...‘In fact, the socialization gives us the tools to fill our evolutionary roles. They are our building blocks.’ (Dr. Warren Thomas Farrell) Organizational socialization is the ‘learning process’ by which new members learn the skills required by the organization, develop roles and adapt to norms of the organization. As Shibutani (1962) suggests, it provides individuals with a preview of the work life that is to follow and directs experience, orders and enhances interactions in the work setting, and also provides the ground rules under which everyday conduct is to be managed. Research suggests that organizational socialization leads to positive outcomes for workers- it reduces role ambiguity and prevents role conflict. Members who socialize in organizations also have a higher job satisfaction, lower turnover, greater organizational commitment and reduced intentions to leave. According to a report by John Van Maanen and Edgar H. Schein MIT organizational socialization will reduce the tension by entering an unfamiliar situation. There are three stages of socialization; Firstly, the anticipatory socialization involves anticipation of roles and norms of the organization. Secondly, the member proceeds to encounter socialization where they build expectations about organizational life encounters on a day-to-day basis. Lastly, the process of role management is when the members focus on fine-tuning roles in the organization. (Gary Johns, Alan M Sacks). There are five methods of organizational...
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... PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE Psychological grounds of culture: Virtually culture is a coalescence of stable discrete behavioural norms and cognitions shared by individuals within some definable proportion and that are distinct from other populations. These norms are stable and last long because these are continuously transmitted to new cultural members of the group through different means. Apparently different psychological needs and their consequences led to the creation of cultural norms. There are different perspectives; one aspect is that culture emerged to serve as a psychological buffer against existential anxiety. Another approach suggests that culture arises in part from an epistemic need for verifiable knowledge, and for certainty and confidence in our perceptions of the world around us. The creation of a shared reality, a common set of beliefs, expectations and rules for interpreting the world, helps fulfill this need to validate one’s own construction of reality. A very different perspective on the origins of culture implies that cultures and the specific norms that define these cultures emerge as unintended byproducts of interpersonal interaction. The contents of these communications and interactions are constrained by psychological considerations and thus exert consequences on culture. As social influence attends any act of communication and because individuals communicate more regularly with others who are closer to them in geographic or social space, a dynamic process...
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...how and why they buy a product or service. Some aspects influencing consumer traits, behaviors and how messages are received are psychological, social and culture process. Aspects as personalities, age, interest, believe, cultural background, social classes, among others are important elements to keep in mind when developing a marketing communication plan to reach the desired segment more effectively and motive decision making on customers. Consumer behavior focuses on how individual consumers and families or households make decisions to spend their time, money, and effort on consumption-related items. How they evaluate a product or service after the purchase, the impact of such evaluations on future purchases, and how they dispose of them (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010). There are different motivations for what consumers make their purchasing decisions on and these are basically based on their innate and acquired needs. These needs stimulate people’s feelings and actions toward a product or service. We will be then identifying psychological and social processes that may influence consumer behavior, explaining the importance of understanding the influence of psychological and social processes on marketing communication, and explaining the relationship between consumer traits and behaviors; analyzing how social and cultural settings influence consumer behavior and help examine the reasons why consumers comprehend...
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...Entertainment Media and Culture sitting in a tree… The relationship between culture and entertainment media could best be described as a partnership. Entertainment media is used to sell brands and introduce different cultures to the four corners of the world. Culture is influenced by art form. Art imitates life. Entertainment is one of those art forms that drive culture. Media’s role is to communicate culture to the masses. Society has both positive and negative influences from entertainment media that shapes American culture. Media literacy understood by the masses could have a changing affect on the relationship between culture and media. Entertainment has shaped American culture and its values. An enjoyable event or performance partner with products or services helps sales. Popular dances of the day are borrowed for traditional ceremonies like weddings. Media companies use different forms of entertainment to sell products or services and traditional events host advertisement. Most often entertainment is the highlight of cultural events. For example, prom night in American high schools traditional celebrate with a dance. The Macy’s Day Parade sponsored by the retail giant is a merger of products, services, and people united by entertainment. Entertainment has a way of influencing culture by drawing massive audiences. TV themed talent shows like American Idol are shaping culture by interacting with a global audience of millions through a cell phone text...
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...external influences affecting the Consumer’s Decision Making Process. A number of factors affect the consumers buying behavior. Some of these are internal and others because of external influences. A few of these internal and external factors influencing the consumer’s buying behavior while deciding to buy a You C-1000 Vitamin C. Decision making is a process dependent on many factors which vary from person to person and also from region to region. Consumers are living in a society which follows its own culture and values. Personal preferences again change with age, lifestyle, income, and psychological factors. Internal aspect 1. Perception Perception is how a consumer processes information consciously or subconsciously. The perception about the brand and also about him has an influence on the buying decision. When consumer see You C-1000 advertisement, they can get the information, that product is for better life and healthy body. Brand of You C-1000 vitamin also can influence the decision making of costumer, the brand means, there are many vitamin c in that drink. Also the slogan “Healthy Inside, Fresh Outside” 2. A consumer’s knowledge and experiences A consumer’s knowledge and experiences have an impact on the decision making process to You C1000 vitamin. An educated person is aware of benefit available in the drink and chooses the brand and model in accordance with his needs. Various previous information obtained by a person who will influence subsequent...
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...a legitimation for ‘superior western culture’ Authoritarian, conformist, evolutionist Begin 20th century: Modernity/modernism: ambivalent view on truth, morality and progress More liberal and tolerant thought (cfr. 18th century - Enlightenment) WW I: 4 founding fathers [in what follows ‘4ff’] of anthropology: Franz BOAS (USA) Bronislaw MALINOWSKI (Britain) Alfred RADCLIFFE-BROWN (Britain) Marcel MAUSS (France) → caused modern, largely non-evolutionist revolution in respectively American, British and French anthropological thinking. German tradition remains: diffusionism → 4ff no shared programme, significant methodological & theoretical differences → evolutionism had failed, but evolutionists (Morgan, Tylor) established basic parameters of anthropological discipline Boas and historical particularism: • Influence from German diffusionism (critical to evolutionism) • Development of theory = sufficient empirical grounding → collect and systematize detailed data on particular cultures → theoretical generalisations (but with great care) • Four-field-approach: linguistics, physical anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology (↔ France, Britain: not specialized, but generalistic approach) • Field work: Inuit, Kwakiutl, NW coast of America, short, repeated visits, teamwork • CULTURAL anthropology (USA): culture = everything mankind has created, including...
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...Popular American Culture SOC/105 October 31, 2012 S. C. Culture and Pop Culture The official definition of culture is “the customary beliefs, social norms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group” (Webster Dictionary.com, 2012) whereas popular culture is the opposite of high cultural art forms like the opera, historic art, classical music, traditional theater or literature. It includes many forms of cultural communication, including newspapers, television, advertising, comics, pop music, radio, novels, movies, etc. In the beginning of the 20th Century," High art" was the realm of the wealthy and educated classes while popular culture or "Low art" is commercial entertainment for the lower classes. In the 1950s and 60s the gap between them closed with the rise of Pop Art” (Kartha, 2011, p.1). Pop culture is so prominent in society that it is almost impossible to escape its influence. This is especially true in America. As a result of easy access, children absorb huge amounts of information presented by the pop culture world, which influences and shapes their identities. However, not all of it is negative and if parents educate themselves and monitor their children’s activities, pop culture is often a positive influence that helps mold the children...
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...Social-Learning theory has most influenced my beliefs and assumptions about individuals. Social-learning theory main concept is the idea that behavior learned through watching others. This term is coined observational learning. Social-Learning theory, in contrast to Behavioral theorist , do not believe that reinforcement is responsible for all learning. In fact Social learning theorist Albert Bandura extended research which not included social learning but also included behavioral and cognitive learning to be incorporated. This was the main reason to which some refer to social learning theory as social-cognitive theory. Social- Learning Theory also assume an individual's behavior, environment and personal qualities influence one another. Social-Learning theory believe that optimal observational learning can be acquired through three model. One of which is live model, in live model an actual person is demonstrating the behavior. The next model is verbal instruction. In this model the individual is instructed in detail the behavior and how to engage in that behavioral. The last model is symbolic, influences in this model includes television, radio, movies, internet, literature etc. As well in the model fictional or real demonstration of the behavior. As well Bandura believed that there are steps in which modeling process involved. The first step is Attention. In Attention one must pay attention to the behavior that is being modeled in order to learn. The second step is Retention...
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...undertake in seeking, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their personal needs” (Perner, 1999-2008.). As human beings we are all unique and have our own opinion, this reflects on our pattern of purchases. Marketing strategies of different product and services are why purchases differ from one another. One individual may enjoy colorful scenery throughout their household while another individual love the simple more modern scenery. The consumer goes through a process of receiving a stimulus and acting accordingly. This then triggers decision making. Culture plays a role in a person needs and behavior. According to Perreau, “an individual will be influenced by his family, his friends, his cultural environment or society that will “teach” him values, preferences as well as common behaviors to their own culture.” Individuals have set of values and perceptions rather it is through family of life situations. “For a brand, it is important to understand and take into account the cultural factors inherent to each market or to each situation in order to adapt its product and its marketing strategy. As these will play a role in the perception, habits, behavior or expectations of consumers” (Perreau, n.d.). Three...
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...Understanding Social and Cultural settings and their influences on consumer behavior is the very basis of traits and concepts for marketing and advertising. We define culture as the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to direct the consumer behavior of members of a particular society. Culture is a powerful force in normalizing human behavior. For example, member of the same culture have the same language and share the same values. Almost all aspects of life are affected by cultural values, idiosyncratic values unique with individuals is also an element of culture. Some cultures have a general trait of caution when considering a new practice and product. Consumers from cultural backgrounds are more likely to rely on conventional values, which means, they learn through observation rather than immediately purchasing new or innovative products. There is hardly any aspect of life that does not emulate some cultural or social trait (Nayeem, T, 2012). Subcultural divisions and groupings contain various collections of individuals; examples of these grouping are families, work groups, shopping groups, friendship groups. Culture is believed by marketing researchers as an important underlying factor of consumer behavior. Cross-cultural researchers recognize that culture is one of the most influential determinants of consumer behavior. Supranational is subjective cultural differences cross national boundaries and may be present in more than one country...
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...Research Application Samir Khadra Psychology 370 7/31/2012 Integration Social psychology generally involves the way in which people behave, feel and think. All this is influenced by imagined, actual or the implied presence of other people. Since this is an article critique, it is indispensable to evaluate and analyze. This section therefore analyzes, evaluates and interprets a text. It answers questions including why, how well and how. This section analyzes the topics learnt in class. It evaluates, interprets and analyzes attitude which is the main factor in social psychology (Smith & Mackie, 2000). Attitude refers to the global evaluations as well as learned characteristics of an object, a person, an issue or a place that influences actions and thoughts. They are the basic expressions that show approval or disapproval. They also depict non-favorability or favorability or likes and dislikes. Social psychologists as learned in class have often studies attitude as well as its structure. These include attitudes’ functions as well as the relationships that are between behavior and attitudes. General attitudes are not mean predictors of any given behavior mainly because people often act under the influence of a given situation. The most decisive factor is the point that attitudes are often central to people’s self-concept and therefore might lead to behaviors (Smith & Mackie, 2000). The article argues that research has played a crucial role in developing attitude. Researches...
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...Week 1 A Differentiate between social behavior and culture. Provide an example. To me there isn’t a big difference in social behavior and culture. Social behavior is behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. An example of social behavior would be not cursing in public. Culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. One example of culture is All Souls’ Day where festivities are celebrated on November 1st and 2nd in Mexico. It is also celebrated in other countries but mostly Mexico. Although they are very similar they are not the same. How does culture influence human behavior? How does nature influence human behavior? Provide an example of each. Culture is prominent role in how we interact with people. The place where we’ve grown up is influencing our approach to others. Nonverbal communication aids in the influence of culture to human behavior. According to the culture we belong to, gestures, space distance from you to other people, and physical contact may vary a lot. One example are individuals from independent cultures, such as the United States, tend to value autonomy, uniqueness, freedom, and right to self-expression; whereas individuals from interdependent cultures, such as Japan, tend to prize social harmony, conformity, and adherence...
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...Complete Course Material https://hwguiders.com/downloads/hum176completecoursematerial/ (Complete Discussion Questions Included) HUM 176 Week 1 Individual Assignment Toolwire learnscape Examining the Use of Social Media HUM 176 Week 2 Assignment Toolwire Learnscape Credibility and Impact HUM 176 Week 3 Assignment Tracking the Intersection of Culture and Media HUM 176 Week 4 Midterm(Appendix A) HUM 176 Week 5 Assignment Become a Critic HUM 176 Week 6 Assignment Toolwire Learnscape Exploring the Influence and Controversy of Modern Electronic Games HUM 176 Week 7 Assignment Rating the News Sites HUM 176 Week 8 Assignment Toolwire Learnscape Examining Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Online Content HUM 176 Week 9 Final Assignment HUM 176 Complete Course Material https://hwguiders.com/downloads/hum176completecoursematerial/ (Complete Discussion Questions Included) HUM 176 Week 1 Individual Assignment Toolwire learnscape Examining the Use of Social Media HUM 176 Week 2 Assignment Toolwire Learnscape Credibility and Impact HUM 176 Week 3 Assignment Tracking the Intersection of Culture and Media HUM 176 Week 4 Midterm(Appendix A) HUM 176 Week 5 Assignment Become a Critic HUM 176 Week 6 Assignment Toolwire Learnscape Exploring the Influence and Controversy of Modern Electronic Games HUM 176 Week 7 Assignment Rating the News Sites HUM 176 Week 8 Assignment Toolwire Learnscape Examining Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Online Content HUM 176 Week...
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...people for Cross Cultural working. Organizational culture is one of the latest concepts in the fields of management and Organizational Theory. Culture which is popularly called as "Shared values and Beliefs" fulfills important functions. 1. It conveys the sense of identity for organizational members. 2. It enhances social system ability. 3. It facilitates the generation of commitment to some thing larger than self. 4. It serves as a sense of making device that can guide and shape behavior. As business become more globalize, developing and training people across cultural boundaries is becoming increasingly important. Culture of the country is an important determinant of behavior of people, and not being sensitive to these differences can often result in misunderstanding and embarrassments and even in loss of efficiencies. For instance cultures differ widely in terms of concepts of time. Besides the obvious implications for punctuality, the difference also lies in how people from different cultures use their time. An understanding and sensitivity to such cultural differences in behavior and orientations is necessary perquisites to develop cross cultural competencies. The roots of cultural differences in the business practices lie much deeper. Business cultures in different countries are molded not just by the behavior of culture, such as social institutions, public system, public policy, legal frameworks and culture specific social values. Since these provide the cultural context...
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...Culture, Groups and Social Behaviors 1. Concept and characteristics of culture Culture is that complex whole which consists of knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings, and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society. * Culture is learned. * Culture is socially transmitted through language. * Culture is a social product. * Culture is a source of gratification. * Culture is adoptive. * Culture is the distinctive way of life of a group of people. * Culture is material and non-material. * Culture has sanctions and control. * Culture is stable yet dynamic. * Culture is an established pattern of behavior. 2. Components of culture * Norms- a rule or standard of behavior expected of each member of a social group. * Folkways the ways of living, thinking, and acting in a human group, built up without conscious design but serving as compelling guides of conduct. * Mores - the essential or characteristic customs and treaties of a community. * Positive mores or duty or the “Thou shall behavior” * Negative mores or taboo or the “Thou shall not behavior” * Laws – formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority. * Ideas, Beliefs, Values *...
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