...of India. The Fundamental Rights embodied in the Indian constitution act as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will lead their lives in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. These civil liberties take precedence over any other law of the land. They include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights such as habeas corpus. In addition, the Fundamental Rights for Indians are aimed at overturning the inequities of past social practices. They have also been used to in successfully abolishing the "untouchability"; prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth; and forbid trafficking in human beings and also the forced labor. They go beyond conventional civil liberties in protecting cultural and educational rights of minorities by ensuring that minorities may preserve their distinctive languages and establish and administer their own education institutions. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights; however, the Forty-fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." Freedom of speech and expression, generally interpreted to include freedom...
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...processions in the streets. National flags are hoisted in the houses, schools, colleges, and offices. Teachers and leaders assemble in a public place to give their patriotic speeches to the people, promising to save the sovereignty and integrity of our vast country. The great sacrifice of great Indian leaders who dedicated their valuable lives for the cause-'of the country's freedom in the past, is reverently remembered. It is a great day for India. In Delhi Red Fort Parade Ground, millions of Indians from different parts of the country gather to listen to the annual speech of the Prime Minister. Many dignitaries at home and also from abroad attend the function. The tri-colour flag is unfurled by the Prime Minister with the national anthem sung vocally or played on musical instruments. A salute of 31 guns is fired, and from the sky, petals of red roses are showered from the army helicopters in the city streets. Large and coloured processions composed by the people from different Indian States pass by the Red Fort in a disciplined manner. The charming march of the army personnel's and also that of the school boys and girls who sing and dance as they march forward, are special attractions. It is, no doubt, a wonderful sight of true national spirit. Every Indian must take an oath on the Independence Day to remain loyal and patriotic and to save his beloved motherland from any outside attack or humiliation, even at the cost of his life. And we must also...
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...Abraham Lincoln. Out of this great campaign birth the Lincoln-Douglas debates which was a series of formal political debates in 1858 between the two candidates, but also received national importance. The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a defining moment in American political history, affording Abraham Lincoln a major opportunity to create an image for himself on the wider public stage. Stephen Douglas was an established political figure and had distinguished himself in numerous congressional battles, while Lincoln was not known in this arena. Discussion In 1832, Lincoln decided to run for the Illinois State Legislature. Lincoln was to campaign for local improvements such as better roads and canals. However, a war with the Black Hawk Indians broke out before Lincoln’s campaign could get started, in response he joined the Army. After his short wartime, Lincoln returned to politics and lost the race of Illinois Legislature. In 1834 Lincoln made a second attempt to maintain a seat in the state legislature, which he was successful in winning the seat. Lincoln was elected in 1834, 1836, 1838, and in 1840. Lincoln was successful in achieving his goal of relocating the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. After serving four terms in Illinois House of Representatives, he lost interest in politics until Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska, an act that allowed Kansas and Nebraska to enter the union. What intrigued Lincoln was the fact that these two would decide whether...
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...campaign birth the Lincoln-Douglas debates which was a series of formal political debates in 1858 between the two candidates, but also received national importance. The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a defining moment in American political history, affording Abraham Lincoln a major opportunity to create an image for himself on the wider public stage. Stephen Douglas was an established political figure and had distinguished himself in numerous congressional battles, while Lincoln was not known in this arena. Discussion In 1832, Lincoln decided to run for the Illinois State Legislature. Lincoln was to campaign for local improvements such as better roads and canals. However, a war with the Black Hawk Indians broke out before Lincoln’s campaign could get going, in response he joined the Army. After his short wartime, Lincoln returned to politics and lost the race of Illinois Legislature. In 1834 Lincoln made a second attempt to maintain a seat in the state legislature, which he was successful in winning the seat. Lincoln was elected in 1834, 1836, 1838, and in 1840. Lincoln was successful in achieving his goal of relocating the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. After serving four...
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...Origins The geographical location of Balochistan as the farthest Western corner of the subcontinent grants it its unique cultural and historical attributes. Though touched by the trails of many great conquerors over the centuries, the rugged terrain has yielded very few archaeological traces of their presence. Yet Balochistan is home to the pre-Indus civilization at Mehrgarh. In 1979 archaeologists found evidence of sedentary settlements deemed to stretch back as far as the Stone Age (70,000 to 7,000 BC) along the west bank of the Bolan River on the plains of Kachhi, roughly 30 km from the town of Sibi. Balochistan Map Balochistan map 1905 (Rumsey Map Collection) Early history Balochistan is splayed across the border with Iran, and historically there has been a strong connection with the Persian Empire. Aside from speculation that the Balochi language belongs to the Indo-Iranian family of languages, the Makran Coast was conquered by Cyrus the Great in the sixth century BC and was ruled by the Persian Empire till Alexander passed through in 330 BC, passing power on to Greco-Bactrian kings. Balochistan was also ruled by the Paratarajas Dynasty of Indo-Scythians from roughly the first till the third century AD, as evidenced by coins bearing the Brahmi swastika found in the Loralai area of Balochistan. Till the Arab conquest, Balochistan was ruled by the Central Asian Sakas who came to the region by way of Helmand, introducing a Buddhist influence that was not challenged...
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...have brought up two significant beliefs of the Unites States, nationalism and freedom of speech. People point out that kneeling when citizens are supposed to show respect to the flag, which represents the nation, is qute disrespectful and unpatriotic. In addition, they believe disrespecting the United States also displays unappreciation to the soldiers who risk their lives everyday. However, the protesters justify their actions by stating that they should be able to do this because the flag represents the beliefs of the country portrayed in the United States...
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...Chapter 1 British Policy Incites a Rebellion - 1756-1763, Britain and France were in the Seven Years’ War, a conflict that had involved all major European powers. - Sugar Act (1764)- Including increase on taxes on imported goods such as molasses, coffee, and textiles. Monarchy: One person in charge. Very efficient, poor decisions. Oligarchy: Small group of people in charge. Can take form of a dictatorship. Nazi, Soviet Union (A junta: in charge of military small groups can also be a small group of religious leaders) Democracy: Power lies in the hand of the people. Basically a representative democracy, meaning we chose the people to make decisions. The dominant form of government today. Totalitarianism: The government was total control. Purpose is to implement the “utopian” society. Neg. side: They have to control everything, takes up a lot of resources. Gov. is inflexible, which leads to destruction of government. Authoritarianism: They don’t control everything, just enough. There isn’t a utopian vision. They control the military and the police. Only what they need to control. China is a midway point between Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism. Constitutionalism: A limited form of government. Powers are usually spelled out in a constitution that the government is obligated to follow. They are either being a democracy/monarchy. U.S is a democracy and England is a monarch. Hobbes: Claimed that we lived in a state of nature and not a good place to be. He believed were...
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...Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 By: Alburuj Razzaq Rahman th 9 Grade, Metro High School, Columbus, Ohio The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 was for independence from Pakistan. India and Pakistan got independence from the British rule in 1947. Pakistan was formed for the Muslims and India had a majority of Hindus. Pakistan had two parts, East and West, which were separated by about 1,000 miles. East Pakistan was mainly the eastern part of the province of Bengal. The capital of Pakistan was Karachi in West Pakistan and was moved to Islamabad in 1958. However, due to discrimination in economy and ruling powers against them, the East Pakistanis vigorously protested and declared independence on March 26, 1971 under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. But during the year prior to that, to suppress the unrest in East Pakistan, the Pakistani government sent troops to East Pakistan and unleashed a massacre. And thus, the war for liberation commenced. The Reasons for war Both East and West Pakistan remained united because of their religion, Islam. West Pakistan had 97% Muslims and East Pakistanis had 85% Muslims. However, there were several significant reasons that caused the East Pakistani people to fight for their independence. West Pakistan had four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier. The fifth province was East Pakistan. Having control over the provinces, the West used up more resources than the East. Between 1948 and 1960, East Pakistan made 70%...
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...plantations. In the 1830’s, Andrew Jackson’s administration passed the Indian Removal Act; therefore causing the Cherokee Indians to travel to the west of the Mississippi river resulting in thousands of deaths. When the Indian Removal Act was set into place there was a drastic change in the political policies; however, the Cherokee tribes economic and social policies remained consistent. Many Native Americans assimilated to an American lifestyle by changing...
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...AMENDMENT PROCESS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION The procedure of amendment makes the Constitution of India neither totally rigid nor totally flexible, rather a curious mixture of both. Some provisions can be easily changed and for some others, special procedures are to be followed. Despite the fact that India is a federal state, the proposal for amending the constitution can be initiated only in the House of the Union Legislature and the State Legislatures have no such power. In case of ordinary legislation, if both houses of the Parliament disagree, a joint session is convened. But in case of amendment of bills, unless both the houses agree, it cannot materialize, as in such cases there is no provision for convening the joint session of both the Houses of the Parliament. In fact, there are three methods of amending the Constitution. But Article 368 of the constitution which lays down the procedure for amendment mentions two methods. 1) An amendment of the constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either house of Parliament and when a bill is passed in each house. i) By a majority of total membership of that house. ii) By a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that house present and voting, it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and there upon the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the term of the Bill. Most of the provisions of the constitution...
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...Confederation Article I: The name of the new confederacy is “The United States of America” Article II: Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, independence, and every power not specifically granted to the new Congress. Article III: This confederacy is a “league of friendship” among the states for *common defense *securing their liberties *their shared welfare They will protect each other from attack. Article IV: All free inhabitants of the different states (except paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice) are entitled to the same privileges and immunities that the inhabitants of each state have. For example, people can come and go freely among the states, may trade in all the states, must pay the same taxes and follow the laws within each state. Any person who commits a crime in one state and flees to another must be returned to the state he fled from. Each state must respect the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the other states. Article V: To manage the shared (national ) interests of the states, they will send 2 – 7 delegates each year to meet in Congress. No one can be a delegate for more than three of every six years. No delegate may simultaneously hold another office for which he is paid. Each state delegation has one vote in Congress. Members of Congress have free speech in Congress or outside it and are also not subject to arrest or imprisonment unless they commit treason, a felony, or a breach of...
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...generally or which makes them shun or avoid that person” • Right to reputation – if effected by means of words spoken or written is actionable as civil as well as criminal wrong • Dixon v Holden 1869 • A man’s reputation is his property and if possible more valuable than any other property. • Hence an injury to a person's reputation results in substantial damage and the law recognizes it as a tort and a crime. • A defamatory matter may be of any imputation concerning any person, or any member of family, whether living or dead, by which the reputation of that person is likely to be injured. • Defamation in common law • The common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander (harmful statement in a transitory form, especially speech) and libel (harmful statement in a fixed medium, especially writing but also a picture, sign, or electronic broadcast), each of which gives a common law right of action. • Libel • A libel can be defined as a publication of false and defamatory statement in some permanent form tending to injure the reputation of another person without lawful justification or excuse. • libel is actionable per se, i.e., without proof of actual damage. • In libel, general damages are presumed i.e., the plaintiff does not have to show actual injury which includes compensation for disgrace, dishonor, humiliation, injury to reputation and emotional distress. • Slander and libel • Libel and slander both require publication. • The fundamental distinction...
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...colonies (Annenberg Learner,2013b). The consequence from this first undertaking of colonization dissipated without a trace in1590 and was dubbed, The Lost Colony of Roanoke (Annenberg Learner, 2013b). Seventeen years later, in 1607, Captain Christopher Newport would sail the Atlantic ocean landing on the shores of Chesapeake Bay and establishing Jamestown on May 13,1607 (Annenberg Learner, 2103b). Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America and the inauguration of colonization in North America ( Annenberg Learner, 2013b). Although the colony of Jamestown began to decline, new colonist still arrived yearly, nearly 80 percent of them died over the next three years, a result of starvation and attacks from the Indians (Annenberg Learner, 2103b). Captain Newport left Jamestown and Captain John Smith, a dictator, was placed in charge of the colony. In order for the colony of Jamestown to prosper, Captain Smith gave the settlers an ultimatum, to work or starve. The colonist chose work, and by 1611 tobacco became the main financial support of Jamestown ( Annenberg Learner, 2013b). John Rolfe proceeds to introduce the tobacco to King James I in Europe and trade begins in England (Goucher, LeGuin, and Walton, 1998). The success of Jamestown brings over 200,000 Europeans to the English colonies by the 1700s, further establishing the rise of colonialism...
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...My fellow colonists, we are gathered here this morning to discuss the association with our homeland, Great Britain. We shall not engage in a lawless civil war against them. The spark has been ignited, and the flames have spread across our minds and those of all colonists, poisoning our thoughts, and causing us to taste the perilous idea of independence. In the significant pile of rubble that will be the oblivion of battle, our fathers, sons, brothers, and friends will be lost as specks of powerless dust. As Joseph Galloway said in his speech to the Continental Congress in 1774, "...you wish to avoid a war with Great Britain, which must terminate, at all events in the ruin of America." My fellow colonists, we shall not join in this war because it will end us, while our motherland waits with her arms open, ready to embrace us in her love and welcome us...
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...his parent’s wishes to take the bar, and when he was offered the opportunity of furthering his studies overseas, at University College London, aged 18, he accepted with alacrity, starting there in September 1888. Determined to adhere to Hindu principles, which included vegetarianism as well as alcohol and sexual abstinence, he found London restrictive initially, but once he had found kindred spirits he flourished, and pursued the philosophical study of religions, including Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and others, having professed no particular interest in religion up until then. Following admission to the English Bar, and his return to India, he found work difficult to come by and, in 1893, accepted a year’s contract to work for an Indian firm in Natal, South Africa. Although not yet enshrined in law, the system of ‘apartheid’ was very much in evidence in South Africa at the turn of the 20th century. Despite arriving on a year’s contract,...
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