...Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Introduction Chapter 1 - Priming Chapter 2 - Confabulation Chapter 3 - Confirmation Bias Chapter 4 - Hindsight Bias Chapter 5 - The Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy Chapter 6 - Procrastination Chapter 7 - Normalcy Bias Chapter 8 - Introspection Chapter 9 - The Availability Heuristic Chapter 10 - The Bystander Effect Chapter 11 - The Dunning-Kruger Effect Chapter 12 - Apophenia Chapter 13 - Brand Loyalty Chapter 14 - The Argument from Authority Chapter 15 - The Argument from Ignorance Chapter 16 - The Straw Man Fallacy Chapter 17 - The Ad Hominem Fallacy Chapter 18 - The Just-World Fallacy Chapter 19 - The Public Goods Game Chapter 20 - The Ultimatum Game Chapter 21 - Subjective Validation Chapter 22 - Cult Indoctrination Chapter 23 - Groupthink Chapter 24 - Supernormal Releasers Chapter 25 - The Affect Heuristic Chapter 26 - Dunbar’s Number Chapter 27 - Selling Out Chapter 28 - Self-Serving Bias Chapter 29 - The Spotlight Effect Chapter 30 - The Third Person Effect Chapter 31 - Catharsis Chapter 32 - The Misinformation Effect Chapter 33 - Conformity Chapter 34 - Extinction Burst Chapter 35 - Social Loafing Chapter 36 - The Illusion of Transparency Chapter 37 - Learned Helplessness Chapter 38 - Embodied Cognition Chapter 39 - The Anchoring Effect Chapter 40 - Attention Chapter 41 - Self-Handicapping Chapter 42 - Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Chapter 43 - The Moment Chapter 44 - Consistency...
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...of our conscious, sometimes can be characterized as honest lying to ourselves or others around us. Our brain is tricky, and it unquestionably likes you to believe and identify things the way your emotions and thoughts want them to. Filling in gaps, and switching orders of events, is a way our mind likes to explain our feelings. In some cases this is a serious action and is considered a disorder such as Korsakoff's, Capgras, or even Cotard's. Many psychologists are looking into the research of how our brain works under those conditions, and what they have discovered is that our brain is split into two. The brain is suppose to communicate between one side to the other, however, there are many people who don’t have those nerves that send those messages between the two sides which results into split-brain syndrome. Throughout the chapter, the mind explains why it does the things it does. Asking questions like, why are we so ignorant when it comes to explaining our feelings, choices, and past events in a way we perceive or want them to happen even though it’s a lie. Due to Confabulation and misconception occurring in our brains, it is imperative particularly in an English class which is generally devoted to immense critical thinking, to pause and understand that trusting our brain a 100% is exceptionally risky, and sometimes not the best choice. In the left hemisphere of our brain, the control is mostly focused on speech, language, grammar, and syntax. In an English class, the majority...
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...lobe; areas in right hemisphere receive information from and are concerned with activities on left side of body. * Sperry believes studies involving split-brain patients reveal ‘true’ nature of two hemispheres because commissurotomy disconnects the two hemispheres. This means they only work independently. * Previous research on animals showed behavioral effects. * Other research by Sperry on humans and monkeys suggested the behavioral effects of the surgery might be less severe than other forms of cerebral surgery, e.g. frontal lobotomy. * Akelaitis (1944) found that there were no important behavioral effects of surgical section of corpus callosum in humans, provided other brain damage was excluded. Research Method Aim and Hypothesis * Aim of the study was to investigate if each brain hemisphere: (i) Possesses an independent stream of conscious awareness (ii) Has its own separate chain of memories that are inaccessible to the other Method/Design/IV & DV/ Controls * Quasi experiment * IV- having a split brain or not * DV- participants ability to perform a variety of visual and tactile tests * Argued that because such extensive tests were carried out on a...
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...Discuss the differences between low and high-involment media. How would you apply the knowledge of hemispheric lateralization (split-brain theory) to the development of TV commercials and print advertisements? Split Brain Theory suggests that the left brain is responsible for cognitive activities such as reading, speaking, and processing verbal information. The right brain processes non verbal and pictorial information and forms holistic images. Since TV is primarily a pictorial medium, TV viewing is considered to be using right brain, passive, holistic processing of images viewed on screen and TV is regarded as low involvement medium. On the other hand, print media are high involvement because exposure to the print media results in the left brain’s active processing of verbal data and ultimately in cognitive learning.Thus, TV commercial should be short, rich in visual symbolism and repeat frequently. Consumer process and learn TV advertising passively, and the major objective of TV ads should be to form consumer familiarity with the brand and package which will result in the object’s recognition and purchase by consumers. The objective of print ads is to present detailed – rather than ‘overall image’ – information to generate evaluations of the advantages and disadvantages of the product. Discuss the roles of extrinsic cues and intrinsic cues in the perceived quality of products. Intrinsic cues – Physical characteristics of...
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...Toadstool. Keychain. Bookworm. These are words that we understand as representing either a fungus, an organizational method for hardware or a studious individual. They are also words that would take on a completely different meaning were it not for our functioning corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of our brain. So much more than just a means of connecting the halves of the brain, the corpus callosum is crucial for maximum cerebral efficiency. For an individual that is missing that connection, these words (and many others) present a fascinating glimpse into the inner workings of the human brain’s ability to process different stimuli in each hemisphere. While technology has advanced to the point where such observations can...
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...Running Head: LEFT-BRAIN DOMINANCE IN RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE 1 Left-Brain Dominance in Right-Handed People LEFT-BRAIN DOMINANCE IN RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE 2 Abstract Certain human cognitive functions depend predominately on either the left or right hemisphere of the brain. This study attempted to investigate the role of left and right hemispheres in regard to language. A 19 year old, right-handed male was asked to talk while tapping a pencil, first with the right hand and then the left hand. The results of the study showed more right hand interference during talking, indicating more left hemisphere involvement. LEFT-BRAIN DOMINANCE IN RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE 3 Left-Brain Dominance in Right-Handed People Language can be defined as any system of formalized symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, or the like used or conceived as a means of communicating (American Psychological Assoc., 2012). The left hemisphere exerts greater control over speech and language abilities in almost all right-handed and the greater part of left-handed people. In contrast, the right hemisphere is more involved in nonverbal emotional expression and visual-spatial tasks. Furthermore, the right side of the body is controlled by the left-brain while the left side of the body is controlled by the right brain. A thick band of nerves called the corpus callosum is the connection between the two hemispheres (Hockenbury...
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...Brain Lateralization and Language Reflection Paper PSY/340 9/14/15 University of Phoenix The brain is divided into two hemispheres with the corpus callosum connecting them. Each side of the brain is responsible for different functions. Most mental functions are distributed across both hemispheres, but there are explicit processes that are specialized to one hemisphere or the other. For example, both sides of the brain perform functions related to language. But in most people, grammar and vocabulary are localized to the left side of the brain, while understanding the emotional content of language is a function of the right hemisphere. Most of what we know about the organization of language functions in the adult human brain comes from the study of patients with focal brain lesions (DeVilliers, 2015). Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely to cause language disturbances, especially in right handed people (but not exclusively). The two areas of the brain that are best known for language functions are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. Researchers are divided as to the exact role these two areas play in language processing and production. Damage to Broca’s area causes problems with language fluency such as using shorter sentences, impaired flow of speech, poor control of rhythm and intonation (prosody), and telegraphic style with missing inflections and function words (DeVilliers, 2015). We often see rapid, yet fluent speech in damage to Wernicke’s area, but speech...
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...the other negative. So we doubt that how many selves inhabit in our brain on earth, and we also wonder that how can we distinguish a self from another? Can a single person hold different personalities? Different people may give different perspectives. However, those are multiple personality and selfhood that Robert Sapolsky wants to argue through his own experience after his father’s death in his essay. Sapolsky firstly took us to look around Stephen Hawking’s lecture. Stephen Hawking was a highly respected astrophysicist. He couldn’t walk by himself, and even needed a spokesman to interpret for him in the class. After observing all Hawking’s behaviors and comparing with those he had in the past, the write considered Hawking’s act as a metaphor and raised further questions about the separation of bodies and consciousness. And the write thought that two hemispheres of the brain can function separately. He brought Roger Sperry’s experiment in to prove it. And he also introduced another notion presented by Julian Jaynes who stated that there were two individuals inside a single brain, which was rejected by Sperry. Nevertheless, there were battles about it all the time. Then the writer showed us different views about split personalities from clinicians to patriarchs of psychiatry, meanwhile he continued to give an example about loss to demonstrate the selfhood. He also cited Freud’s words to explain such a phenomenon and analyzed the meanings of mourner’s behaviors, thus to reveal the...
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...the other negative. So we doubt that how many selves inhabit in our brain on earth, and we also wonder that how can we distinguish a self from another? Can a single person hold different personalities? Different people may give different perspectives. However, those are multiple personality and selfhood that Robert Sapolsky wants to argue through his own experience after his father’s death in his essay. Sapolsky firstly took us to look around Stephen Hawking’s lecture. Stephen Hawking was a highly respected astrophysicist. He couldn’t walk by himself, and even needed a spokesman to interpret for him in the class. After observing all Hawking’s behaviors and comparing with those he had in the past, the write considered Hawking’s act as a metaphor and raised further questions about the separation of bodies and consciousness. And the write thought that two hemispheres of the brain can function separately. He brought Roger Sperry’s experiment in to prove it. And he also introduced another notion presented by Julian Jaynes who stated that there were two individuals inside a single brain, which was rejected by Sperry. Nevertheless, there were battles about it all the time. Then the writer showed us different views about split personalities from clinicians to patriarchs of psychiatry, meanwhile he continued to give an example about loss to demonstrate the selfhood. He also cited Freud’s words to explain such a phenomenon and analyzed the meanings of mourner’s behaviors, thus to reveal the...
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...something dangerous, like suspenseful music in a mystery movie. The falls themselves are rough and uncontrolled. The Athabasca River thunders through a narrow gorge where the walls have been smoothed and potholes are created by the sheer force of the rushing water carrying sand and rock, eroding everything below that happens to be in its path. Due to the fact that the water falls vertically down, and the rocks adjacent to the falls are composed of horizontal strata, if we stare at the water for a certain amount of time and then transfer our attention to the rocks, we get the impression that the rocks are moving in a wavelike pattern. Looking below the waterfall, the spray of the waterfall creates a sort of mist in the air, which then splits the light into a spectrum, creating rainbows in various places at the foot of the waterfall. This seemingly simple, majestic and powerful display of water is in fact a series of molecular bonds, laws of physics and optical illusions which interact in complex manners, creating the fascinating effect we can observe. Memo...
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...because they are familiar Priming - a phenomenon, often used as an experimental technique, whereby a certain stimulus sensitizes the subject to later presentation of a similar stimulus - Research participants respond more quickly and/or accurately to questions they have seen before, even if they do not remember seeing them LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS * Conscious level -Information about your environment you are currently aware of * Nonconscious level -body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of * Preconscious level -information about yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about * Subconscious level -information that we are not currently aware of but we know must exist due to behavior * Unconscious level -Psychoanalytic psychologists believe some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into the unconscious mind STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS A. SLEEP - a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles -To psychologists, asleep as being unconscious is incorrect * SLEEP CYCLE -typical pattern of sleep Circadian Rhythm -a roughly 24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings EEG - Electroencephalogram -used to record how active brains are during sleep and describe the different...
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...AbstractAbstract When humans perform actions that do not require conscious thought it obviously related to a behavior we perform automatically. The Stroop Effect is one of those phenomenons that challenge our automatic ability. Previous research indicates that objects and colors took longer to name aloud than reading aloud corresponding words (MacLeod, 1935). The stroop effect was tested in college students, in an Experimental Psychology class. Eighteen participants were asked to take a brief test on the stroop effect, presenting the participants with a congruent and incongruent word, followed by requesting them to type the color of the word or the actual word. In this research, two important conditions have been identified: first, participants had faster reaction times for congruent items and participants made more errors for incongruent items. Second participant had slower reaction time when requested to type the color, but faster reaction times when requested to type the word. Analyzing the Stroop Effect on College Student...
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...Organizational Structure MGT 230 John Jones James Baliey October 6, 2015 The NFL in its entirety is a very complex organization with each team consisting of its own organizational structure. Each team of the NFL is a franchise, the bought a license from the NFL in order to play under the rules and regulations of the league. Each team then gains the perks of being broadcast through the networks contracted by the NFL. The league is also split into two conferences, each with four different divisions based on region: north, south, east, and west. The two conferences stem from a merger of the NFL and AFL that was announced in 1966. . The Constitution and Bylaws of the NFL, as they are today, were set in place in 1970 after the AFL and NFL merged. However, these rules can be amended each year at an annual meeting with a three-fourths vote from the member clubs, or teams. The highest executive in the NFL is the Commissioner, and has the most power within the league. The Commissioner, currently Roger Goodell, has oversight over the entire league as the principal executive officer. Rather than a board of directors, Goodell has final authority in the way the league functions. The voting requirements and procedures for the selection of or successor to the office of Commissioner are determined by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members, or teams, of the league. The group which casts the vote is known as the Executive Committee consisting of one individual to represent each...
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...Myths and Rituals Haitian Voodoo is a complex religion from African descent. This olden religion is weighed by much negative stereotyping, which often link this practice to evil doings and malevolent behaviors. Voodoo embraces the belief of spirits and a direct line of communication through possession and rituals. This religion believes in spiritual intervention on their behalf. Voodoo embodies various religions and its influences to untimely bring together voodoo It combines bits of culture from other African religions, thus making it complex, religions such as Christianity, specifically Christian Catholicism. It can be considered holistic based on the intertwining connection of supernatural and physical heeling. Voodoo believes in many spiritual forces, it consists of one major creator Bondye who does not intervene in any aspect of a person physical of spiritual life. Main worship then passes on to Loas; they differ from saints and angels in which they are not prayed too they are served. Loas are believed to be responsible for different aspects of human such as fertility, youth and beauty. Voodoo has many rituals in order to promote spiritual intrusion, communication and worship. Rituals may include singing and dancing, it involves but is not limited to animal sacrifices, zombification, etc. In this religion there are priests who are as supposedly chosen by dead ancestors. In Haitian Voodoo the practice of zombification is known to be far from folktale to practitioners...
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...“cosmic fluid” there is no evidence to support the transfer of the healing energies devised by Mesmer but his success rate was high which lead to his patients being described as “mesmerized” and mesmerism is an early forerunner for modern day hypnosis. Many theories utilising a hypnotic state then followed but it was not until an English physician called James Braid (1795-1860) giving mesmerism a scientific explanation of a “nervous sleep” introducing the word hypnosis derived from the Greek word for sleep Hypnos. Many theories evolved from this view and hypnosis eventually gained acceptance as a naturally occurring phenomenon. In the 1950’s hypnosis began a renaissance as it became recognized for the therapeutic potential in the fields of behavior modification and healing. Hypnosis can be categorised as a trance state or altered level of consciousness. Our minds are split between our conscious and subconscious states and we are able to switch between the two often unaided and without realising. A good example of the natural shift between our levels of consciousness is illustrated when driving it is often noticeable that a person will arrive at a destination without realising the journey has happened or that a driver’s attention is snapped back to the road as a hazard appears. This is due to the skillset for driving being stored in the subconscious and when combined with the familiarity...
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