...Increase uptake of Smoking cessation services in deprived areas Background Tobacco is a major killer. About half of the smokers die prematurely due to smoking related diseases. The most recent estimates show that around 114,000 people in the UK are killed by smoking every year, accounting for one fifth of all UK deaths (Peto, R. et al). People under 35 who never stop smoking may lose 10 years of life expectancy. In the UK about 30% of smokers attempt to quit, of whom 3% to 6% are successful (1% to 2% of all smokers). Almost all smokers try to quit without professional support from NHS, private clinics or workplace schemes. An analysis of quit attempts made by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) category shows the largest numbers to be in the most deprived categories and the smallest in the least deprived, Scottish Household Survey estimates (2005/2006) of smoking prevalence by deprivation quintiles show a smoking prevalence rate of 41% in the most deprived areas and 13% in the least deprived areas. People from deprived background are underprivileged in terms of income, employment, housing, education and most importantly access to health services. So while planning smoking cessation intervention for people from deprived background these factors need to be taken into consideration. For instance costly habit of smoking causes burden on this poor man’s household budget. One survey found that if both partners smoke, they could be spending as much as 15% of...
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...Are smoking cessation interventions prior to elective surgery, effective in achieving short and long term smoking cessation? ABSTRACT: 178 Objectives: Smoking cessation intervention programmes prior to elective surgery are reviewed in relation to achieving short and long term abstinence. Research studies examining smoking cessation interventions and its overall effectiveness were critiqued and evaluated using a systematic literature review. Methods: Specific medical databases were utilised, followed by a methodical search strategy to identify key articles. Through evaluation of the studies, reliability and validity will be established. Evidence based practice will be explored throughout the report and will demonstrate how to source and appraise relevant research, whilst indicating how research findings can be implemented within todays nursing practice. Findings: It has been identified that smoking cessation intervention programmes are successful in short and long term abstinence with evidence identifying that post-operative complications are higher in patients that smoke. Implications: The right time to introduce smoking cessation pre-operatively is debatable although the majority of research argues that even the shortest time will be of benefit to the patients overall health and recovery time. Patients attitudes and willpower towards smoking cessation have a considerable impact upon how effective the intervention is. INTRODUCTION: 110 Modern medical practice is...
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...1. Smoking imposes a huge economic burden on society— currently up to 15% of total healthcare costs in developed countries. 2. The Benefits of smoking cessation: a. Improvements in life expectancy and prevention of disease, improvement in individuals’ and passive smokers quality of life after stopping smoking, b. economic benefits to individuals and society. 3. Economic burden of smoking: In US economic cost is 0.6% to 0.85% GDP, $50bn a year for the treatment of smoking related diseases, in addition to an annual $47bn in lost earnings and productivity. Smoking related fires cause about £151m of damage each year in England and Wales. 4. Cost effectiveness of cessation programs: Clear evidence exists that smoking cessation interventions are effective. Face to face cessation interventions provide excellent value for money compared with other medical interventions. Cessation program tends to be more effective as its intensity increases; increased intensity is associated with increased costs, therefore increasing both sides of the cost effectiveness ratio. In the United Kingdom Using PREVENT simulation model which includes four interventions: a basic intervention of three minutes of opportunistic brief advice; brief advice plus self help material; brief advice plus self help material and nicotine replacement products; and brief advice plus self help material. The most cost effective intervention was the brief advice alone, in US the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s...
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...policies and procedures must reflect that commitment,” said Delos M. “Toby” Cosgrove, M.D. CEO and President of Cleveland Clinic. “Having banned smoking from our campuses and launched a communitywide program to promote smoking cessation, incorporating Cotinine testing is a natural extension of our efforts to highlight the perils of tobacco use.” The Cleveland Clinic informs applicants when they apply for work that those that “applicants who test positive for tobacco products will not be considered for employment and will be referred to tobacco cessation resources paid for by Cleveland Clinic. After 90 days, applicants successful in quitting will be encouraged to reapply.” Existing personnel are not covered by this policy. The Clinic continues to offer existing personnel extensive support and guidance to quit using tobacco. Use of Tobacco by Employees One has to recognize that some people enjoy tobacco. Standing outside with a group of friends smoking during a break provides camaraderie. Pacing one’s actions throughout the day by indulging in a smoke break is pleasurable for many. Smoking also satisfies one’s oral needs that may otherwise be met by eating; weight gain is one of the unpleasant consequences for many smokers that quit. Nicotine also helps some smokers focus and enhances their mental alertness. Finally, smoking is highly addictive and nicotine satisfies one’s physiological needs. One could point out that smokers save Social Security and Medicare money because...
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...tobacco addiction for the rest of your life. It would seem to need no marketing at all! No product, though, not even the best of the best, can stand out in today’s cluttered marketplace without marketing. NoSmoke is a natural herbal, non-medicinal smoking cessation aid product that has been developed and used privately with a high degree of success by the doctor and physical therapist who developed it. We will be entering an estimated $450M market with numerous competitors, and we intend to clearly communicate how and why NoSmoke stands out among the other smoking cessation aids currently available (Johnson, 2009). Many questions can surround herbal supplements. Customers will want to know what it is made from, how it is used, why it works, and whether there are any special instructions they must follow when ingesting it, such as taking the product with water or with a meal. While our formulation is proprietary, we endeavor to answer as many customer questions as we possibly can with regards to our product. Numerous herbal supplements have been rumored to aid in smoking cessation, including lobeline, St. John’s wort, and valerian, but these all have reported side effects and none are marketed as specifically helping to stop smoking...
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...One of my habits is smoking, and I developed this habit due to influence from my peer many years ago. The role models for the smoking habit were some of my friends who used to smoke cigarettes. When I joined a group of friends who used to smoke, I found myself smoking too, and it is now became a daily habit. They encouraged me and I started smoking slowly, but it became a habit. From the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2006), a habit is acquired behavior pattern being developed through constant repetition. Therefore, I kept smoking every day, and the smoking behavior became automatic. I now continue smoking because I am addicted to it. This is because smoking has caused some changes in my body and the way I act to them thus continuing to smoke. The changes in the ways I act have now developed over time, and these changes have become my smoking habit. For example, when I am stressed, I use cigarettes as an outlet for my frustrations. I am used to a smoking environment where my friends keep on smoking thus making me continue smoking. There has been a time I attempted to break this habit, to no avail. Kleinman and Messina-Kleinman (2000) argue that ignorance is one of the causes that contribute to persistent smoking. The government has tried to raise awareness on smoking, but the tobacco companies have increased advertisement of tobacco. Thus, it is difficult for people to break the habit of smoking. Moreover, tobacco has nicotine that makes one addicted thus making it hard for...
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...Smoking is a prevalent behavior all around world, and it brings about a series of risk consequences about health. According to WHO( 2009), more than 5 million people die from diseases related to tobacco use worldwide each year, and it is expected to grow. Even just the number of those who died from second hand tobacco smoke has increased up to 600,000 each year (WHO, 2009). In Australia, smoking is considered to be the key risk factor for the three diseases that cause most deaths: heart disease, stroke and lung cancer (Health Insite, 2010). It is responsible for around 80% of all lung cancer deaths and 20% of all cancer deaths, and additionally, smoking has also been linked to cancers of the mouth, bladder, kidney, stomach and cervix, among others. Smokers are also at increased risk of having reduced lung function from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(Health Insite, 2010). Using tobacco has been linked to a variety of other conditions, such as diabetes, peptic ulcers, some vision problems, and back pain. Smoking in pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth or premature birth (Health Insite, 2010). Meanwhile, the impact of smoking on children who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke includes a greater risk for respiratory illness, higher rates of respiratory tract infections, and sudden infant death syndrome (Dossey & Keegan, 2009). Moreover, smoking is a hard habit to get rid of, because tobacco contains nicotine which is highly addictive. Therefore, success in...
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...Running head: Post-9/11 Veterans with PTSD: A battle with smoking Proposal Paper for Post-9/11 Veterans with PTSD: A battle with smoking Morgan Mathews and Brenda Pizana The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N5366 Principles of Research in Nursing Dr. Michelle Hampton, PhD, RN-CCRN, Clinical Faculty July 31, 2015 Pinch table Author/yr Design Sample Size Interventions Outcomes Notes Use of Learning Collaborative to Support Implementation of Integrated Care for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Use of Learning Collaborative to Support Implementation of Integrated Care for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 2014 Longitudinal, Time series Quasi- experimental study. Methodological Research Collaborative change framework using the learning collaborative model 70 staff members from 12 VA PTSD Clinics After training and development of a expert panel team, questionnaires evaluated how feasible and effective integrative care for smoking cessation using the Learning Collaborative Model. The LC model would be useful to implement integrated care to patients without interfering with treatment. The staff found it useful but difficult to communicate and meet with teams to train Unique challenges: different clinics...
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...Introduction “Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States,” (“Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking”, 2014, para.2). Each year it is responsible for 480,000 deaths, which is more than Human Immunodeficiency Virus, illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, and fire arm related incidents combined. There have been ten times more premature deaths due to tobacco use than casualties during all noted American wars in United States history (“Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking”, 2014, para.2). Use of tobacco products causes cancer of the nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, esophagus, throat, lungs, liver, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, cervix, bone marrow, blood, colon, and rectum (“Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking”, 2014, para.6). “Globally, it is estimated that cervical cancer is responsible for 2.7 million years of lost life, and at least 75 percent of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco and alcohol use.” (Lamb, Dawson, Gagan, & Peddie, 2013, p. 25; National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, 2013, para. 11). These are only two frightening cancer statistics caused by tobacco from the previously stated list. It is imperative to understand the repercussions of using tobacco products so patients do not become another one of these statistics, but it is more important to explain the positive results of abstaining from those products to encourage greater chances of successful cessation of tobacco use. In this research...
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...Introduction Smoking is one of the biggest health problems seen throughout the United States. It is estimated that cigarette smoking contributes to around 450,000 deaths every year and cost the U.S. $193 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost productivity (Porter 2013). Cigarette smoking is an addictive habit and for the majority of smokers is very hard to quit, especially by themselves. It is difficult if one is a non-smoker to grasp and understand the dynamics of the addiction and successful quitting usually requires a significant amount of assistance and support. Nurse practitioners are there to provide professional assistance by helping patients take the appropriate steps and measures to ensure their success in smoking cessation. Difficulty of Smoking Cessation In general, most people who smoke know smoking is bad for their health and can contribute to many other health problems and even death, so why can’t they just quit? If it were that easy there would be significantly less smokers in this country. The problem is not the desire to quit but rather the actual act of stoping smoking for good. The fact of reality is there are plenty of smokers out there who want to quit but just can’t due to the complexity and addictive nature of the habit. The three main components of tobacco smoke include; tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine (McEwen 2014). Most of the health issues that arise from smoking cigarettes are directly linked to tar and carbon monoxide components...
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...morbidity and mortality after the infarction. One of the goals of cardiac rehabilitation is the reduction of morbidity and mortality through exercise training, dietary changes, smoking cessation and type A behavior modification. The second goal is amelioration of distress associated with cardiac pathology through the use of new coping strategies such as behavioral and cognitive techniques and stress management programs and anger control (Brennan, 1997). Exercise program is the most important intervention by researchers and clinicians. But the other form of intervention, like the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs, has received little attention. This article reviews the evidence for the efficiency of different forms of intervention that are focused on reducing distress and limiting risks during the post-infarction period. Exercise programs in cardiac rehabilitation studies prove their impact on the recurrence of myocardial infarction (Brennan, 1997). The stress management programs help to reduce psychological distress and increase effective coping mechanisms, at least for a limited period of time (Brennan, 1997). The research studies assess the efficacy of many cardiac rehabilitation interventions. The other part of this article considers research into the efficiency of smoking cessation and type A behavior modification...
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...Pharm.D., Bryan Yeager, Pharm.D., Karen Farris, Ph.D.. Effectiveness of a Pharmacist-Based Smoking-Cessation Program and Its Impact on Quality of Life. webscape. 2002. Available at http:// www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438855_2. Accessed July 1, 2014 Pharmacists managed self-referred patients in meetings over a few months while using replacement therapies. At three and six months the smoking cessation status of each individual was measured and just under half of the patients were smoke free at the three months and about half more again were smoke free at the six month mark. The article is published on a medical news website that keeps up to date on most all areas of medicine. The original source of the article is from Pharmacotherapy: a journal of human pharmacology and drug therapy. I would have to say this is a high quality article. The author is very thorough in recording the number of patients, the number of meetings and how long they were over what period of time. I think this experiment is most credible as well because they actually read the carbon monoxide exhaled by the patients at three and six months to verify their smoking cessation chemically. The article is relevant to the topic because the programs that lead these patients to being smoke free were lead by pharmacists. The whole intention of the experiment was to gauge how effective pharmacists are in smoking cessation and the results prove to be positive in the pharmacists’ favor. 2.De silva MJ, Breuer E...
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...Reva Burns Illustration Essay 01/16/2014 Smoking Cessation Tobacco can lead to tobacco/nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Quitting smoking can reduce the risk of smoking related diseases. Today there are more former smokers than current smokers. Some examples of smoking cessation is the health benefits, methods for quitting smoking, and programs that help. There are plenty of reasons people should quit smoking. For on it smells real bad on your clothes, in your hair, and last but not least your breath. Also your health is a real big factor in quitting smoking. Smoking cessation can lower the risks of lung cancer and other kinds of cancer. Also tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 deadly chemicals; which hundreds are toxic, and about seventy can cause cancer. Another big thing is Smoking cessation reduces the risk of you getting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also known as (COPD) which is the leading causes of death among people that smoke. Health benefits are greater if you quit at a young age but all ages can get benefits from stopping smoking. Some people say “Well there is no methods for quitting smoking” that’s crazy. There are plenty of methods to quit smoking such as brief clinical interventions, which a doctor will talk to you in ten minutes or less about the benefits of quitting. Also there is person to person treatments, which are one on one with a family member or someone trying to help you quit for a long period of time. Medications are...
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...“Psychological Approaches in comparison to Medical Approaches to overcome smoking” Introduction Many people all over the world suffer from health problems caused by their addiction to smoking. Not only the respiratory system and the heart are affected by this, but also the financial situation of smokers in certain countries with high tobacco taxes are influenced. Due to those reasons, many smokers are trying to overcome their addiction. The purpose of this study is to find out how psychological and medical approaches can be successfully used to quit smoking. It should explain how the methods work and what former smokers that have used those techniques experienced with them. The classical means of smoking cessation are medical treatments. They vary from laser therapy to drugs that substitute Nicotine and other ingredients of cigarettes. The psychological approaches to quit smoking have gained more popularity in the last few years. Especially hypnosis is often considered as a very effective method to overcome smoking. Also acupuncture can be seen as a psychological approach since it affects the mind and not the body. In comparison to medical approaches, hypnosis and acupuncture cannot impact the body. It can also be cheaper than a laser therapy for example. However, not every individual is receptive for hypnosis and acupuncture. This makes the medical methods more reliable. The central issue is, that every smoker who wants to overcome his addiction should try different...
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...The argument for smoking prevention among adolescents is based on the observation that, if smoking does not start during adolescence, it is unlikely ever to occur and on data indicating that the probability of cessation among adults is inversely related to age at initiation. Even infrequent experimental smoking in adolescence significantly increases the risk of adult smoking. Once smoking has begun, cessation is difficult and smoking is likely to be a long-term addiction. For example, it has been estimated that the median cessation age, for those born from 1975 through 1979 who begin smoking in adolescence, is 33 years for men and 37 years for women. Based on a median initiation age of 16 to 17 years, the predicted duration of smoking is 16 and 20 years for 50% of the males and females respectively. Prevention of the onset of adolescent smoking is thus an essential component of efforts to reduce the overall prevalence of smoking and its attendant morbidity and mortality. Although there are educational programmes available with demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of adolescent smoking over the short term, the longer term evaluations are not as encouraging. The differences in smoking levels between treated and control groups appear to dissipate over time, and disappear completely after six years. Further evaluations of these educational efforts are warranted, with consideration given to methodological problems inherent in such studies (such as potential bias resulting...
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