...noon, headache in the afternoon, angry in the evening.” (Chinese woman quoted by Wolf, 1985) “Human development, if not gendered, is endangered” (United Nations Human Development Report, 1995) “The undervaluation of women’s work lowers the real value of the national product, undermines women’s purchasing power, curtails their rights to own property and land and to acquire credit from financial institutions, and reduces their already low status” (Ngan-Ling Chow & Lyter, 2002) “The invisibility of masculinity reproduces gender inequality, both materially and ideologically. Thus, any initiative to improve the condition of women must include efforts to involve men” (Kimmel in Cleaver, 2002) Time: Monday 9.00-10.50am Place: Seminar Room 1, Chrystal MacMillan Building Course Convenor: Jeevan Sharma (email: jeevan.sharma@ed.ac.uk) Office hours: Tuesday 10.00-12.00 My office is Room 4.30 in the Chrystal MacMillan Building. Tel: 0131 6511760 This document contains important information about the course, please read through it carefully. Copies are available on Learn at: http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/undergrad/honours/subjects_and_centres/sociology Key dates: Short essay (25 February 2013); Long Essay (29 April 2013) Gender and Development Spring Semester 2013 2 **THIS HANDBOOK IS AVAILABLE IN LARGER PRINT IF REQUIRED** BACKGROUND Gender studies and development studies are both interdisciplinary in orientation, and touch on issues as diverse as work & family...
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...other European countries and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the South American, Asian, and African continents Modernization theory has been one of the major perspectives in the sociology of national development and underdevelopment since the 1950s.Many thinkers wrote about the modernization theory such as David Harrison,Rostow and Daniel lerner.One of the key thinkers in twentieth century Development Studies was W.W. Rostow, an American economist and government official. Prior to Rostow, approaches to development had been based on the assumption that "modernization" was characterized by the Western world (wealthier, more powerful countries at the time), which were able to advance from the initial stages of underdevelopment. Accordingly, other countries should model themselves after the West, aspiring to a "modern" state of capitalism and a liberal democracy. Using these ideas, Rostow penned his classicStages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The model asserted that all countries exist somewhere on this linear spectrum, and climb upward through each stage in the development process: Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels of...
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...‘Globalization’, is an often-discussed but seldom-defined phenomenon. In my opinion it can be defined as interconnectedness on a global level, which usually means that something in one part of the world can impact upon the rest of the world. Additionally, it is all those processes by which people of the world are incorporated into one single society and impact countries and individuals in an uneven manner. There are various categories of globalization and they could be economic, cultural, technological and also social. However, this essay’s main focus is on identifying three social issues that arose because of globalization and discuss how they have affected the quality of life of the people in the Caribbean. These issues include; poverty, migration and culture and identity. To begin, (Ritzer, 2011) stated that, “globalization is the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life.” This implies that globalization is the driving force within society, which allow for the sharing of common goals and values for both social life, financial and political aspects as well. This helps move society from an obsolete to technological way of thinking. (UNDP, 1997) posits that “globalization encapsulates both a description and a prescription. The description is the widening and deepening of international flows of trade, finance and information in a single, integrated global market. The prescription is to liberalize national and global markets in the...
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...Critically examine the relationship between globalisation, inequality and poverty. The term globalisation refers to the process by which the world has become more connected through advancements in technology, transport and communications and resultantly become integrated in many areas of life. For the purposes of this essay, one will be discussing the relationship between primarily economic globalisation, poverty and inequality in what many have referred to as the ‘third wave’ of globalisation, which has been prominent since the 1980s. Advocates of economic globalisation, understood as “the widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness” (McGrew in Ravenhill, 2005: 275) suggest that economic advancement through globalisation is a by-product of well-functioning markets; that countries should specialise in line with their comparative advantage; and that countries should practice free trade as a guiding principle. (Wade, 2004a: 184) Still today there exists huge economic inequality both within and between countries, and mass poverty is an issue which is still high on the agenda of world leaders across the globe. Yet data from the World Bank has shown that the number of people living in extreme poverty, of which it classifies as those living on less than $1 per day in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) has fallen in the last two decades for the first time in 120 years. (Wade, 2004a: 163) The relationship between globalisation, inequality and poverty thus seems to...
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...create American jobs and boost the struggling economy? In the States the infrastructure and labour force does not exist at the levels necessary to support Apple’s operations, but is the answer really that simple? In this essay we will concentrate on global division of labour and determine what it is by examining theories of uneven devolopment of labour. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages it brings to society. Concrete examples will be given to review its complex and apparently contradictory social implications. Division of labour is cooperative labour divided into an enormous number of different specialized occupations (Giddens,1993:493). Looking at theories of uneven development will give us a better understanding of global division of labour. Two theories stand for uneven development. The first being the world system theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. Wallerstein argues that world order was created by capitalism and not nation states. This theory refers to inter-regional and transnational division of labour. It divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials. This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries. Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas...
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...O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:...
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...O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:...
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...International Management Homework Completed by : Christiana Wijaya Kinshi Perdana Cari info 6 besar FDI di Indonesia ( 6 negara besar yang investasi di Indo & apa investasinya ) ! Being a developing country, Indonesia requires a substantial amount of cash for national development. This large amount of fund is there as there is a need to catch up with other developments, especially in developed countries, either regional or global. Indonesia is not being capable enough in providing the funds for those developments. Besides digging up domestic incomes, the government has also tried to invite financing from other countries which is called Foreign Direct Investment According to Krugman (1994), FDI is a flow of international capital whereby a company from a country sets up or widens its company in another country. Hence, not only there is a redeployment of resources, but also there is an implementation of control towards companies abroad. The main objectives of FDI are to look for resources, look for market, look for efficiency, and also to look for political security. In short, Foreign Direct Investment is known as an investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity which is based in another country. * According to BKPM (Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board), the realization of Foreign Direct Investment, usually mentioned as FDI, could be differentiated based on several aspects, namely sector, location, and also country...
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...Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the fields of socioeconomic development, international development and human rights. The theory behind this is that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society. Aside from its reliance on technology, ICT4D also requires an understanding of community development, poverty, agriculture, healthcare, and basic education.Richard Heeks suggests that the I in ICT4D is related with “library and information sciences”, the C is associated with “communication studies", the T is linked with “information systems", and the D for “development studies”.[1] It is aimed at bridging the digital divide and aid economic development by fostering equitable access to modern communications technologies. It is a powerful tool for economic and social development.[2] Other terms can also be used for "ICT4D" or "ICT4Dev" ("ICT for development") like ICTD ("ICT and development", which is used in a broader sense[3]) and development informatics. ICT4D can mean as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but it is more seen with applications in developing countries. It concerns with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied directly, wherein its use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or indirectly, wherein it can assist aid organisations or non-governmental...
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...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NAME MATAIRE MUNYARADZI COURSE TITLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND PLANNING COURSE CODE DG 420 PROGRAMME BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS IN DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LECTURER DR I MBERENGWA ASSIGNMENT TITLE ARTICLE REVIEW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE FAST TRACK LAND REFORM PROGRAMME ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A CASE OF VUNGU RURAL DISTRICT (2000-2009) BY: CHIEDZA KIMBERLEY CHABHONGORA, CRISPEN HAHLANI AND PERCYSLAGE CHIGORA (2010) TITLE: An analysis of the impact of the fast track land reform programme on disaster management in Zimbabwe: A case of Vungu rural district (2000-2009). PROBLEM: The fast track land reform program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe did not adequately address disaster management and environmental sustainability. The process was chaotic and failed to meet the real needs of the people but in fact strived to achieve political agendas. The FTLRP was poorly planned because there was no supportive infrastructure and systems that were meant to assist the newly resettled famers. As such production on the farms dropped significantly leading to the farmers engaging in other livelihood activities which were detrimental to the environment and which increased the vulnerability of the people to drought. OBJECTIVES: • To analyze the implications...
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...THE ECOTOURISM IN CALAUG, QUEZON: IT'S POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Abstract In Calauag, Quezon, ecotourism is a term yet to be coined by its local inhabitants. Calauag, Quezon is a first class municipality in the province of Quezon in Region IV-A. It belongs to the Luzon group of islands. Calauag is partly urban but still is considered as an agricultural municipality. Statistics would show that a small slice of its land is used for the urban core of the municipality which is as much as 1.59 hectares out of the 42, 318 hectares of land. The rest is devoted to agriculture. (Vesorde, 2011) Ecotourism, in its very essence is intended to provide cultural unity and economic improvement to its local inhabitants while fostering environmental education. Wildlife and natural surroundings are the assets of ecotourism such as those found in Calauag, Quezon, hence the researcher, being born and raised in this municipality, thought of conducting a study which assesses its real potentials for ecotourism development. Furthermore, the researcher intends to point out the strengths, weaknesses, and possible future effect of the study area for developing it into eco-tourist spot. With this in mind, this thesis entitled “The Ecotourism in Calaug, Quezon: It's Potential Development” was conceptualized. This study was conducted to assess the potential development of ecotourism in Calauag, Quezon. Specifically, it aims to focus on the following sub problems, viz. a viz.: (1) What are the demographic...
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...humiliations they suffer on the line of duty. T Abrefa-Gyan (2002) Ultimately, people lack a productive and household asset, which leads to urban poverty. So urban poverty is indicated as an urgent issue to be addressed and realised as many policies and development work focus on the rural areas yet rural - urban migration influx is high and continues to perplex modernisation in the city. Kiguli,J. (2004) Woldiya in search of employment and to utilize urban services and education. Hence, the out flow of economically active people from the rural agricultural sector has a negative effect on production in the areas of origin and the receiving area now experiences problems such as a shortage of housing, unemployment, increasing cost of living, lack of access to social services, Therefore, to mitigate the problem of rural-urban migration is launching of integrated rural development policy. Miheretu, Birhan Asmame (2011-06) The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made. (2013) Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero and Patience C. Onokala The adjustment of migrants to urban living is a difficult concept...
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...Discuss who is responsible for producing global leaders. A leader is an individual that has made decision to succeed. This individual is not afraid to try new things and to master them. Leaders are creative and they excel at anything that they put their hands to do. Leaders help others by becoming trailblazers to create a path of success for his/her families, friends, or colleagues to follow. Leaders are not selfish individuals; they rise with the intentions to conquer the day. Leaders plan for the future not complaining about minor things that they can’t change, yet they remain unstoppable towards their goals. Leaders are able to humbly take criticisms and direction and to quickly correct those things that may have been challenged. Leaders are always seeking ways to improve every aspect of their lives. They are business woman and business men that are serious about creating new opportunities. Leaders influence others to become great and to have an assisting hand in helping others to become successful. A leader is admired by many; and attracts followers because of their confidence. Global leaders are created at home first. They are shaped and molded by their parents who never give them an option to give up or settle. These parents are not satisfied with just enough, or hear the words “I Can’t”. These children are future leaders, will bloom into adolescent and then adults; remembering the instructions. After this foundation has been established...
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...Non-profit organizations play a key role in the world’s economy. Organizations like Opportunity International assists people in developing countries give back to the community. In the 25 years of the company, Opportunity International has assisted over one million people in 28 different countries. Developing countries do not have financial institutions such as banks where the under privileged can receive loans to start an entrepreneurship. That is where organizations like Opportunity International comes into play. These people, who are mostly women, that take advantage of Opportunity International, receive microloans so they can start and invest in a business. Even though microloans maybe only 100 to 200 dollars, a small amount to someone in a developed country, can make a huge difference to a village in an under-developed country. By having investors, the community grows and prospers from that one investment. This also includes the investors themselves. This provides the investors with opportunities for growth as an individual as well as providing employment for the community. For example, Pamela took advantage of the services offered by Opportunity International. She used the training to start a small mushroom business. She employed three people to assist in the business, which in return provided profit to feed her family, send her husband to school, and support her community. As they explained in the video, Pamela was another person in an underdeveloped country...
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...The benefits of urbanization outweigh the costs. Discuss. “Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities” (Learn on the Internet, 2008). Globally, urbanization is increasing. For example, in 1950, the percentage of urbanization was 30%, now, it is around 55%, and by 2030, it may rise to 60%. (WHO, 2010). In addition, this phenomenon usually happens in developing countries. At present, urbanization is mostly happening in countries such as China and India (Learn on the Internet, 2008). For instance, in 1980, there were 501 million urban residents in low income countries, but in1995, this increased to 912 million. People move from the countryside to cities for several reasons. One reason may due to “population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas” (Learn on the Internet, 2008). A more positive reason may for this move be better opportunities which include higher salaries and health care. In spite of these benefits, there are also some costs. In this essay, the benefits and costs of urbanization will be discussed. It will first focus on three benefits then two costs. Urbanization has several benefits. Benefit number one is efficiency. Efficiency here means using less time to do more things. One example of efficiency is that recycling programmes can be carried out because of the concentrated population. People usually live in apartment complexes and there may be hundreds of people living in one block. Compared with individual...
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