...There are three main sociological perspectives: Structural Functionalism, Conflict/ Critical Theory, and Symbolic Theory. The group takes a characteristic of independence of their members (the whole is greater than the sum of its parts). They also focus on behavioral patterns of groups, such as difference of race, sex, age, class, and so on. Also, the gains of the individual through how they perceived by society. In this essay, the writer will illustrate the differences between these perspectives and will also provide their different approaches to the society, and why the choice of perspective matters. In structural Functionalism by Durkheim, views society a combination of institutions, or function, to equate societal stability and harmony....
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...Criminal Justice YourFirstName YourLastName University title Social Structure Theory An alternate perspective is that the premise of crime can be found in the relationship an individual needs to social structures and foundations. As indicated by social structure theory, the United States is a stratified society, where there are a couple of thousand "super rich" making more than $5 million every year, and 40 million Americans who live underneath the neediness line, ascertained at about $22,000 every year for a group of four. Those living in neediness confront deadlock employments, unemployment, and social disappointment. On account of their small monetary assets, lower-class nationals are regularly compelled to live in poor zones checked by substandard lodging, deficient health awareness, and tenants as opposed to property holders, poor instructive open doors, underemployment, and sadness (Crothers, 2013). These markers of neighborhood disorder are exceedingly prescient of crime rates. The issues of lower-class society are especially intense for racial and ethnic minorities, who have a salary level altogether underneath that of whites and an unemployment rate just about twice as high. In the inward urban communities, more than a large portion of all dark men don't complete secondary school. Also, they confront the load of bigotry and racial stereotyping. Examination demonstrates that whites are unwilling to living in or going by dark neighborhoods...
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...them. He says this analogy is the core of the contemporary view of technology. Sclove says that technology is so significant that it basically sets our social structure. Our technology is so ingrained in our daily lives that it has changed and continues to change our political climate, laws and economic institutions. There are many areas where this is evident. One area that first comes to mind is social media and cyber bullying. Laws are being changed as we speak because of websites such as Facebook, where teenagers send threatening and harassing messages to other teens. Bullying can now be done in ones own home, where just 20 years ago it was usually on school grounds or nearby. Sclove writes about Coercive and Subconscious Compliance and how technologies are governed by both physical and political laws. It says that basically most of us are careful with technology that could do us bodily harm. An example of that would be automobiles. MOST people are careful when they are driving their cars to try to avoid causing an accident that would harm them or someone else. Subconscious Compliance is how ones environment can shift their social interaction with others. In the section that is entitled Macro politics, Sclove talks about how one technological invention led to bigger inventions that basically changed social and political...
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...Victimization Theory | Summarize the theory of victimization, describing its meaning and core concepts as it relates to the nature of crime. | Identify subcategories of the theory and describe each. | Apply the theory to one (1) real life example or scenario. Briefly explain why the theory applies to the example you identified. | Rational Choice Theory (This theory is completed for you as an example of how to complete the remaining theories) | According to this theory, crime is a matter of personal choice and the criminal makes a rational decision to commit the crime. This view is that If a person is motivated, considers the choices, and they believe crime will benefit them without risk. (Siegel & Worrall, 2013, p. 45)This view is that for the criminal, the profit outweighs the punishment. | One sub-category is the “Deterrence Theory” which aligns itself by indicating crime would not be a “rational choice” therefore not chosen if there was a strong enough fear of punishment, acting to deter the criminal activity. (Akers, 1990, p.2) | One real life case was that of Ariel Castro. This is the nationally televised case of a man who kidnapped and held three (3) women captive in his Cleveland, Ohio home for over 10 years, during which he physically and sexually assaulted, fathered a child and kept these young women captive until one managed to escape 2013. Castro pleaded guilty to 937 counts including murder, rape, and abduction, to avoid Ohio’s death penalty. He was sentenced...
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...and describe each. | Apply the theory to one (1) real life example or scenario. Briefly explain why the theory applies to the example you identified. | Social Structure Theory | According to this theory, a persons position in the social structure controls his or her behavior. Those in the lowest socioeconomic tier are more likely to succumb to crime promoting elements in their environment, whereas those in the higher tier enjoy social and economic advantages that insulate them from crime producing forces. The view is that about 40 million Americans live below the poverty line, and because of their financial position most living in poverty face obstacles such as inadequate health care, substandard housing, unemployment , and poor educational opportunities which are all factors of despair and these indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.(Siegel & Worrall, 2013, p.48} | One sub category is the “ Cultural Deviance Theory”, because of strain and social isolation a unique lower class has developed in disorganized poverty ridden neighborhoods. These subcultures maintain a unique set of values that are in conflict with the social norm. These subculture values are handed down from one generation to the next through a process called Cultural Transmission. Youths who hold such...
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...''Analysing aspects of form, structure and language, explore the ways Barker develops the theme of social class difference'' In Pat Barker's novel Regeneration she explores the effects that World War I has on the human condition and more specifically on the condition of a group of characters. Historical figures, such as the war poets Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, and the military psychiatrist W. H. R. Rivers, are interwoven into the novels, yet it is important to note that while Barker's research on their lives infuses her characterizations, they are inventions as much as reclamations, endowed with psychological depths that she imagines for them. Similarly, Barker purposefully deploys language in self-conscious ways. Barker mixes fiction and fact so seamlessly. Most of her characters existed as mentioed above, the real life character's involved all did spend these months of 1917 at Craiglockhart together. The novel takes you into their private world. We see the young, idealistic poet Wilfred Owen shyly giving his poems to Sassoon for advice Class differences were only too apparent within Britain's military entities. The Army structured itself around class and in many ways, recreated the British class system in miniature: aristocratic generals, middle-class officers, and a working class rank and file. This structure reinforced on the war front the class distinctions of the home front, and the long-standing prejudices of the British class system ensured that enlisted...
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...closely associated with Marxism. According to a Marxist perspective, the social inequality that exists in society runs parallel with the various inequalities in the health system. With reference to the latter, exploitation of lower level assembly line workers or the proletariat working class can have a significant impact on workers’ health, particularly for the achievement of profit. Furthermore, in our contemporary society, medical professions have subjugated individuals illness’s within a capitalist society, disregarding health interests for the product of business. Additionally, Marxists analyses argue vigorously that class is a significant determinant of inequality with regard to illness and that the illness is implicated in a wider process of social oppression; determine by environmental factors, education and economic institutions into which one is born. All in all, from analysis of these topics there is no doubt that illness is very much a social phenomenon. Marxism and Workplace Illnesses The Marxist approach to health and illness relies heavily on the relationship they have with capitalism and class. Marx believed there were two essential classes in society; the capitalist class, who make up the minority of society, and the proletariat, also known as the working class who make up the majority. Vincent Navarro provides one of the most influential accounts of the centrality of social class and the labour process to health and illness. Navarro claims that in the...
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...the Outsiders Essay Social structure can be represented in many ways and through many ideas, such as in a community or city. When two of them are compared to one another, there’s bound to be many similarities and differences between them. For instance, the area in and around Norwich University can be easily compared to the setting of the novel, The Established & the Outsiders. The novel is set at a place called Winston-Parva, a suburban area in the outskirts of a large and wealthy industrial town in central England. It had a population of less than 5000, but had its own industries, schools, churches, shops and clubs. The two authors, Elias & Scotson, conducted their study though the book and formed a social structure by categorizing the town into 3 different zones, 1, 2, and 3. Zone 1 was usually called a middle-class residential area, and most of its inhabitants regarded it as such. Zones 2 and 3 were working-class areas one of which, Zone 2, is where most of the industries were established. From this info alone one could assume that since Zone 2 and Zone 3 seem the same, the inhabitants of those zones think that as well. However, the novel states a survey that proves the previous assumption to be false: “A preliminary survey suggested that not only the middle-class inhabitants of Zone 1, but the working-class inhabitants of Zone 2 regarded themselves and their neighbourhood as superior in social status to those of Zone 3 and that the social barriers dividing the...
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...Social status, education level, age and gender. These are minor words that have a huge impact on different cultures around the globe. In America the talk of social status seems be more seen and not heard. It shows up in actions of those in this culture. If you want to raise money for a certain charity or event, the first crowd you will go out your way to extend an invitation to will be those in a high social status or class. America has come a long way in its views of status and age. Even though there is no set class structure as in other countries, America has its own views of social class. The words upper class and middle class and lower class are often mentioned. They were often referenced on the road to the White House in the Presidential elections of 2008. Many from outside American culture can often be blind when it comes to seeing our class structure since the homeless are often seen in the same areas as those who are wealthy. If one hangs around the Washington, DC area long enough, they will start to hear terms such as “The DC Elite” social status. These are people who are usually in the upper class and are invited to the important (often political) events in the city. Even certain areas of the city are known for where those with the money reside. Mention you live in Georgetown, Capitol Hill or one of the neighboring counties known for their wealth, and you will automatically be listed as someone with “status.” Titles in America are not as important...
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...Consumerism and the Impact of Social Class “People in a consumer society consume to improve their quality of life; there are costs associated with this practice (financial, time, ecological, societal and human) for the individual and the collective” (McGregor). Associated in this piece is the concentration in the belief of consumerism’s affect on the societal structure in terms of the social class standards, between lower, middle, and upper class sections. The dependent variable is consumerism; the rise in spending and its involvement and impact in the economy and social standards of today’s society. Independent variable is the focus of socioeconomic status and social class; concerning the idea that wealth allows greater amounts of consuming, however the lower class strives for similar status in the material and nonmaterial goods. Factors that provide consumerism in society and the economy are the buying of consumer goods, which has expanded in recent decades to national and global lengths. Consumerism is said to be the reason that the U.S. had turned citizens into shoppers, making Americans less free to the economy and the market. Globalization; the process of goods and services over national boundaries, is a rising factor, due to the buying, selling and networking of products globally. Countries like the U.S. China have benefitted by the globalization, but also have impacted their society and culture, from the influence of cultural differences, negatively and positively...
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...What is Social Stratification? Social Stratification Is a sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes, and strata within a society. It refers to differential access to resources, power, autonomy, and status across social groups. Social stratification implies social inequality; if some groups have access to more resources than other; the distribution of those resources is inherently unequal. Societies can be stratified on any number of dimensions. In the United States, the most widely recognized stratification systems are based on race, social class, and gender. Social Stratification on Health Jamaica Throughout history and even today Race and Class has placed a major impact on the identity of Jamaicans. “Race has been used to render ethnicity” (Austin-Bross, D.2006 Pg 213). Class, however is a social construct that is used to group people into a hierarchy of social stratification. Included are upper, middle, lower and newly stratified ‘working class’. Due to such stratification, persons of the ideal race and class are viewed as superior. Jamaicans have lost their identity and it has also encouraged low self esteems and confidence. Black persons from the lower class has been discriminated against and put to shame. This was the case during the slavery period and even today. Ideologies of the ‘right’ class and race originated from white plantation owners who viewed black people as ‘property. Between 1658 and 1798, approximately 281,000 slaves...
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...economic opportunity. When these immigrants arrived they disembarked in the heart of the hustle and bustle of these cosmopolitan seaports. “A jumble of shops, taverns, and homes crowded the streets; the spires of churches studded their skylines. The narrow cobblestone streets of Boston and New York also challenged pedestrians, who competed for space with livestock being driven to the butcher, roaming herds of swine and packs of dogs, clattering carts, carriages, and horses” (118). Many of these immigrants settled in the seaport cities they arrived in, immediately becoming a part of the evident social hierarchy of these areas. Seaport cities were home to a very diverse population ranging from rich merchants to hard laborers. Though a definite distinction existed, all of the social classes were very important to colonial seaports. At the bottom of the social hierarchy, was the free and bound labor...
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...Social Class Assignment Paper Structure: • Page 1: Cover sheet • Pages 2, 3, 4, and 5: The text of your paper - four full pages of text • Page 6: Bibliography Formatting Instructions: • Your cover sheet should provide your name and the title of your paper only; • Your title should be a creative one that you come up with yourself - allowing you to establish the tone for the paper that follows; • Provide citations for all quotes you take from the Kate Fox book (inc. page numbers), films, or TV shows, and for all references you make to events or incidents in the Fox book, films, TV episodes, and course lectures; • If using an e-version of Fox's book, you should provide the chapter number and section title from which a quote comes instead of page numbers; • Citations can be footnotes, endnotes, or in-text references, whichever format you're most familiar and comfortable with; • Your text should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, with one inch page margins; insert page numbers in 'footers' bottom right; • Your thesis statement should be in bold or italicized. Assignment: Your task in this assignment - worth 20% of your course grade - is to analyze, outline, and explain the differences between the three social classes as they exist in Britain today, providing multiple examples from course materials to illustrate your argument. Social class in Britain is no longer based in the old, pre-World War II...
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...Leisure displays one superiority. ! ! - To Maintain or Gain higher statuses! ! ! - They have an affect and influence on other classes which lead those inferior classes to emulate such behavior. ! - Once the basis of social status becomes about wealth there are no morals, no knowledge, no character.! - The rich needed to find ways of spending money that had no other objectives other than the display of wealth itself (luxury)! - when you can buy expensive symbols of wealth you are showing people you are wealthy and part of the leisure class.! - Wasting money and time can benefit people by showing people you are wealthy and ! part of the leisure class. or time blowed means you don’t have to work, lay around and be leisurely (playing golf, suntanning)! - rests is pecuniary strength; and the means of showing! pecuniary strength, and so of gaining or retaining a good! name, are leisure and a conspicuous consumption of goods! Hierarchical Gradations! - Inheritance of Wealth or belonging to an elegance society. ! - Potential to inherit a life of leisure without wealth needed to maintain a aspect of leisure. ! Vicarious Consumers! - Usually a servant or attendant, who has served the family for yrs! - Affiliated by a system of dependance to the higher class individuals in effort to live a life of leisure from their master. ! - Servants they Become a reflection to some fact of their Patron’s wealth without qualification. ! - Often time a Wife or a Child! - Servants and...
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...There is much debate in sociology about whether class is still important. Many argue that class is no longer important as an individual’s identity and life chances are based more status and cultural factors such as lifestyle, values, intelligence, education and the like, the post-modernists state that class has ceased to be the prime determinant of identity and suggest that societies are now organised around consumption rather than production, consequently people now identify themselves in terms of what they consume rather than in terms of social-class position. Class identity has therefore fragmented into numerous separate and individualised identities. Others argue that class is still a central influence on people’s lives, that it affects their life chances (health, education, voting, social mobility etc.), they argue that class inequality exists and that such inequalities are widening rather than narrowing. Early theories such as Functionalist theory argue that inequality is functional for society since it makes sure that those who show the most potential talent are encouraged to develop this talent through higher education and training, with the promise of higher incomes when they qualify (deferred gratification). They state that in order for society to function properly, society must make sure that people fully use their talents. Inequalities stem from the fact that society values different roles in different ways, based on the shared norms and values of a society. Davis...
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