...When Hernán Cortés landed in Vera Cruz in 1519, the Spaniard could not possibly understand the eventual effects of his arrival. As two cultures met – Aztec and Spanish – an inevitable exchange of material and cultural goods occurred that would play a significant role in the shaping of the modern world. But the degree to which exchange occurred was not always equivalent. At times, goods were transferred between both continents and the entire world reaped the benefits. In some cases though, the transfer was not always equal and had devastating effects. If any one good moved most fluidly between both continents and enriched multiple societies, it would be food. In 1972, historian Alfred W. Crosby gave an expansive treatment of the idea as part of his construction of “The Columbian Exchange.” The extent of the transference of foods from one continent to the other is almost exhausting; in fact, many modern conceptions of national cuisines would be impossible pre-contact; imagining Italian food without the tomato, Thai food without the chile pepper, or Mexican food without chicken or pork seems implausible. Perhaps the most impactful food was maize. While Europeans quickly attempted to establish wheat as the standard...
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...Chile The country of Chile is located in South America. It has a rich history spanning thousands of years. Chile is home to many diverse populations, cultures, and customs. It is an interesting country and one I would like to visit. Chile was originally settled by the Native Americans 10,000 years ago. The native population thrived and was even able to repel the attempts by the Incas to conquer the area. Later, Ferdinand Magellan discovered Chile. Many explorers visited the country and interacted with its inhabitants. Not all of these interactions were positive, however. In 1541, Chile was conquered by Pedro Valdivia and the city of Santiago was founded. The native Mapuche population fought over many years and finally gained independence for the country on September 18, 1810. Political instability and change in Chile have been common since that time. Although Chile's political system has had problems over the years, the culture has continued to thrive. Spanish is the primary language of Chile. The people of Chile speak with accents that are unique and differ from those of the countries that border Chile. Indigenous languages and German are also common. Chile has a rich heritage of folklore and music, including that of the Mapuche. The national dance is the cueca and the national song is the tonada. Literature is extremely important to the people of Chile and they call themselves a country of poets. This country of poets has been home to many artists and...
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...in and out of their culture. And both the Mapuche people and the outside forces of the government had some sort of control of the gender inequality, as well as the classification of rank in their societies. Gender equality was an enormous topic in the twentieth century. The Mapuche also had their own gender jobs and statuses. Illustrated in this citation, is the true respect of identity of the indigenous women. Even though woman had some sort of freedom in achievements, their main job was to reproduce. As stated,“Indigenous woman play an integral part in performing indigenous identity in Argentina... Woman are expected to physically and culturally...
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...When the Spanish first step foot in the America, they saw a vacant and natural landscape intended for the gradual spread of Christianity and European culture. However the spread of European culture and religion would proved more difficult than the spanish had originally thought it would. And this was because the indigenous peoples established a long-lasting resistance against their European settlers. For example, in Chile, when the Spanish attempted to establish a string of fort towns southward, they were meet with the resistance of the Mapuche people. They repeatedly annihilated the settlements of the Spanish empire because they threatened the very existence of the colony. 1 Similarly in Uruguay and Argentina, the Spanish were challenged by...
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...CHAPTER 1 Encounter I. Patterns of Indigenous Life 1. Geography and environment prompted Indigenous Americans to adopt different forms of social organization 1. Nonsedentary peoples 1. Mobile communities 2. Hunters and gatherers 3. Relatively simple social organization 4. Examples include 1. Chichimecas of northern Mexico 2. Pampas of Argentine grasslands 1. Semisedentary peoples 1. Often lived in forests 2. Relied on some agriculture as well as hunting 3. Built villages, but moved frequently 4. Employed “shifting cultivation” agriculture to take advantage of thin forest soil 5. Examples include Tupí people of Brazil 1. Fully sedentary 1. Permanent settlements 2. Often on high plateaus, rather than forests or grasslands 3. Stability allowed for complex societies 4. Employed irrigation to sustain agricultural base 5. Sometimes developed into city-states or empires 6. Highly stratified societies 7. Examples 1. Aztec empire 2. Maya empire 3. Inca empire 1. Empires of the Americas 1. Aztec empire 1. Aztec refers to the empire, not the people 2. In modern-day Mexico 3. Ruled by the Mexica people ...
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...South America GEA1000 Josslen Leonard South America GEA1000 Josslen Leonard...
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...Communication Ninth Edition, states culture provides patterns of acceptable behavior and beliefs (Locker & Kienzler, 2010, p. 140). When planning assignments in a foreign country, successful communicators need to be aware of the values, belief, verbal/nonverbal behavior, and sensitivity to the differences among individuals within a culture (Locker & Kienzler, 2010, p. 140). There are many topics that are to be considered when assigned to Chile beside the language barrier. History of Chile Chile is surrounded on three sides by virtually impassable mountains and remained largely unknown to the outside world until the middle of the fifteenth century, when the Incas began their great conquests of much of the continent (www.geographia.com, 2010). The Incas encountered the Mapuche, one of the three Araucanian peoples who occupied the Rio Maule in the Lake District. The Spanish landed in 1541 and in February, Pedro de Valdivia, founded Santiago. In 1817 Chile gained independence from Spain after seven years of war. General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte seized control of the government with help from the United States Central Intelligence Agency in 1973 and maintained control for the next decade and a half. Population Chile's population is composed predominantly of mestizos, who are descended from marriage between the Spanish colonizers and the indigenous people (www.geographia.com, 2010). The major ethnic groups in Chile are Mestizo (mixed Native American...
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...(Almost half of them are spoken in Brazil). They have recognized more than 33 families of large or medium size, and a high number of isolated languages and even languages deficient that could not be classified properly. Gastronomy: the South American cuisine has many influences . The more features are Amerindian , African , Spanish and Italian . In turn , habits and food products vary greatly depending on the physical environment of the regions , so that we can distinguish different areas. Roast consumption is widespread throughout the continent , especially non-native animals pigs goats, and cattle . Are popular outdoor barbecues , also known as roast or steak . Music: South American nations have an infinite variety of musical...
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...BRIEF 2 1 International Marketing Brief Two: Profile of Bolivia Kellie West Global Marketing MKTG450-H1WW (WI15) Professor Bruce Trumm 11 April 2015 BRIEF 2 2 Profile of Bolivia In order to better understand opportunities for U.S. made chemical pumps in Bolivia, it is important to become familiar with the geography, culture, people, and economy of the nation. With numerous indigenous tribes counted among the population and challenging geographic regions, Bolivia could make a challenging trade partner. Yet the economic outlook and wealth of natural resources make it a country worth considering when exporting and investing. Geography According to the CIA World Factbook, the South American country of Bolivia is a landlocked country bordered by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru (n.d.). It has mountainous regions with a high plateau as well as areas of hills and plains and there are plenty of waterways and fresh water resources located within Bolivia’s borders (Central Intelligence Agency). There is potential for volcanic activity in the Andes, but no immediate threat exists at this time (Witze, 2014). Due to its proximity to other South American countries, Bolivia is not only a prime candidate for U.S. exports, but could also be considered for investment in local onsite facilities to service surrounding countries. Companies should also consider population centers and where industries served by chemical pumps are likely to exist. Demographics Though it neighbors five...
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...the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia and southern Chile. It has a complex geography is dominated by the elevations of the Andes and the Pacific currents, which makes the climates and landscapes as widely varied as the desert coast, the highlands of the high Andes and the rainforest of the Amazon basin, all environments that shape the country as a land of great variety of natural resources. The heterogeneity of geographic and climatic rigors of the country led to the first settlers early Peruvians to the twelfth millennium B.C. to adapt by developing one of the widest range of cultural traditions, as the oldest civilization of Caral that five thousand years ago, around the production cycles of each region, many of which resulted in a regional theocratic states. In early second century B.C., states began to be played, by periods, control of the peoples of the Andes. By the sixteenth century, the later and vast domain of these states, the Inca Empire was annexed by the Spanish conquerors with the support of dissident ethnic groups to Inca. The Spanish crown had established a viceroyalty that included most of its South American colonies. In 1821 the country became independent, basing a state that was immersed in internal and external conflict periods alternating periods of economic prosperity. The Peruvian population, estimated at more than 28 million people (2008), is multiethnic and mestizo important indigenous substrate which had become European ancestry, African and...
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...home, and while I have made my home in the U.S., I still feel like Chile is home, too. But, I enjoy living in the U.S. There is such a variety of places to live from apartments and condos to single-family homes and big sprawling ranches. I remember when I was looking for a place to live when I started working here. There were so many choices. My home in the U.S. is very different from my home in Chile and even from where I lived when I was studying in Brazil. For one thing, I have a roommate, Teresa, who is from Bolivia. The home of two young women who are friends and co-workers is certainly different from a family home! In the Spanish-speaking world, as in other parts of the world, home styles differ depending on a person's needs, location, and of course, budget. You can get a good idea of what houses are like in the Spanish-speaking world in the following video. Watch the video about homes in Venezuela. Are the homes similar to or different from what you imagined? In which type of home would you like to live? Select the play button to access the "La casa" video from Realidades. Now that you've gotten an idea about homes in the Spanish-speaking world, we are going to learn a little bit more about one of my favorite places in a house—the bedroom. We'll learn words and expressions that we can use to talk about the bedroom and how to describe, compare, and contrast. We'll also learn about the country and culture of Bolivia. There's a lot to do, so let's get started! Objectives ...
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...Spring in Mexico Cinco de Mayo is not only a holiday known for it's parties, but also it's history. The story starts on May 5th, 1862; Mexico. In the town of Puebla de los Angeles, General Zaragoza, leader of the Mexican army, gathered his troops and townspeople to stand up against France in the Franco-Mexican War. Not only was this victory unpredicted, but it also encouraged Mexican Unity throughout their people. Cinco de Mayo is now a day to celebrate Mexico's win. It is celebrated with colorful decorations such as flags, banners, ribbons, and includes entertainment all around. This involves mariachi bands, street dancers, parades fireworks, and reenactments of the Battle of Puebla. I find the Dia de la Indepencia and Cinco de Mayo to be...
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...gentlemen, and welcome to this celebration of the Hispanic Heritage Month. It is my distinct honor to speak to you today. Hispanic culture is deeply intertwined with the history of this Nation. We live on the same side of the world with the largest Spanish speaking population due to our proximity to Mexico, Central, South America and the Caribbean. So it is important to recognize the contributions of the Hispanic culture as well as other cultures to celebrate and acknowledge how the history, culture, values and traditions of the United States were and continue to be shaped by the make-up of its ever changing population profile. When I started to think about what I would say, it occurred to me that perhaps I should do a little research and review history instead of presuming I know everything about my heritage. I am glad I did because I learned many facts that challenged my own understanding of history. I want to share some of these facts with you today. On September 1968, Congress authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to proclaim National Hispanic Heritage Week, observed during the week that included Sept. 15 and Sept. 16. The observance was expanded in 1989 by Congress to a month long celebration (Sept. 15 – Oct. 15), America celebrates the culture and traditions of those who trace their roots to Spain, Mexico and the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Sept. 15 was chosen as the starting point for the celebration because...
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...Introduction The United States of America for decades has been the best example of a nation that is a melting pot of cultures. This has mainly been due to the fact that currently, the country may be the most racially and culturally diverse nation on the planet. There may be other facts disputing this assumption but the United States beats other culturally diverse nations in terms of the tolerance and harmony between the resident cultures. All this can been attested to the fact that America is an Immigration Country. The country constitutes people from different parts of the world. The process of people moving into the new world that is the Americas where the United State lies began centuries ago and has been an ongoing process to the current day. This paper examines the origins of their Native Americans. This paper also explores their journey into the Americas as the first Immigrants. Their settlement patterns and ways of life will also be examined. The paper also explores how the Native Americans in the Americas fared during the European conquest of the region that is currently identified as the America. Euro-Indian relations, conflicts and their aftermath is also a focus point of the paper, which culminates into the current state of affairs of the Native American community in the Americas. Origins of the Native Americans There are diverse sources of information on the origins and history of the Native Americans. They include oral history passed down through generations...
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...HOJNACKI_M5A1 April 08, 2012 DIVERSITY AUDIT Company Highlights Merck and Company, Inc., a pharmaceutical leader, has a clear vision which is to make a difference in the lives of people globally through their innovative medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies, consumer health and animal products. The company’s core strength is the skill, integrity and creativity of its people. Merck employees, while remarkably diverse in background, training and life experiences, are all motivated by innovation and their mission of providing products that save and improves lives around the world. Under the leadership of Kenneth C. Frazier, who serves a threefold role: Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer, Merck and Company reflects its corporate values and guides in day-to-day decision making. Merck recognizes that the world is changing and they have to keep up with the changing demands. The company’s vision is “a commercially sustainable business that both increase the accessibility of products globally and helps build local capacity for quality, healthcare services for those who need them most. Background Merck and Company is an innovative, global healthcare leader that is committed to improving health and well-being around the world. Merck and Company is a very unique leader in its diversity outlook. The company, sort of like IBM, encourages diversity through their employees by: ...
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