors then took samples from supernatants in the media and eluted them with gradient solutions, which acted...
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...UST Inc., the leading producer of moist smokeless tobacco products and a company widely known for its conservative debt policy and high dividend payout (uninterrupted cash dividends since 1912), this announcement generated considerable attention on Wall Street. Investors eagerly awaited the subsequent actions of Vincent Gierer, Jr., UST’s Chairman and CEO. In 1997, UST had suspended its stock repurchase program, approved in 1996, because of legislative and legal issues confronting the tobacco industry.2 In November 1998, the company signed the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement resolving its potential state Medicaid liability and reinstated its repurchase program.3 Management believed that this agreement represented significant progress with respect to the legal and legislative matters confronting the company, permitting UST to proceed with its business strategy and potential recapitalization. The Smokeless Tobacco Market The U.S. smokeless tobacco industry generated $2 billion of retail revenue in 1998 with approximately 5 million consumers of moist smokeless tobacco and 7 million consumers of chewing tobacco including loose leaf, twist, plug and dry. Moist smokeless tobacco consumption approximated 50% of the total. See Table A on page 2 for a description of smokeless tobacco products. While decelerating recently, the USDA reported moist smokeless tobacco has been the fastest growing segment of the tobacco industry with volume increasing at a 3.7%...
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...What are the primary business risks associated with UST inc.? What are the attributes of UST Inc.? Evaluate from the viewpoint of a bondholder. . UST Inc. is a long standing market leader in producing moist smokeless tobacco products. They were a key innovator in the market and have a long standing trusted and recognised brand name. They are known for their conservative debt policy and high dividend payouts. UST has maintained an A-1 credit rating, the highest rating for commercial papers. They have been name as one of the most profitable companies, beating out icons such as Coca-cola and Microsoft. This is due to their premium products, strong brand name, historical pricing flexibility, the continued growth of moist smokeless tobacco market and the high barriers of entry for competitors. In 1998, the financial performance of the company is quite profitable. Comparing against the tobacco industry, UST’s gross profit margin, average return on assets, and return of equity are well above the industry medians. looking at their debt capitalization of around 17% compared to the industry median of 65.7%. They have achieved high return rates with low financial leverage, Over the last ten years, their net sales and gross profit have been at a steady growth due to their premium pricing strategy. They’ve taken an aggressive stance by introducing price increases annually or even bi-annually. But they are getting those results with increasing sales and revenues, which means...
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...UST Inc., the leading producer of moist smokeless tobacco products and a company widely known for its conservative debt policy and high dividend payout (uninterrupted cash dividends since 1912), this announcement generated considerable attention on Wall Street. Investors eagerly awaited the subsequent actions of Vincent Gierer, Jr., UST’s Chairman and CEO. In 1997, UST had suspended its stock repurchase program, approved in 1996, because of legislative and legal issues confronting the tobacco industry.2 In November 1998, the company signed the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement resolving its potential state Medicaid liability and reinstated its repurchase program.3 Management believed that this agreement represented significant progress with respect to the legal and legislative matters confronting the company, permitting UST to proceed with its business strategy and potential recapitalization. The Smokeless Tobacco Market The U.S. smokeless tobacco industry generated $2 billion of retail revenue in 1998 with approximately 5 million consumers of moist smokeless tobacco and 7 million consumers of chewing tobacco including loose leaf, twist, plug and dry. Moist smokeless tobacco consumption approximated 50% of the total. See Table A on page 2 for a description of smokeless tobacco products. While decelerating recently, the USDA reported moist smokeless tobacco has been the fastest growing segment of the tobacco industry with volume increasing at a 3.7%...
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...Health People 2020 Objectives Health People 2020 Objectives In today’s society it has never been more pressing for society to take serious its health and health practices and make changes to better themselves. Using Health People 2020 as a foundation this paper will serve to identify objectives and identify how biological risk (including age-related risk), environmental risk (including economic risk), and behavioral risk contribute to family health risks for those objectives noted by Health People 2020. The two objectives that will be discussed include smoking, to include health related problems that result in this behavior, and respiratory illnesses, including Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Within the paper, prevention of exacerbation will also be noted as it relates to each illness. Tobacco Use Scientific knowledge about the health effects of tobacco use has increased greatly since the first Surgeon General’s report on tobacco was released in 1964. The most successful interventions of many clinical trials incorporated elements of social or organizational change to modify individual behavioral risk factors, such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, diet, and physical activity. Most behaviors are not randomly distributed in the population, but rather are socially patterned and often cluster with one another. Thus, many people who drink also smoke cigarettes, and those who follow health-promoting...
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...International Journal of Drug Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drugpo Research paper Nicotine control: E-cigarettes, smoking and addiction Kirsten Bell a,∗ , Helen Keane b a b Department of Anthropology, 6303 NW Marine Drive, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada School of Sociology, Building 22, Hayden Allen Building, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Background: Over the past year or so, electronic cigarettes, more commonly known as ‘e-cigarettes’, have achieved widespread visibility and growing popularity. These products, which deliver nicotine via an inhaled mist, have caused no small amount of controversy in public health circles, and their rise has been accompanied by energetic debate about their potential harms and benefits. Methods: Interspersed with an analysis of current media coverage on e-cigarettes and the response of mainstream tobacco control and public health to these devices, this article examines the emergence of nicotine as both as an ‘addiction’ and a treatment for addiction. Results: We argue that by delivering nicotine in way that resembles the visual spectacle and bodily pleasures of smoking, but without the harms of combustible tobacco, e-cigarettes highlight the complex status of nicotine as both a poison and remedy in contemporary public health and tobacco control. Conclusion: In consequence, e-cigarettes jeopardize the carefully drawn...
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...American Cancer Society: Advocating for the Family Smoke Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) 2009. Abstract On June 22, 2009, President Obama signed into law the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA). This Act gave the FDA authority to regulate the distribution, manufacture and sale of tobacco to the public in the United States. The American Cancer Society and many others believe that the enactment of an effective national tobacco control policy is a necessary first step in reducing youth and adult smoking, controlling the tobacco industry, and significantly reducing tobacco- related disease and death. Before this day tobacco products were unregulated by the federal government. This paper will discuss the Act and the ACS strong support of this Act, as well as some of its supporters and opposers. My interest group is the American Cancer Society. One of the organizations priority issues is to prevent cancer. They work with lawmakers to pass laws to defeat cancer and rally communities to join the fight. Many people think of cancer as a purely medical or scientific issue, but it is just as much a political issue. Every day in the news we hear of legislators introducing bills, passing laws and allocating funds that affect people with cancer and their families. Even clinical trials and health insurance all involve legislation. As a community-based organization the ACS unites millions of people...
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...smoking is still the number one contributor. In 1963, Herbert A. Gilbert was not aware of these kinds of statistics, however, he was on the brink of an invention that would revolutionize the way we smoke cigarettes almost fifty years later. The invention of the Electronic Cigarette [also known as the e-cig] was patented in 1963 by Herbert A. Gilbert, “The present invention relates to a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette and has for an object to provide a safe and harmless means for and method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air; or by inhaling warm medication into the lungs in case of a respiratory ailment under direction of a physician.” (Electronic Cigarettes, 2009) Unfortunately for Herbert, in the early 1960s cigarette smoking was not yet the threat it has become today. People just didn’t see a need to stop smoking. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Tobacco Company had always marketed towards women; smoking was a sexy thing. As one can see from the photograph, the young lady is beautiful, slender and happy. Throughout the middle of the 1960s big Tobacco Company’s began targeting the men and using advertisements such as cowboys and men with tattoos. This was to ensure your confidence while smoking that cigarette; sadly, this was just how smoking had become perceived. Subsequently, Herbert’s design was not tolerated nor put into distribution, and years would go by without much buzz regarding the Herbert e-cig. Naturally, time continued...
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...Tobacco is one of the world’s largest consumer goods industries despite pressuring environmental forces that try to diminish its market share. It has a long withstanding global history as a profitable business model rooted on a leisure activity. The use of tobacco first started to spread in the late 15th century after a crewman aboard the Christopher Columbus voyage noticed Cuban natives igniting and inhaling smoke from dried tobacco leaves. News returned to Spain, spreading the smoking experience, which lead to the production of the world’s first cigar. By the 1600’s the use of Tobacco reached much of Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Although paper cigarettes were developed around the same time as cigars, the first push for factory production came in 1881 with the issuance of a patent for a cigarette rolling machine that could produce 120,000 units daily. By 1944, there were roughly 300 billion cigarettes produced annually.[i] However, the industry would take a turn in 1964 when the Surgeon General of the United States reported the dangers and health risks of cigarette smoking. The tobacco industry has been combating consumer health awareness, governmental restrictions and taxes, and anti-smoking lobbying despite increased profitability ever since its introduction to the global market. Estimates place the current industry revenue at $465BN and gross profit at $280.3BN for 2010. After taxes the estimated net profit will account for approximately 8.5% of...
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...RESEARCH PAPER ON RJ REYNOLD’s AMERICAN BACKGROUND HISTORY Reynolds American, the second-largest tobacco company in the United States was formed in January 2004 and began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange as RAI in August 2004. Reynolds American is also known as the parent company of American Snuff Company (formerly Conwood Company, LLC), Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company, Inc., and Niconovum AB. This company has approximately 28 percent of U.S. cigarette sales. The company offers products in all segments of the market and makes many of the nation's best-selling cigarette brands, including: Camel, Pall Mall, Kool, Winston, Salem and Doral. In 1913, Reynolds Tobacco introduced Camel cigarettes, containing a blend of several different types of tobacco, a blend that would come to be called “the American blend.” Supported by a unique introductory advertising campaign, Camel became the first nationally popular cigarette in the United States. Reynolds Tobacco established virtually every packaging standard in the U.S. cigarette industry. The 20-cigarette pack was introduced by Reynolds Tobacco in 1913, and in 1915 the company introduced the one-piece, 10-pack carton. In 1931, Reynolds Tobacco became the first company to package its cigarettes with a moisture-proof, sealed cellophane outer wrap to preserve freshness. In 1918, Richard Joshua Reynolds – Reynolds Tobacco’s founder – died at the age of 68. In 1925, Brown & Williamson purchased J.G. Flynt Tobacco Co. and...
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...Rules and Functions of Law Law 421 26 January 2015 Abstract My research paper is based off of my readings and research of the case briefing arguing the results of the law suit between Cipollone V. Liggett. This paper will provide knowledge of the case as well as answers to questions. Court ruling are very important in predicting the outcome of future similar cases, they also give inside on how the legal system develops their ---. One of the most well-known law suits against Big Tabaco manufactures was brought on by a women that had smoked tobacco in the form of cigarettes for a duration of over 42 years. In her law suit she argued that the manufactures of the cigarette companies did not accurately provide risk of smoking and promoted false ---- through ADs. After that case was aquited, Cippollone then appealed her case in the U.S Supreme Court. Based on the question on the congress’s preemption power, given the supreme courts language the preemption was narrow. The manufacture company had no intention to expose the truth about the dangerous effects of smoking Tabaco, rather they promoting the use of Tabaco as appealing and alluring therefor the consumers believed that the advertisements were true based on the companies ,,,, Neither the Tabaco company or their manufactures fell that it is their responsibility to assure the consumers of their stability of their health condition after already stating the health warning on their advertisements. The Supreme Court does...
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...Participants Business 600 March 11, 2016 Abstract This paper examines the ethical treatment of participants in business research which includes the researcher, the decision maker, and the participant. Each has an obligation to the research study and by exhibiting ethical behavior, the data results will determine accurate information that the decision maker can use for their company. If there is a presence of unethical behavior like lying, deception, coercion, not fully being educated or aware of the study details, it can result in the damaging consequences for not only the participants, but it can also affect the shareholders of the company, the customers buying the product, and even the employees of the store that sells the product. This paper will go into detail of the many obligations each participant has to themselves as well as others. We cannot allow some people to be left at the back of the human rights bus… We must ensure the rights of individual groups or people –be they indigenous peoples, or peoples of Asian or African or American descent, or Jews or Muslims– are not sacrificed on an altar of progress for some while there are setbacks to others. -Matthew Coon Come, National Chief of The Assembly Of First Nations (Catalyst Centre, 2013). Research can open doors and allow for interests to be pursued, solve a problem that a company has, or it can help enhance a plan that is already in place. Applied research specifically emphasizes practical problem-solving. When...
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...cause them to become addicted to nicotine. Nicotine is known to be addictive, therefore, no matter how safe it can be delivered, the use of addictive materials will cause the user to become accustom to their regular dose which will encourage increasing it. This objective of this project is to implement a school-based education program in elementary, middle, and high schools across Nevada over the next year. Introducing a program at the schools is an opportunity to stop the beginning of nicotine use, thereby eliminating the health concerns associated with it. The research shows that school based programs do have a positive effect on health issues. The CDC notes that most U.S. schools have put in place policies and programs concerning tobacco use ("Centers For Disease Control And Prevention", 2014). This is beneficial because many resources are available to make this program a success. This paper summarizes the steps that can be taken to help with the successful implementation of a school based program including identifying resources, implementation sites, and characters of the program that must be adhered to and monitored. This program meets the required criteria for which several funding sources that can be applied. One source is RFA-DP09-90101SUPP10 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care...
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