...and “Peter Parker” pick out the same one person or thing. With that, I can restate the proposition as Mary Jane Watson, Peter Parker’s love interest, believes that Peter Parker can crawl on walls. However now Mary Jane believes this statement is false “de dicto” and true “de re”. It is false “de dicto” because Mary Jane does not know the words to be true; she is not aware that Peter Parker and Spider Man are the same one person or thing. Nevertheless the restated proposition is true “de re” because Spider Man and Peter Parker are the same one person and since Spider Man can crawl on walls it must be true that Peter Parker can crawl on walls. Other terms that we use to clearly state our intention are rigid designators, both temporal and modal. They are terms designed to refer, denote or pick out the same thing in all possible worlds. It only refers to that thing in worlds where it exists and does not refer to anything else in worlds where it does not exist. For example, the statement ‘the governor of California had an affair with the housekeeper’. This statement would need a temporally rigid designator stating the time Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor so that we are able to pick him out. In the state of California, a governors term is four years and it is possible, without reelection, to have a new governor of California every four years. By adding on...
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...Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Title/Number 17 December 2010 Conceivability as a Guide to Possibility In his scholarly article entitled, Does Conceivability Entail Possibility (2002), Professor David J. Chalmers of the University of Arizona examines the argument that to conceive of something necessarily entails its possibility. Chalmers states that arguments regarding conceivability and possibility typically consist of three parts; the first is the epistemic claim---conceived statement (S); the second is the modal claim---because S is conceived of, S is necessarily possible; and the third is the metaphysical claim, consisting of an assertion about the nature the universe. For example, I can conceive of that my mind exists independent of my brain, therefore it is possible that my mind exists independent of my brain, meaning that the mind is not reducible to the brain. Similarly, I can conceive of seeing without eyes, therefore it is possible that I can see without eyes, meaning that sight is not reducible to eyes, but is something independent of the eyes. But is it? In this second example, in particular, the distinction between a metaphysical possibility and a natural possibility is clear. While it is perhaps metaphysically possible to see without eyes---in a different world with different physical laws that do not require eyes for sight---in our present world, it is not naturally or physically possible to see without eyes. In broader terms, the metaphysical...
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...COVER PAGE Table of contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1 Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs: Theoretical Aspect 4 1.1. Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs and Their Different Interpretations 4 1.2. Syntax, Morphology and Scope of semi-modal verbs 7 Chapter 2: Semi-Modal Verb GET: Practical Aspect 12 2.1. Usage: Tense and Aspect 12 2.2. Different Uses of Semi-Modal Verb GET 14 Conclusions 19 Bibliography 20 Introduction Human language is truly unique as it allows us to talk about things beyond here and now. The way we do so is through the Tense, Aspect and Modality systems of natural language. Modality is what this paper is about. Roughly speaking, modality allows us to talk about events that may not have happened, but are desired or required. Modality is completely autonomous unit, and it affects our language usage in many ways. Tense and Modality are undeniably interconnected: what used to be a possibility a month ago may not be one today. Tense and Aspect are likewise related: a punctual event that took place yesterday may not hold at present, but an event (or state) that is more durative may still hold. The primary function of modal verbs is to enable us to talk about possibilities and necessities. We can talk about the ways the world should be, were there peace on Earth, how it might have been, would Christopher Columbus not have landed in America, etc... This ability to go beyond...
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...Business Correspondence Abstract: As a variety of English, English of business correspondence has its unique grammatical features. This paper discusses the grammatical features in English business correspondence from sentence types, sentence structures, the location of adverbial phrases, tense, aspect, subjunctive mood , compound words, modal verbs and passive voice. Key words: grammar; feature; business correspondence. 商务函电英语的语法特点 摘要: 商务函电英语作为一种有自己特点的英语,有其独特的语法特点。本文从句子类型、句子结构、状语的位置、时与体、虚拟语气、复合词、情态动词和被动语态八个方面探讨了商务函电英语的语法特点。 关键词:语法;特点;商务函电 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Sentence types of English of business correspondence 1 2.1 Declarative sentences 1 2.2 Imperative sentences 2 2.3 Interrogative sentences 2 3. Sentence structure of English of business correspondence 3 4. The locations of adverbials of English of business correspondence 4 5. The use of tense and aspect of English of business correspondence 5 6. The use of subjunctive mood of English of business correspondence 5 7. The extensive use of compound words of hereby category in English of business correspondence 6 8 The use of modal verb in English of business correspondence 7 9. The use of passive voice in English of business correspondence 7 10. Conclusion 7 Works cited 8 The Grammatical Features in English Business Correspondence Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 2007 Huangjin Tutor: Professor Guo Guihang 1. Introduction The English in...
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...To: Management of M Corporation From: NAme Date: February 23, 2015 Subject: Treatment of Loss Contingency Overturned on Appeal I would like to give some guidance on a relevant accounting issue that has arisen at your company, M corporation. There has recently been a litigation against the company and I believe that the best way to account for it would be to record the loss in a contingent liability account. This account will ensure that the company’s statements properly illustrate the current situation by matching the cost with the events that created them. The first issue we need to address is the initial valuation and recognition of the possible liability. At December 31, 2007 it was determined that the loss was probable and was estimated to incur a cost of $15 million to $20 million with $17 million being the most probable amount. I strongly suggest that the company recognize this potential loss because given the facts, FASB would require it. According to FASB Codification 450-20-25-2, “An estimated loss from a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if…Information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.” In this case, both requirements are met so it would be difficult to make a case against the recognition of the potential loss on December 31, 2007. The next issue to consider is the amount of loss contingency that should be recorded. A $17 million contingent...
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...The Genius Trane "[Charlie Parker] winked at Coltrane, and said, 'I like your name, my man. It reminds me of a quality brand of English muffins" (Thomas, 37). J.C. Thomas, in his book Chasin' the Trane: the Music and Mystique of John Coltrane, provides the reader with a background of the life and times of John Coltrane, going through various aspects of how he got started, his influences, his conflicts, and other pertinent areas. Throughout the book, Thomas supplements his commentary with hundreds of quotes sprinkled about, both from people in Coltrane's life, and Coltrane himself. This constant flow of inside reports aids in painting a vivid picture of not only the atmosphere of the emotions of Coltrane, but also how he was perceived by others during his career. Thomas consistently refers to Coltrane as a genius, even citing Arthur Schopenhauer's definition of genius to complement his commentary, and illustrates this wondrously through detailing the steps Coltrane took in practising. In the review of this book, this paper will not only touch on various elements of Thomas's writing ability and the shaping of the text, but also challenge Thomas's stance that Coltrane is, in fact, a genius. First, a brief review of the text itself. As stated previously, the text is absolutely littered with quotes and reactions from people in John Coltrane's life, and it almost sets a sort of call-and-response tone to the whole of the book. Sometimes, it was even a bit difficult to discern whether...
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...The modal verbs are:- CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD Modal | Example | Uses | Can | They can control their own budgets. We can’t fix it. Can I smoke here? Can you help me? | Ability / Possibility Inability / Impossibility Asking for permission Request | Could | Could I borrow your dictionary? Could you say it again more slowly? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. | Asking for permission. Request Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past | May | May I have another cup of coffee? China may become a major economic power. | Asking for permission Future possibility | Might | We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. They might give us a 10% discount. | Present possibilityFuture possibility | Must | We must say good-bye now. They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary. | Necessity / Obligation Prohibition | Ought to | We ought to employ a professional writer. | Saying what’s right or correct | Shall (More common in the UK than the US) | Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall we say 2.30 then? Shall I do that or will you? | Offer Suggestion Asking what to do | Should | We should sort out this problem at once. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year. | Saying what’s right or correct Recommending action Uncertain prediction | Will | I can’t see...
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...specialists named after Abdulla Avloniy Theme: Modal verbs in English GRADUATION PAPER Submitted by: Familiya va ism Scientific advisor: Familiya va ism TASHKENT 2012 Сontent Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….3 Chapter I. Functions of the modal verbs and their characteristics in the English language 1. Functions and types of the modal verbs……………………………. 2. Understanding the functions of modal verbs in English……………. 1.3. Morphology and syntax of modal verbs………………………………… Chapter II. Methods of teaching modal verbs to schoolchildren 2.1. The difficulties in teaching modal verbs 2.2 Different types of utilization of the English modal verbs 2.3. Context use of the modal verbs 2.4. Range of forms of the modal verbs in English Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… The list of used literature……………………………………………………… Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….......?? The list of the used literature…………………………..................................?? Introduction Modal verbs are the types of verbs which gives specific meaning to the main verb added and it is used to define and describe different situations expressed in the sentence. There are different types of modal verbs which can be conjugated in...
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...MODAL VERBS IN COMMUNICATION There is no communication among people without expressing their attitudes to what they say and to one another. It means that we cannot manage without modals in everyday life. But those who speak English as a foreign language may have great difficulty choosing the correct modal verb to express exactly what they want to. These are the most common situations in which modals are helpful: 1. Asking for permission: Can I ask you a question, please? (informal) Could I (possibly) ask you a question, please? (more polite) Can’t / Couldn’t I ask you a question? (if you want to put extra pressure on someone to give a positive answer) I wonder if I could ask you a question. (very polite) May I ask you a question, please? (formal) Might I ask you a question, please? (very formal) 2. Giving / Refusing permission: You can park your car here. (informal) You may park your car in this area. (formal – usually written) You can’t / mustn’t park your car here (informal, prohibition) You may not park your car here (formal – usually written) You needn’t do it. (permission not to do) 3. Making requests / instructions / orders: Can you explain this to me? (informal) Could / Would you explain this to me? (more polite) Will you explain this to me? (polite instruction) You must explain this to me. (very strict) Can I have some water? (informal) Could I have some water? (polite) May I have some water? (formal) Might I have some water? (very formal) ...
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...Teori Pendekatan Tradisional Pendekatan Tradisional berpendapat akan adanya struktur modal yang optimal. Artinya Struktur Modal mempunyai pengaruh terhadap Nilai Perusahaan, dimana Struktur Modal dapat berubah-ubah agar bisa diperoleh nilai perusahaan yang optimal. 2) Teori Pendekatan Modigliani dan Miller Teori MM tanpa pajak Teori struktur modal modern yang pertama adalah teori Modigliani dan Miller (teori MM). Mereka berpendapat bahwa struktur modal tidak relevan atau tidak mempengaruhi nilai perusahaan. MM mengajukan beberapa asumsi untuk membangun teori mereka (Brigham dan Houston, 2001, p.31) yaitu: Tidak terdapat agency cost. Tidak ada pajak. Investor dapat berhutang dengan tingkat suku bunga yang sama dengan perusahaan Investor mempunyai informasi yang sama seperti manajemen mengenai prospek perusahaan di masa depan Tidak ada biaya kebangkrutan Earning Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) tidak dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan dari hutang. Para investor adalah price-takers. Jika terjadi kebangkrutan maka aset dapat dijual pada harga pasar (market value). Teori MM dengan pajak Teori MM tanpa pajak dianggap tidak realistis dan kemudian MM memasukkan faktor pajak ke dalam teorinya. Pajak dibayarkan kepada pemerintah, yang berarti merupakan aliran kas keluar. Hutang bisa digunakan untuk menghemat pajak, karena bunga bisa dipakai sebagai pengurang pajak. 3) Teori Trade-Off dalam Struktur Modal Menurut trade-off teory yang diungkapkan oleh Myers (2001), “Perusahaan akan...
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...dinyatakan di dalam laporan fiskal tahun 2001. Walaupun pengurusan Nike ditangani beberapa isu yang menyebabkan penurunan dalam jualan pasaran dan harga saham, pengurusan mendedahkan satu rancangan untuk memperbaiki prestasi supaya menjadi lebih baik. Pihak ketiga juga menjadi sumber untuk memberikan pendapat sama ada saham itu merupakan pelaburan yang kukuh ataupun tidak. Justeru, Kos Modal Purata Berwajaran (WACC) dapat melihat pelaburan yang memaksimumkan nilai syarikat. WACC adalah kadar (dinyatakan sebagai peratusan, seperti faedah) bahawa syarikat dijangka untuk membayar kepada pemegang hutang (kos hutang) dan pemegang saham (kos ekuiti) untuk membiayai asetnya. Ia adalah pulangan minimum yang syarikat perlu terima atas aset asas sedia ada untuk memenuhi pemiutang, pemilik dan pembekal modal lain. Syarikat mengumpul wang dari beberapa sumber seperti ekuiti biasa, waran, liabiliti pencen, opsyen saham eksekutif, subsidi kerajaan, dan sebagainya. Sekuriti berlainan dijangka menjana pulangan yang berbeza. WACC adalah dikira dengan mengambil kira berat relatif setiap komponen modal struktur hutang dan ekuiti, dan digunakan untuk melihat sama ada pelaburan itu sesuai untuk dijalankan atau tidak . LATAR BELAKANG SYARIKAT Nike, Inc, adalah sebuah perusahaan yang ditubuhkan pada 1964 di...
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...mencetak maklumat peribadi pada cek dan buku cek. Deluxe menjadi sebuah syarikat yang didagangkan secara umum pada tahun 1965, dan didagangkan di Bursa Saham New York pada tahun 1980 di bawah nama Deluxe Corporation. Syarikat ini pembekal terbesar cek di Amerika Syarikat, melayan pelanggan melalui lebih daripada 10000 institusi kewangan. Pengguna Amerika menulis lebih daripada 42 bilion cek setiap tahun, walaupun penggunaan cek telah menurun pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. Pada awal tahun 1996 Deluxe mengumumkan perancangan untuk mengurangkan kos operasi dengan $ 150.000.000 dalam tempoh dua tahun. Termasuk dalam ini adalah penutupan yang dirancang 26 daripada 41 loji daftar percetakan syarikat , pengurangan 30 peratus dalam perbelanjaan modal , pelaksanaan fungsi pembelian berpusat, dan pemberhentian 30 peratus daripada pegawai-pegawai syarikat. Dilepaskan pada tahun 1996 adalah T / Maker Syarikat , Borang Penjagaan Kesihatan , Perkhidmatan Pemprosesan Alliance Financial , borang Inc Deluxe UK , dan perniagaan bentuk bank dalaman. Satu penyusunan semula operasi yang hanya tinggal dengan empat segmen perniagaan utama pada tahun 1997. Sistem Kertas Pembayaran Deluxe terdiri daripada cek perkhidmatan percetakan yang kekal teras syarikat, termasuk Cek Semasa dan Deluxe Kanada Inc, yang telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1994 untuk menyediakan institusi kewangan Kanada dengan cek dan borang-borang kewangan....
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...Kesulitan Keuangan. Jika perusahaan mencapai tahap tidak solvabel, pada dasarnya ada dua pilihan, yaitu likuidasi (kebangrkutan) atau reorganisasi. Likuidasi jika nilai likuidasi lebih besar dibandingkan nilai perusahaan kalau diteruskan. Reorganisasi kalau perusahaan masih menunjukkan prospek yang baik, sehingga nilai perusahaan kalau diteruskan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan nilai perusahaan kalau dilikuidasi. Pemecahan Secara Formal. Dilakukan apabila masalah sudah parah, kreditur dan pemasok dana lainnya ingin mempunyai jaminan keamanan dan keadilan. Pemecahan secara formal melibatkan pihak ketiga yaitu pengadilan. Cara : a. Apabila nilai perusahaan > Nilai perusahaan dilikuidasi, dilakukan Reorganisasi, dengan merubah struktur modal menjadi struktur modal yang layak. Perubahan bisa dilakukan melalui perpanjangan, perubahan komposisi, atau...
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...BIAYA MODAL. Pengertian Biaya Modal. Biaya modal (coc) merupakan biaya yang harus dikeluarkan atau dibayar oleh perusahaan untuk mendapatkan modal yang diguna-kan untuk investasi perusahaan. Modal : 1. Hutang Obligasi. 2. Saham Preferen. 3. Saham Biasa. 4. Laba ditahan. Konsep biaya modal penting dalam pembelanjaan perusahaan, karena dapat dipakai untuk menentukan besarnya biaya yang secara riil harus ditanggung oleh perusahan untuk memperoleh modal dari berbagai sumber. Konsep perhitungan biaya modal dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsep rata-rata tertimbang (wacc) dari keseluru-han modal yang digunakan didalam perusahaan. WACC sifatnya “explicit”, sama dengan “discount rate” yang dapat menjadikan PV dari modal neto yang diterima perusahaan sama dengan PV dari semua biaya yang harus dibayarkan karena penggunaan modal tersebut. Biaya yang harus dibayar : 1. Pembayaran Bunga. 2. Pembayaran dividen. 3. Pembayaran angsuran pokok pinjaman atau “principal”. Biaya modal dapat diukur dengan “rate of return” minimum dari investasi baru yang dikeluarkan perusahaan, dengan asumsi bahwa tingkat risiko dari investasi baru sama dengan risiko dari aktiva yang dimiliki saat ini. BIAYA MODAL SECARA INDIVIDUAL. Biaya Modal dari Hutang Perniagaan. Biaya modal ini bersifat explicit, karena perusahaan gagal mem-bayar pada tepat waktu, sehingga kehilangan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan discount. Cash Discount Cod = x 100% ...
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...lengkap dari The New York Times dan surat kabar #oston *lobe! NYTD 'uga bertanggung 'awab untuk mengelola +rsip Digital Perusahaan bisnis Distribusi, yang menyediakan konten untuk layanan pen"arian berita penelitian, seperti Dow ones dan -e.is Ne.is!/ereka 'uga berusaha menemukan "ara baru dan kreati0 untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan multimedia internet, termasuk tayangan slide, audio dan konten video, dan bagian interakti0 khusus, seperti "ontoh pada alt -ake 1ity $%%$ 2limpiade /usim Dingin! +kses gratis ke NYTimes!"om membuat pengguna diharuskan untuk menda0tar! Dan dengan n0ormasi Penda0taran NYTimes!"om tersebut digunakan untuk memasang iklan!trategi NYTD : NYTD selalu mengembangkan organisasi dengan selalu melakukan perbaikan struktur organisasi! Penda0taran online gratis untuk mengakses NYTimes!"om, namun pengguna harus menda0tar untuk digunakan! NYTD ingin mendapatkan pesan kuat bahwa kami adalah bisnis yang berbeda, sebuah perusahaan yang berbeda, dan budaya yang berbeda! elain itu NYTD berusaha untuk men"iptakan budaya eksperimental! 3ontrol birokrasi, prosedur, dan dokumen diminimalkan NYTD mengembangkan pendekatan bottomup untuk penganggaran, dengan pendekatan ini...
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