...patient is already cured so it will not affect them. What about the patient coming in the room next? It is left to the housekeepers to clean the room well enough to prevent the spread of these infections. These infections that are spread from one patient to another are called nosocomial infections. They are hospital acquired bacteria’s. I came to this topic after my daughter had this exact thing happen to her. She is a brittle diabetic and at one point required a lot of hospital visits. After one of these visits she started to develop a boil. This in turn caused her blood sugar to go up and we ended up back in the hospital. Thinking the boil was a spider bite we were surprised to find out it was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). They explained that it was a nosocomial infection that was probably acquired on our last hospital visit. When asked how she got it they said it was multi resistant and was passed from something she came in contact with that another patient would have touched. This is a problem that has been on the rise over the recent decade. Because bacteria has become more resistant for other reasons they live on surfaces longer. Once they find a person who has a weakened immune system or no antibiotic in their system they settle in on the new host. The issue has been addressed in many hospitals and cleaning measures have stepped up a notch. But the problem continues to rise and new techniques are...
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...Blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? Walker N, Gupta R, Cheesbrough J. Source Department of Microbiology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK. nwalker@doctors.org.uk Abstract A study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. Viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. Potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). Eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. Meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin-resistant S. aureus was isolated from two (8%) cuffs and Clostridium difficile was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs. This study serves as a reminder that hands are not the only fomite to go from patient to patient on hospital wards, and that measures should be taken to reduce the risks posed by blood pressure cuffs. AANA J. 1996 Apr;64(2):141-5. Nondisposable sphygmomanometer cuffs harbor frequent bacterial colonization and significant contamination by organic and inorganic matter. Base-Smith V. Source University of Cincinnati College of Nursing and Health, Ohio, USA. Abstract In the hurried milieu of operating rooms, emergency departments, and intensive care units, contaminated sphygmomanometers (blood pressure cuffs) may not be routinely sanitized or replaced with clean...
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...Chintan Shah 11/19/12 English 101 MRSA Paper In 1968, the United States experienced its first MRSA outbreak. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, was first discovered in the Boston City Hospital and the amount of infections was slowly increasing by the years. This was due to the fact that when someone gets MRSA, they actually have an infection of the staphylococcus aureus. The staphylococcus aureus are a group of bacteria that already reside within the human being. The general population is not even aware that 25 to 30% of them consist the staphylococcus aureus bacteria primarily on their nose and skin. (McCaughey, 07). However, it is not a concern until these bacteria are able to enter the body through a cut or some type of wound. Furthermore, MRSA is tougher to treat because of the fact that it is resistant to most antibiotics known to present day. MRSA is a bacteria infection that is resistant to most antibiotics and is caused by the entrance of staphylococcus bacteria into the body; MRSA has also exponentially increased as the years have progressed causing it to be more common within humans now. MRSA is described as many doctors to be a “flesh-eating” infection due to the severity of the infection. Many of the signs and symptoms may seem common and one may not even know if they have MRSA or not. Some of the symptoms are high temperature, chills, dizziness, and bites that may be similar to spider bites or small red bumps that resembles pimples...
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...Research Critique Part 1: A Qualitative Study on Preventing Hospital-acquired Urinary Tract Infection in United Sates Medical Facilities Donna Frazier Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Chris Thompson-Sanxter February 01, 2013 Research Critique Part 1: A Qualitative Study on Preventing Hospital-acquired Urinary Tract Infection in United Sates Medical Facilities Problem Statement The clinical problem in this research article identified as hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in US hospitals and the research problem focused on how to prevent hospital-acquired urinary tract infections. Though urinary tract infections are the most common hospital-acquired infection, accounting for 40% of all nosocomial infections, there is very little information as to why hospitals do or do not use the available preventative methods. (Sanjay, et al., 2008) Purpose and Research Questions A list of questions were designed using the qualitative method, then used in 38 semi-regulated phone interviews with crucial staff at 14 expressly chosen hospitals and 39 face-to-face interviews at five of those fourteen medical facilities, to identify persistent and integrated ideas that describe in what way healthcare facilities tackled the dilemma of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections. (Sanjay, et al., 2008) The personnel interviewed were able to speak their thoughts freely since the data collection was so accommodating by using open-ended questions...
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...infections. Gram-positive cocci are common isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Although most are members of the indigenous microbial biota, some species are causative agents of serious infectious diseases. Consequently, as stated by Mahon, Lehaman and Manuselis (2010) for the vast majority of clinical laboratory situations, coagulase-positive isolates from human sources are considered to be S. aureus. Its infections are contagious and can be transmitted from person to person, and the illnesses related to this bacteria can range from mild and requiring no treatment, to severe and potentially fatal. Anyone can acquire a Staphylococcus aureus infection, especially the newborn infants, breastfeeding women, and people with chronic conditions. Also, it is an alarming fact that both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years. Staphylococcus aureus infections are usually treated with antibiotics, but Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, is a type of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and other drugs in the same...
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...think with the exception of the Scotland Co. Fitness center they all had adequate signs for patrons to read and follow. The SCFC was lacking several needed signs and it ranged from who to call with problems and spotters needed with free weights. Mangers need to follow five simple rules to conduct a reasonable safe environment: premises in safe repair, inspect and repair to discover hidden hazards, warn and remove hazards, take reasonable precautions, and conduct reasonable care for safety of all (Appenzeller, 2012). I wanted to find out how these two fitness centers 24 Hour Fitness and the SCFC can and does operate 24-7 without any supervision. I did see that they both have security cameras and staff enter the building sometime throughout the day. These two center do not offer the programs like the WMCA. The local fitness center has a cleaning lady come in a couple times a week and does a good job. What about the days in between cleanings? Staph infection is a serious thing if equipment is not getting cleaned properly. According to one news article, “That doesn't give you another excuse to hit the snooze button rather than working out, however. Doctors say the benefits of exercise far outweigh the small chance of acquiring staph or another infection at the gym or in the course of your fitness routine.” (Hobson, 2008) The article gives several good preventions to use in order to remain safe from a staph infection: make sure equipment has been clean or clean it yourself, don’t...
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...Nosocomial Infections Monica Butler Strayer University Dr. Godson Ezejiofo HSA 535 Managerial Epidemiology January 25, 2015 Introduction Good Health Hospital has proved to be among the best hospitals in the region since its inception. The medical professionals and all members of staff are always committed to ensuring delivery of quality services to patients. The hospital has had a good reputation of excellent staff, good patient relations and top quality services. In the recent past, several cases of E. coli have been reported at Good Health Hospital. E. coli exists in a variety of types but most varieties a less harmful to human health. Research by medical professionals has shown that E. coli bacteria live in the intestines, for both people and animals. Symptoms of E. coli infection include diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting (Bennett, Jarvis & Brachman, 2007). E. coli emanates from taking contaminated food and water. E. coli may lead to death or permanent health problems if appropriate measures are taken on time. Nosocomial diseases can be termed as an infection that a person gets while being attend to in a health institution. The goal for this task is to explore the nosocomial infections, intervention strategies and recommendations on how to control and manage the various types of nosocomial infections. Analysis of Good Health Hospital records Records of Good Health Hospital show that a number of nosocomial diseases have been reported. Among the commonest...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.0 DEFINITION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, HERBAL PREPARATION AND FINISHED HERBAL PRODUCTS The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures. Traditional medicine is used in the maintenance of health the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness, whether explicable or not and is passed on from generation to generation. Herbal Preparations contain plant parts or plant material in the crude or processed state as active ingredients and may contain excipients. (WHO, 1996a; Busse, 1999). Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents are not considered herbal preparations (Busse, 2000; GNDP, 2004). According to the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA), herbal preparations are medicinal products containing exclusively herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations as active substances (WHO, 1996b; Busse, 2000). Several chemical constituents with different pharmacological targets are involved in the therapeutic action of herbal preparations. This may be an advantage compared to single isolated compounds, especially when the underlying disease has a multifactorial etiology which is the case in many chronic illnesses. Herbal preparations may include comminuted or powdered plant material, extracts, tinctures, fatty or essential oils of...
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...The positively best bacteria to receive when doing an unknown project The word bacteria receives a bad connotation in the everyday world but some may not realize the importance bacteria has on a person’s immunity and health. There can be both good and bad bacteria. Good bacteria, for example, helps to breakdown food enabling the digestion process to work smoothly and absorb nutrients like probiotics. These good bacteria are often found in foods like yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut. Best of all, good bacteria can help treat infectious diseases. A study has shown that, when injected with a good predatory bacteria like Micavibrio aeruginosavorus and Bdellovibrio baceriovorus, an antibiotic resistant bacteria was defenseless (Nordqvist, 2013). The study was created for an eye infection to see whether good bacterial pathogens would be able to fight off bad bacterial pathogens without damaging the eye or causing further irritation. The term microbiology means the study of microscopic organisms. Within the specialized area, microbiologists help to identify new organisms and how they affect life on earth. There are new organisms being discovered every day, and there could be dangers or losses without proper identification of how they live, what they do, and can they be controlled. A study was done to show the process of categorizing and identifying an unknown organism. Throughout the semester, multiple tests were performed to distinguish between the different types of bacteria...
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...Evidence-Based Practice and Applied Nursing Research Joyce Windham Western Governors University Article Larson, E., Quiros, D., Lin, S. (2007). Dissemination of the CDC’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines and Impact on Infection Rates. American Journal Infection Control, 35, 666-675. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2137889. Graphic BackgroundInformation|This study examines the implementation of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hand hygiene guidelines and analyzes whether compliance impacts patient outcomes, especially hospital acquired infections (HAI). The correlation of hand hygiene (HH) and HAI is very well described in this study. Rates for HAI were determined both pre and post implementation of the guidelines. A structural abstract is included with this study. There is an introduction which explains the intent of the study is to and examine how the CDC guidelines are implemented, the compliance rates for HH and how that relates to HAI rates.| Review of Literature|There have been numerous clinical practice guidelines by federal and professional organizations which were intended to improve quality of patient care and minimize variances in clinical practices. There have been three versions of the HH guidelines with the last version in 2002. There have been few studies done to correlate the practices of HH with HAI rates. This study was conducted in 2007 but is still relevant today. Compliance with HH guidelines...
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...The purpose of this experiment was to work meticulously to find the most effective treatment for the Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria. However, it is crucial and advantageous to first have an understanding of the S. Aureus bacteria. Staphylococcus is a group of bunched up bacteria that can cause a variety of maladies. The name is derived from the Greek diction staphyle, which means a “bunch of grapes” (Harper, 2015). S. Aureus was first discovered and documented in the late 1880’s, causing a variety of bothersome to severe skin infections during that time period (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2015). These bacteria are located primarily on one’s skin, hair, nose, and respiratory tract (Mandal, 2012). Serious deviants of...
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...Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic bacteria compared to other staphylococcal species. These mucus membrane colonizers are known for causing harmful diseases to humans such as endocarditis, brain and renal abscess, toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome and many more. S. aureus has many virulence factors that contribute to its harmfulness. The cell surface structures of S. aureus are involved damage to the host and protection to the organism from the host’s immune system. Although non-invasive, S. aureus is encountered by direct, skin-to-skin contact with another carrier. S. aureus can produce B-lactamase that can break down penicillin. Treatment can be done with other antibiotics however, S. aureus has protein A, which makes the organism resistant to many other antibiotics. Many bacterial physiology tests can be done to understand the metabolism of S....
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...One study showed that over 66% of pens, 55% of stethoscopes, 47% of cell phones, and 28% of white coats possessed pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Pandey et al., 2010) White coats worn by healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants have been discussed as possible vectors of infection. Since many healthcare professionals place these accessories in their white coats, the risk of continually transmitting pathogens to the white coats increases even more. In a cross-sectional study on 100 medical students, the researchers used questionnaires asking how frequently and with what type of detergent the students laundered their lab coats in (Anand, Banu & Nagi , 2012). The frequency was measured by the following : less than 3 days, 1 week, 2-4 weeks and greater than 1 month. The choices for detergent were soap...
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...Impetigo is caused by one or two different kinds of bacteria-strep or Staph. These bacteria often enter the body when the skin has been irritated or injured due to other skin problems such as eczema, Poison ivy, insect bites, burns or cuts. Some risk factors would be Age… although anyone can develop this disease its most commonly occurs in children age 2-6. Also children can get it in crowded places such as school or child care setting due to the fact that impetigo spreads. Impetigo is more common in the summer due to warm and humid weather. Certain sports and broken skin can also be a risk factor for Impetigo. Signs of Impetigo include red rashes, blisters, and pimples also more commonly...
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...strains of bacteria. The active ingredient will be obtained and used as a treatment in the study. The researcher chose this topic because the researcher wants to learn if the growth of the Staphylococcus Epidermidis when it is placed with the avocado extract. The researcher became interested in this topic because the researcher likes to do experiments that can help the world through this research. Theoretical Framework The Active ingredients of an avocado extract is good for the skin, it has different vitamins like vitamin A, B1, B2, B5, D, E, and more. This is good today because of the violent rays coming from the sun. Conceptual Framework Input Process Output |Avocado oil | |Staphylococcus Aureus | |Bacteria Check list | |Preparation of materials | |Extraction | |Analysis of Staphylococcus | |Epidermidis | |Statistical...
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