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Sociology

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U ovom seminarskom radu obradit će se utjecaj globalizacije na okoliš, a to su pojmovi koji se svakodnevno isprepliću u našim mislima i poslu. Tema koja će se posebno razraditi je utjecaj globalizacije na klimatske promjene. Uništavanje okoliša postojalo je kao i nepravedna raspodjela i prije globalizacije, ali je globalizacija zaoštrila ove probleme. Tijekom posljednjih četrdesetak godina ekološka kriza je dobila status prvorazredne teme u međunarodnoj ekonomiji i politici. Odabrani globalni aspekti te krize vec su uveliko predmetom ne samo međunarodnih apela, nego i međunarodnog zakonodavstva. Mnogobrojni zahtjevi za ekološkim restrukturiranjem globaliziranog društva postaju sve glasniji. Svakim danom sve više smo suočeni s posljedicama svojeg dugogodišnjeg nastojanja da okoliš podredimo i prilagodimo svojim potrebama. Od svih ekoloških tema najviše prostora u medijima i političkim tribinama zauzimaju upravo klimatske promjene. Tako možemo čuti da je u zadnjih stotinu godina prosječna temperatura Zemljine površine porasla za 0.6-0.9 °C, a brzina porasta temperature se gotovo udvostručila u posljednjih 50 godina. U 20. stoljeću, zbog otapanja leda, razina mora povisila se za 17 cm, a površina ledenjaka (glečera) diljem svijeta se smanjuje, baš kao i površina arktičkog ledenog pokrova (za 2.7 % godišnje od 1978. godine). Rupa u ozonskom omotaču u travnju 2011. godine dostigla je rekordnu veličinu. Na promjene klimatskog sustava na Zemlji utječu brojne interakcije između Sunca, oceana, kopna, atmosfere i živih organizama. Koliko je to složen sustav najbolje možemo vidjeti prateći vremensku prognozu. Meteorolozi će vam objasniti da u matematičkim modelima za prognozu vremena i minimalno odstupanje naizgled beznačajnih parametara može dati neočekivan rezultat. Takvo ponašanje poznato je u teoriji kaosa kao efekt leptira (butterfly effect): mahanje leptira krilima na jednom kraju svijeta može prouzročiti olujno nevrijeme na drugom kraju. Znanstvenici su toliko sigurni u svoje mišljenje da ne čudi što su se podijelili u dvije nepomirljive struje: jedni smatraju da je glavni krivac za globalno zatopljenje ili zahlađenje čovjek a drugi tvrde da nije čovjek kriv, nego priroda.

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2. Utjecaj globalizacije na okoliš

Prema definiciji globalizacija je normirani proces prijenosa iskustva svakodnevnog života, te distribucija roba i ideja kroz cijeli svijet. Globalizmu pogoduju Internet komunikacije u poslovnim transakcijama, čime se uništavaju lokalne tradicije i regionalne distinkcije, stvarajući pritom homogeniziranu svjetsku kulturu. Ekološki aspekt globalizacije je dio koji je

najzanemareniji. Područja oko industrije postaju predgrađe i otpada puštenog iz industrije koji utječe na floru i faunu domene. Globalizacija ima nekoliko dimenzija, područja u kojima se odvijaju i na koje utječu globalizacijski procesi. Bitno je naglasiti da te dimenzije nisu odvojene jedna od druge, nego je globalizacija sveukupnost njihove međupovezanosti i isprepletenosti. U ovom seminarskom radu problematizira se ekološka dimenzija globalizacije koja s jedne strane upućuje na povećane ekološke probleme, uzrokovane između ostalog i pojačanom modernizacijom i industrijalizacijom. Razmjeri ekološke globalizacije, točnije ekoloških problema, povećali su se usporedno s povećanjem opsega i intenziteta ostalih globalizacijskih dimenzija. S druge strane, ova dimenzija upućuje na globalno osvještenje, ili barem njenu nužnost, te globalnu odgovornost prema problemima kao što su globalno zagađenje, ozonske rupe, toksični otpad i izumiranje pojedinih životinjskih i biljnih vrsta. To su problemi koje države niti pojedinci ne mogu rješavati sami, nego su oni globalno pitanje. Ova kriza još uvijek zapravo nema rješenja na globalnoj razini, jer masovni mediji predstavljaju jednu sliku globalne krize okoliša, znanstvenici drugu, a ekonomisti rijetko priznaju bilo što osim minornih problema koji se mogu riješiti samo primjerenim funkcioniranjem tržišta. Budući da većina svjetske populacije uopće nema nikakve predodžbe o globalnoj krizi okoliša, nameće se pitanje moguće povezanosti država s masovnim uništavanjem Zemljina okoliša i borbom čovječanstva za opstanak.

2.1. Zelena politika

Zelena politika je ideologija koju propagiraju stranke Zelenih u svijetu, a temelj im je ekologizam, ekologija i održiva ekonomija, a njihov cilj je stvaranje ekološki održivog društva. Njeni je zagovornici smatraju alternativom klasičnim ideologijama kao što su socijalizam, konzervatizam i liberalizam. Green Politics na prvi pogled ne izgleda kao tip pokreta sam po sebi, već prije kao specifična strategija, jer ulazi u područje izborne politike zagovarajući zaštitu okoliša. Zaštita okoliša je pokret koji se temelji na znanosti, a ima za cilj preuzimanje društvenog nadzora nad proizvodima ljudskog uma prije nego što znanost i tehnologija počnu živjeti svojim životom,
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pri čemu će strojevi konačno nametnuti svoju volju nama i prirodi, što je drevno strahovanje ljudskoga roda (Castells, 2002:126, 130). Pokret za zaštitu okoliša stvorio je svijest o različitim pitanjima zaštite okoliša. Mnoge institucije rade na rješavanju problema zaštite okoliša, a među najpoznatijima je organizacija Greenpeace. Greenpeace je najveća svjetska organizacija za zaštitu okoliša i vjerojatno ona koja je svjetske probleme zaštite okoliša učinila popularnima zahvaljujući svojim nenasilnim izravnim akcijama orijentiranim na sredstva javnog priopćavanja (Castells, 2003:125).

3. Klimatske promjene

Glavni ekološki problem koji pritišće naš planet su uznapredovale klimatske promjene. One se očituju kroz stakleničke plinove koji izjedaju atmosferu. Globalizacija je “gorivo” globalnog zatopljenja i klimatskih promjena1. Krčenje šuma dovodi do erozije tla, otpadne vode iz industrije i domaćinstva zagađuju rijeke i mora, opasan otpad i uporaba kemikalija u poljoprivredi, elektromagnetska onečišćenja, zagađenje bukom, uništavanje biološke raznolikosti, ugrožavanje i uništavanje prirodnih staništa biljaka i životinja. Čovjek svojom djelatnošću izravno ugrožava prirodne procese, povezano s tim pojavljuju se nebrojeni učinci na zdravlje ljudi. Problem klimatskih promjena vezan je uz učinak staklenika, odnosno povećanu koncentraciju stakleničkih plinova u atmosferi. Najpoznatijim stakleničkim plinom smatra se ugljični dioksid (CO2), a koji nastaje kao posljedica izgaranja fosilnih goriva. Prema mišljenju znanstvenika stoji kako povećana koncentracija tih plinova uzrokuje povećanu apsorpciju topline u atmosferi, što rezultira promjenama temperature zraka, količine oborina i ostalih klimatoloških elemenata. Međutim, izgaranje fosilnih goriva i sječa šuma uzrokuju povećanje količine ugljičnog dioksida (CO2) u atmosferi. Ljudi svojim aktivnostima ispuštaju i druge stakleničke plinove. Staklenički plinovi nastali ljudskim aktivnostima utječu na cijeli sustav dovodeći do dodatnog globalnog zagrijavanja. Globalno zagrijavanje je smrtonosna prijetnja, prašuma i dalje gori, otrovne kemikalije prodrle su duboko u hranidbeni lanac, more siromaštva onemogućuje život, a vlade se igraju sa zdravljem ljudi (Castells, 2002:118). Nakon industrijske revolucije, prvenstveno zbog sve veće uporabe fosilnih goriva, koncentracija stakleničkih plinova u atmosferi stalno raste.

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http://www.alternet.org/story/71873/globalization_is_fueling_global_warming 5

Slika 1. Prikaz globalne koncentracije CO2 u razdoblju od 1870. do 2000. godine

Nakon vala hladnoće koji je zahvatio razne dijelove svijeta, postala je popularna teza kako nam u skoroj budućnosti, protivno uvjerenju o globalnom zatopljenju, zapravo, slijedi ledeno doba. Tim znanstvenika sa Sveučilišta Johannes Gutenberg u Mainzu, dokazao je da na Zemlji posljednjih 2000 godina vlada trend zahlađenja kojeg su prekinula dva kraća razdoblja zagrijavanja u doba starog Rima i srednjeg vijeka. Kako bi dokazali svoje tvrdnje, znanstvenici su koristili godove ili prstenove fosiliziranog drveća iz Laponije iz 138. godine prije Krista, prema kojima su izračunali da se Zemlja ohladila 0,6 stupnjeva kroz 2000 godina. Razlog bi mogle biti promjene u orbiti koje su je odvele dalje od Sunca. Ekstremnom brzinom uništavaju se amazonske kišne šume kako bi se stvorili pašnjaci i polja za uzgoj soje, glavne stočne hrane i sirovine za proizvodnju biodizela, a šume, osim što su izvor sirovina za drvnu industriju i proizvodnju energije, imaju još neke korisne funkcije. Šume pročišćavaju zrak, zadržavaju vode, sprečavaju eroziju tla, smanjuju snagu vjetra i dom su mnogim životinjama i biljkama.

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4. Zaključak

Čovjekov odnos prema okolišu, koji se gotovo dva stoljeća temeljio na antropocentrizmu, doveo je do niza globalnih, regionalnih i lokalnih ekoloških problema, koji su kulminirali ekološkom krizom. Brojne i dugoročne posljedice krize zahtijevaju odgovoran odnos suvremenog društva prema okolišu. Atmosfera je trom sustav koji sporo reagira na nas i velika je vjerojatnost da smo već prešli onu krajnju (katastrofalnu) granicu zagađenja s koje nas ovakvo djelovanje može vratiti. Ako koristite vlastito tijelo kao detektor onečišćenja zraka, signali vašeg detektora su: vrtoglavica, glavobolja, crvenilo i svrbež u očima, curenje iz nosa, kašljanje i otežano disanje, grlobolja, šištanje ili bol u prsima, prehlada i alergija te pogoršanje postojećih plućnih i srčanih bolesti. Stoga je cilj ovoga rada bio ukazati na značaj koji ekološka svijest, kao dio društvene svijesti, ima u uspostavljanju ravnoteže čovjeka i njegova okoliša. Potrebno je pripremit se na borbu, ne protiv globalnog zatopljenja ili zahlađenja već protiv globalnog zagađenja.

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...The first point that describes what is sociology is human behaviors. For example in the article it said “He will naturally be interested in the events that engage men’s ultimate beliefs, their movements of tragedy and grandeur and ecstasy. But he will also be fascinated by the commonplace, the everyday”. This demonstrates that sociologists care about what people do and why they do it and what they were thinking. For instance if a man killed someone a sociologist would wonder why did he do it and what was he thinking when he killed the other person. The second point that describes what sociology is human interaction. For example in the article it said “He will be interested in…the relations between people employed in restaurant or between a group of little girls playing with their dolls”. This shows that sociologists are interested in how people socialize with each other from children playing to adults having conversations. For instance if there was a group of girls at a park a sociologist would wonder what are they doing here and what are their relationships with each other. The third point that describes what sociology is history. For example in the article it said “The sociologist may be interested in many other things. But his consuming interest remains in the world of men, their institutions, their history, their passions. And since he is interested in men, nothing that men do can be altogether tedious for him”. This shows that sociologist care about how humans have changed...

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Premium Essay

Sociology

...Reflective Essay Introduction to Sociology Nicola McMenamin 730353x Word Count: 1579 40 % Dr. John McCormack October 21st 2012 Sociology "The art of life lies in taking pleasures as they pass, and the keenest pleasures are not intellectual, nor are they always moral", this quote was once said by a Greek secular artist, by reading this quote one can presume that most philosophers and thinkers alike look for a deeper meaning within their lives and throughout society. Previous to this course my viewpoint and attitude were based on the people of which I surround myself with, the life experiences I have encountered and the way in which we make our decisions and why. Following my studies I have found this foundation of my knowledge to be valid and rather accurate although there are numerous factors which make up our decisions and how we end up where we are, studying sociology has assisted me in becoming more aware of different factors which I may have not considered to make up a society and how in turn this has enhanced my sense of identity. In relation to individuality and where I am in society I have found there are a number of entities which define me within the social order, that being of where I have lived in the world, the people I surround myself with, the cultures I have endured and seen, the values I was taught as a child and to this day as an adult and the way...

Words: 1623 - Pages: 7