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Sport Sciences

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Submitted By kokwai
Words 1396
Pages 6
Tarikh: 25 February 2012
Masa: 4pm-6pm
Subjek: VSRA1021 Pengurusan Sukan dan Rekreasi
Tempat: DKG2/2 Hari ini merupakan hari ketiga kelas kuliah ko-kurikulum. Jurulatih akan memulakan bab 1 tentang Perkhemahan Kraf Perkhemahan. Saya dapat banyak ilmu pengetahuan tentang perkhemahan seperti jenis perkhemahan, jenis-jenis khemah, peraturan perkhemahan, pakaian & peralatan, dan pemilihan tapak. Apa itu khemah? Apabila sebut tentang berkhemah, perkara paling utama yang saya dapat bayang ialah “KHEMAH”. Mengikut kamus tempatan, ini bermaksud adalah alat perlindungan yang diperbuat daripada kain, kanvas atau bahan-bahan lain yang boleh digerakkan. Justeru itu, dalam perkataan lain, khemah merupakan satu perkara utama dalam berkhemah. Keadaan ini tidak boleh berkhemah sekiranya tanpa khemah. Sesuatu perkhemahan itu diadakan adalah bergantung kepada tujuan. Jenis-jenis perkhemahan yang biasa diadakan ialah Perkhemahan Unit Beruniform, Perkhemahan Jati Diri, Perkhemahan Motivasi, Perkhemahan Pembentukan Pasukan, Perkhemahan beerunsur Ibadat, dan Perkhemahan Sahsiah. Adakalanya sesuatu perkhemahan merangkumi beberapa ciridengan menggabungkan beberapa unsur-unsur. Di sini juga terdapat beberapa jenis-jenis khemah yang biasa digunakan. Sebagai contoh, Khemah ‘A’ tanpa helaian terbang (Single Wall Tent), Khemah ‘A’ berhelaian terbang (Double Wall Tent), Khemah Pengembaraan (Explorer Tent), Khemah Tiang Satu, Khemah Berangka (Pelbagai Jenis), Khemah Igloo, dan pelbagai jenis khemah yang lain mengikut kehendak dan kemampuan sendiri. Di samping itu, semasa memilih khemah, ia mempunyai beberapa kriteria-kriteria dipatuhi. Antaranya ialah perlindungan. Khemah mampu memberi perlindungan semasa hujan, panas, angin, dan serangan haiwan serta serangga. Kriteria kedua ialah keselesaan. Sesebuah khemah perlu selesa kerana dalam pengembaraan tempat tidur perlu selesa, ruang menyimpang barang, dan pintu atau tingkap sesuai. Kriteria ketiga ialah kalisair. Pastikan khemah benar-benar kalisair. Sekiranya tidak kalisair, ini akan menanggung risiko basah semasa hujan lebat. Kriteria keempat ialah tahan lasak. Khemah perlu ringan dan tahan lasak serta tidak mudah koyak. Khemah yang boleh dibasuh dan dicuci. Kriteria kelima ialah ukuran. Ukuran dapat menentukan keselesaan. Pastikan khemah mempunyai cukup ruang untuk bergerak. Kriteria terakhir ialah harga. Ini tidak perlu membeli khemah yang terlalu mahal ataupun terlalu murah. Sekiranya mampu membeli mahal tiada sesiapa boleh menghalang. Sebelum mendirikan khemah, ia perlu memilih tapak atau lokasi yang sesuai. Tapak yang sesuai adalah berdekatan dengan sumber air seperti sungai, mata air, peringi, kolam, tasik, dan lain-lain. Kedua ialah Topografi seperti bukit, sungai, pantai, dan lain-lain. Ketiga ialah sumber bahan bakar yang mudah. Keempat ialah kemudahan perhubungan jika berlaku kecemasan. Kelima ialah mudah keluar masuk membeli bahan makanan. Keenam ialah keselamatan. Faktor-faktor lain yang perlu diambil kira ialah jenis perkhemahan, jangkamasa perkhemahan, aktiviti yang akan dijalankan, dan bilangan peserta. Semasa perkhemahan, ia juga terdapat beberapa peraturan am. Antaranya ialah mematuhi segala peraturan yang telah ditetapkan, dilarang menebang, mengambil, merosakkan tumbuh-tumbuhan atau hidupan lain, dilarang pergi ke merata tempat berseorangan tanpa kebenaran, maklumkan segala aktiviti yang dijalankan dan bergerak sekurang-kurangnya 2 orang pada waktu malam, wisel dan lampu suluh dibawa bersama sebagai langkah keselamatan, menjalankana aktiviti dengan penuh semangat dan dedikasi, mengutamakan keselamatan, melaporkan segera sekiranya berlaku kemalangan, sentiasa menjaga kebersihan kawasan perkhemahan, menjaga barang peribadi adalah tanggungjawab sendiri, mengamalkan semangat kerjasama, tolak ansur, dan kekitaan, bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya ke atas keselamatan dan kesempurnaan khemah dan alatan, melaporkan kehilangan dan kerosakan alatan segera, menjalankan pemulihan semula kawasan perkhemahan seperti asal, mematuhi jadual bertugas seperti memasak, sentri, dan lain-lain, dilarang merokok dalam kawasan perkhemahan, tidak membenarkan orang luar atau asing masuk, dan ringan tulang. Tambahan pula, ini juga terdapat beberapa peraturan-peraturan bagi sentri. Antaranya ialah bertugas mengikut giliran, sediakan PASSWORD seperti bunga-orkhid, kejutkan pengganti 30 minit sebelum habis tempoh bertugas, mengawasi dan meronda seluruh kawasan dan lingkungan tanpa mengganggu ahli perkhemahan yang tidur, memberi perhatian pada kawasan utama seperti stor makanan, membawa lampu suluh, wisel, kayu penyapu semasa meronda untuk melindungi diri-sendiri, jika ada pencerobohan cabar dengan password sebanyak 3 kali, kalaulah tiada jawapan, jangan panik bersedia menghadapi sebarang kemungkinan atau kejutkan semua ahli jika perlu, dan ketua Sentri perlu membuat laporan. Selain itu, seseorang sentri perlu memenuhi keperluan-keperluan berikut seperti sebuah khemah menjadi sebagai pusat kawalan, 3 buah lampu suluh, 3 batang penyapu, peti pertolongan cemas, 3 wisel, 3 helai baju hujan, buku catatan, dapur semawar, cerek, kopi atau teh, gula, cawan, dan lain-lain serta makanan ringan atau biskut atau roti. Seterusnya, pelaksanaan perkhemahan melibatkan 3 peringkat iaitu sebelum, semasa dan selepas. Dalam peringkat sebelum perkhemahan, semua perkara yang diputuskan dalam mesyuaratmestilah dipatuhi dan pengesahan kelulusan tapak perkhemahan berdasarkan tarikh dan masa yang telah dipohon. Peserta perlu menyemak perkara-perkara berikut seperti boring maklumat peribadi, surat kebenaran waris jika berkaitan, perlindungan insurans berkelompok, senarai peralatan peribadi dan kumpulan serta taklimat dari semasa ke semasa. Peserta juga perlu menyemak peralatan perkhemahan yang akan digunakan supaya mencukupi dan berfungsi. Perlatan dan keperluan dapat dikelaskan ialah peralatan individu seperti pinggan, sudu atau garpu, pisau kecil, lampu picit, dan baju hujan, keprluan individu seperti berus, ubat gigi, sabun mandi, tuala mandi, sikat, selipar, alatan menulis, pakaian yang sesuai dan mencukupi, peralatan kumpulan seperti bendera daripada kelab, kolej, negeri, khemah dan aksesori, peralatan memasak, mancis atau lilin atau bahan-bahan api, kotak bantu mula, perang atau kapak, tali, belerang atau sulphur, dan karung plastik serta peralatan aktiviti bergantung kepada aktiviti-aktiviti yang akan dijalankan. Dalam semasa perkhemahan, ia perlu memberi taklimat perkhemahan kepada peserta seperti susun atur kedudukan khemah dalam kawasan perkhemahan, pemilihan tapak perkhemahan dan peraturan-peraturan perkhemahan seperti keselamatan, jadual perkhemahan, amalan nilai-nilai murni dan menghargai alam sekitar. Tambahan pula, faktor-faktor yang penting dalam kawasan perkhemahan seperti bentuk perkhemahan, jangkamasa perkhemahan, bilangan peserta, alam sekitar, keluasan kawasan, mempunyai kemudahan punca air, dan kawasan yang selamat. Selain itu, syarat-syarat tapak mesti diekakkan ialah terlalu hamper dengan punca air, anak-anak sungai kerana mudah terdedah kepada bahaya banjir kilat dan menjadi tumpuan binatang-binatang, kawasan lalang kerana terdedah kepada bahaya binatang merayap dan kebakaran, semak dan berlukar tebal kerana menyukarkan pergerakkan dan mendedah kepada bahaya binatang dan serangga, tanah berpaya dan berlopak kerana ini akan berlaku gannguan air di kawasan khemah, tanah berlumpur kerana mengganggu pergerakan, kotorkan khemah dan peralatan, tebing tinggi, lereng bukit dan cenuram kerana bahaya tergelincir dan tebing runtuh, bawah pokok atau dahan mati kerana dahan mudah sekah dan patah, denai binatang kerana menjadi laluan binatang, kawasan berbatu dan berpasir kerana susah untuk memecak pancang dan mudah tercabut, busut dan sarang semut, dan suak seperti laluan air semasa hujan. Selain itu, sebelum mendirikan khemah, perkara-perkara perlu diperhatikan ialah tentukan arah matahari terbit dan terbenam, arah angina bertiup, dirikan khemah sebelum membuat kerja lain, pastikan jarak tali khemah seluas 2 orang berjalan berasingan, berkhemah di kawasan lembab perlukan atas lantai yang kalisar, dan berkhemah di kawasan lapang serta dirikan khemah yang rendah dan lebar agar tidak tercabut ditiup angin. Tambahan pula, ini juga terdapat beberapa tatacara perkhemahan seperti rancang aktiviti yang dapat kurang sampah, bawa keluar apa yang dibawa masuk, ikut trek atau laluan yang sedia ada, jangan merentas atau buka laluan baru sesuka hati, meminimumkan kawasan perkhemahan untuk mengurangkan kemusnahan tumbuh-tumbuhan, jangan berkhemah berhampiran rumah, jalan, air terbuka seperti lombong, tasik, dan kolam, laluan atau khemah orang, jangan gunakan sabun atau bahan cucian di sungai, tasik atau laut, gunakan kawasan yang telah ditetapkan supaya air dapat meresap ke tanah, dan semasa sediakan tandas, gali lubang najis di tempat yang sesuai, jauhkan di punca air dan kawasan khemah, timbus setiap kali digunakan. Tambahan pula, sekiranya gunakan kayu api, jauhkan di khemah dan padamkannya sebelum meninggalkan tempat tersebut dan elakka penggunaan lampu minyak, lampu gas dan lingkaran ubat nyamuk dalam khemah. Dalam peringkat selepas perkhemahan, terdapat dua komponen iaitu pengurusan peralatan dan pelaporan atau dokumentasi. Pengurusan peralatan seperi mengemas dan membersihkan peralatan, memeriksa dan merekod peralatan, pembersihan kawasan perkhemahan, menyimpan dan memulangkan peralatan, dan melaporkan kehilangan dan kerosakan alatan. Manakala pelaporan seperti sediakan laporan berserta gambar, hantar surat penghargaan kepada orang atau jabatan terbabit, dan laporan pendapatan dan perbelanjaan. Selepas menyertai aktiviti perkhemahan, ia perlu menilaikan diri sendiri. Terdapat lima kartun untuk menilaikan diri sendiri, iaitu Crocodile Hunter mewakili sukakan cabaran dan berani melakukan aktiviti membahaya kerana memberi keputusan dan keseronokan, dan Pikachu mewakili mereka yang mencintai alam semula jadi. Tambahan pula, Phua Chu Kang mewakili bermula dengan suka-suka, ikut kawan. Ia dapat dipupuk dan diberi pengetahuan supaya cintai alam semula jadi. Hulk mewakili amat membahaya kerana suka menunjuk-nunjuk kebolehan tanpa hirau keselamatan diri dan orang lain. Sin Chan mewakili amat membahaya kerana libatkan diri tanpa apa yang dilakukan dan tujuannya. Pada pukul 6pm, kelas akan bersurai.

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Why Math Is Needed In Soccer, Basketball And Hockey

...The three sports I will be talking about is soccer, basketball, and hockey. Soccers deal with parabola's, rectangles, and chance of making a goal on average, basketball deals with angles, length, and size of the ball, and hockey deals with horizontal lines, speed of opponent, and hockey size. These three sports show the reason why math is needed in sports. In the game of soccer in order to score you have to keep your kick from going overboard using the math of parabola’s. Parabola’s electronically show the chance of a goal from any spot on the field. Mathematically the highest point of the parabola for a 75% of a goal is between 10 to 15 feet off the ground due to speed, velocity, and wind speed. The ball can be kicked higher but wind speed...

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