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Speech Therapy Session Plan

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UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN ______________________________________________________________________________________________
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences Divisions of Communication Sciences & Disorders Old Main Building · Groote Schuur Hospital · Observatory ·7925 Telephone: +27 21 406-6401 Fax: +27 21 406-6323

SESSION PLAN

Name: Dudu Jones
Date of birth: 28 February 2008
Age: 5 years 8 months
Home language: isiXhosa and English Date: 23 May 2014

Goal:
Dudu is above 60 months of age is still unable to use and understand adjectives of therefor the goal for this intervention is that she will be able to use and understand the adjectives of size. Dudu is expected to able to identify an object by its size and should be able to describe the object using adjectives of size. Dudu is also expected to be able to use 80% of the adjectives of size that she will be thought by the Clinician. The goal will be measured by asking her parents and teacher how often she uses the adjectives that she is being thought during the sessions. The Clinician will also ask her parents to ask Dudu to do tasks that will test if she understands the concepts she is being thought. For example her mother will say: “give me the big cup”. If performs this task correctly it means the sessions are a success. (Paul and Norbury, 2012) Aim
The aim is to increase Dudu’s understanding and use of adjectives focusing on the concept of ‘big and small’’. To show that Dudu understands the concept of big and small it is aimed that she will get 8 right in every 10 trails for ‘big’ and 7 out of 10 for ‘small’.
Success Criteria: 1.1 ‘Big’ receptively (80%) 1.2 ‘Small’ receptively (70%)

Rationale:

On the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals test (CLEF-4) Dudu got a standard score of 73 on the Receptive language index subscale and a standard score of 77 on the Language Content Index subscale. According to the test norms both of the above mentioned scores are below average as an average score on the CLEF test is between 85 and 115. According to Gard, Gillman and Gorman(1993) and Paul(2012) as cited in Sax and Weston(2007) children acquire the concept of ‘big and small’ between the age of 36 to 38 months and Dudu is already past 60 months therefore the above mentioned aim is age appropriate.
According to Owens (2012) children acquire adjective concepts at one semantic feature at a time. Therefor during a session plan a goal will be more achievable if the Speech-Language Therapist focuses on one sematic feature at a time and this case it is the concept of big and small.

Paul and Norbury(2012) emphasizes on the importance of having appropriate language intervention goals in pre-school children as this is a period of exponential language growth. Justice and Kaderavek(2004) support Paul and Norbury’s(2012) statement by stating that children’s emergent literacy skills are of utter importance; which is why intervention should be successful at this stage because these emergent literacy skills are viewed as developmental precursors to the achievement of fluency in language.

Activities, materials and equipment:

Activity 1:
In this activity Dudu will be thought about the concept of big and small. Firstly when Dudu arrives a variety of books will be next to the Clinician then she will be given a chance to pick which book they are going to read. All the books are about understanding the concept of Big and small. Dudu and the Clinician will then start reading the book together. After the book is read, the Clinician will give Dudu a sheet of clean paper and also take one for herself. Hopefully by this stage Dudu will be comfortable with the Clinician. The Clinician will put her hand on the paper and start drawing around it, while she is drawing her hand she will instruct Dudu to imitate her behaviour by doing the same task. Since Dudu is still young and the Clinician is an adult, Dudu’s drawing of her hand will be smaller than the Clinician. The Clinician will now use these drawings to explain and teach Dudu the concept of big and small. One of the books that will be is: Big and Small by Leslie Patricelli.

Activity 2:
The Clinician will now make use of a puppet for modelling the behaviour that is requires out of Dudu. The Clinician will have a conversation with the puppet explaining the concept of big and small. The Clinician will have a set of materials in front of her, these materials will come in pairs for example if there is a box; there will be a big box and a small box. Now the Clinician will ask the puppet to point to the big box, now the puppet will pretend to be thinking and make a few jokes in order to keep Dudu entertained. The puppet will then give the Clinician a wrong answer and then the Clinician will correct the puppet and then it will proceed to giving the correct answer. Now the puppet will say goodbye and be put away. The Clinician and Dudu will now stand up. The Clinician will make gestures with her hands to portray big and small. For example when the Clinician says big, she will open her arms gesturing what big is and Dudu will imitate her.

Activity 3:
This activity will be testing if Dudu now understands the concept of big and small. The Clinician will now have a set of materials in a box and they will be in pairs for example they will be a small cup and a big cup etc. The Clinician will ask Dudu give her the materials one by one for example she will say give me the big cup and Dudu should be able to give the Clinician the big cup. There will be 10 pairs of materiasl in the box.

Procedures (intervention techniques and strategies):
The session activities were planned using a Clinician centred approach. According to Paul and Norbury(2012) during a Clinician-centred approach the Clinician decides what activities will be used, what materials are required and how these materials will be used, the frequency and type of reinforcement. According to Shriberg and Kwiakowski (1982) as cited in Paul and Norbury(2012) the Clinician-centred approach tries to eliminate the stimuli that is not required from the child and reinforces the required one, causing the frequency of the required stimuli to increase.
The reason Clinician-centred approach was chosen as an intervention technique is because it maximizes the opportunities for Dudu to understand the concept of big and small as it is an intervention technique to is mostly used when the Clinician wants to focus on a specific language form.
The following strategies are planned to be used during the session:

Modelling:
According to Paul and Norbury(2012) modelling is when the required behaviour is modelled to the child and the child is not expected to say anything while this behaviour is being modelled to them. Owens (2012) states that during modelling it is expected that the child will acquire the Clinician’s behaviour and use it in a similar context later.
Example:
During activity two the Clinician used the puppet to model the behaviour that is required out of Dudu. The Clinician first has a conversation with the puppet explaining the concept of big and small. Then the Clinician asks the puppet to show her the big box, repeating the same behaviour for a small box. The clinician puts away the puppet and now directly asks Dudu to give her the small cup then the big cup etc. The behaviour that Dudu is doing now was modelled by the puppet. While the puppet is modelling the required behaviour and is using self-talk it makes a mistake by pointing to the big box when the Clinician asked for the small box, the Clinician then corrects the puppet and moves on with the activity. The reason the Clinician let the puppet make the mistake is to show Dudu that is normal to make mistakes this will therefor put less pressure on Dudu and will reduce her anxiety.

Imitation:
Imitation is part of the Child-centred approach but it is believed that this intervention technique will be of huge benefit if used in Dudu. Imitation is a procedure where the child imitates what the Clinician is doing with the expectation that the child will learn the behaviour of the Clinician. During the above mentioned activities it is not expressive language that is being imitated but rather behaviour this is due to the fact that the intervention aim focuses on receptive language.
Example:
During activity 2 the Clinician is teaching Dudu the concept of big and small using gestures and Dudu is expected to imitate these gestures hoping that at the end of the session if someone says big she will be able to make a gesture showing that something is big.

Success criteria and reinforcement (feedback):
Dudu is expected get 80% of the questions correct when she is asked to identify big objects while she is expected to get 70% of the questions correct when she is asked to identify small objects. This means out of 10 trails Dudu is expected to get 8 answers correct regarding the understanding of big objects while is expected to get 7 answers correct regarding the understanding of small objects.
Reinforcement: Dudu will be given a naked Barbie doll. Then the Clinician will have items that Dudu can use to dress the Barbie and every time she gets an answer correct Dudu gets to pick one clothing item. If she does not get the answer correct she does not get the clothing item.

Reinforcement used:

Outcomes: (describe outcomes at the end of the session) At the end of the session Dudu should be able to understand the concept of big and small interchangeably without it being modelled to him.

___________________________ _______________________________ xxxxxxx xxxxx Student Speech Therapist Clinical Educator

References (from rationale, activities and procedures)
1. Owens, R. (2012). Language disorders: A functional approach to assessment and intervention (1st ed.).
2. Paul, R., & Norbury, C. (2012). Language disorders from infancy through adolescence (1st ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier.
3. Sax, N. &Weston, E. (2007). Language Development Milestones

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