...Background In rural areas people live with poverty, violence, abuse, poor health and unemployment. They lack access to water, sanitation, health care and education. Women face the greatest burden because they must find ways to earn income while caring for their family. The diagnosis of AIDS/HIV is just another burden on top of their strenuous life. Of the 37 million people living with HIV/AIDS, an overwhelming 95 percent live in developing countries. Within those countries, AIDS is becoming a greater threat in rural areas than in cities. The epidemic is spreading with alarming speed into the remotest villages, cutting food production and threatening the very life of rural communities. This will then bleed into threatening the city and then the country itself. This disease has caused more death than war itself around the world. The article concentrates on Brazil and the different ways they are addressing their issues of HIV/AIDs. They are doing a good job stretching their budget to meet the need for condoms, informational meetings, plays, and movies, and supplying medicine for infected people in their country. As a country Brazil is trying very hard to address the situation of the deadly disease and trying to make sure their people know the consequence of not using protection in and out of wedlock. These informative meetings are very important to attempt to decrease the number of infected people in each country and the supply of condoms with the appropriate funds. DUREX is...
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...AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival 1. Comment on the Brazilian and Indian governments’ strategies for the prevention of AIDS via the marketing of condoms. I think the Brazilian government’s strategies is good, because they are allowing the prevention of contract AIDS, because they are getting closer to a big part of Brazilian people that could be in high risk of contracting or that are already infected with the incurable ailment; however, its necessary that the government makes another strategy for an attack in an effective way. That’s why I think it is necessary to make programs of sexual education to all the Brazilian population especially in the poor sector and the youth, which are the most vulnerable ones. Unlike the Brazilian strategies, the Indian government is making a good campaign according to their culture and religious believes. It would be a very good strategy to look at the open minded cities to bring them AIDS education from high schools to universities and the rest of the society and in this way start to create a responsible conscious about sexually transmitted diseases. 2. How is the AIDS problem different in the United States compared with Brazil and India? The AIDS problem in the United States compared with Brazil is smaller because the culture in this country allows that the women can freely ask their sexual partner to use protection. Brazilian women can’t do this because of the Latin-Style machismo that makes them feel afraid and overpowered by their...
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...Study of the rates of co-infection of HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Urbanized regions within Sub-Saharan Africa Sistla Sumanth Introduction: Airborne communication of mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the evolution of primary tuberculosis (TB) in immunostable and immunocomprimsed patients (Aaron, et al. 2004). In 1993, the center for disease control classification identified that TB was the defining illness in HIV infected patients, as it is typically the first symptom bearing illness to afflict the patient (Aaron, et al. 2004). TB cases have dramatically increased in the global setting in recent, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the sensitivity of HIV infected patients to this co-infection. TB results from a pathogenic infection caused primarily by M. tuberculosis, and seldom Mycobacterium bovis; the infiltration of the bacterium into the respiratory tract leads to the infection of the macrophages and cytotoxic cells debilitating intracellular growth (Aaron, et al. 2004). The risk of HIV infected patients to succumb due to the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV is twice that of patients only infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004). A 1997 estimate suggests that atleast 10.7million people were co-infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis; more than 30% of TB cases in Africa are also infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004) showing the susceptibility of co-infection in immunocompromised patients. Those living in Sub-Saharan Africa...
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...ACCT 504 Week 5 Case Study 2 Internal Control - LJB Company Click Link Below To Purchase or visit homework-aid.com : http://homework-aid.com/ACCT-504-Week-5-Case-Study-2-Internal-Control-LJB-Company-1804.htm?categoryId=-1 Case Study 2 - Internal Control- Due by Sunday of week 5 LJB Company, a local distributor, has asked your accounting firm to evaluate their system of internal controls because they are planning to go public in the future. The President wants to be aware of any new regulations required of his company if they go public so he met with a colleague of yours at a local restaurant. The President of the company explained the current system of internal controls to your colleague. Your colleague has since been promoted to a tax position so she has passed on the information below so you can generate recommendations for the partner at your accounting firm to share with the President of LJB Company. Since LJB Company is a relatively lean organization, they have a lot of faith in their long-term employees. They have one accountant who serves as Treasurer and Controller which streamlines many of their processes. In this dual role, he purchases all of the supplies and pays for these purchases. He also receives the checks and completes the monthly bank reconciliation. The accountant is so busy that the company handles petty cash a bit differently. All employees have access to the petty cash in a desk drawer and are asked to only place a note if they use any...
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...HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES OF STANDARD EIGHT PUPILS IN MATHIRA EAST CONSTITUENCY: A CASE STUDY OF RAGATI, KARURA, KIRIGU AND D.E.B PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS PRESENTED BY: GRACE MUNGA EDU/DECD/5018/09 A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO KARATINA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF A DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION (ECDE) May-August 2011 Supervisor: SW Macharia DECLARATION I, Grace Munga, ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 declare that this proposal is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree in any college or university. ______________________________ Date_____________________ GRACE MUNGA ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 This research proposal has been submitted for the examination with my approval as the supervisor. ___________________________ Date ______________________ Sw Macharia Dedication I dedicate this research project to my family, especially my mom and dad who offered me great emotional and financial support while I was carrying out the study. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the standard eight pupils who took part in this research study and willingly answered the research questions that I asked them. Also the school heads for allowing their students to be part of this research. Without their participation, this study would not have been successful. I also acknowledge my lecturer Mr. Macharia for offering academic guidance and corrections when I was carrying out the study. ...
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...Efforts to Influence Sexual Behavior of Young Haitian Women: Implications for Addressing the Risk of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) C Castor Citation C Castor. Parental Efforts to Influence Sexual Behavior of Young Haitian Women: Implications for Addressing the Risk of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). The Internet Journal of World Health and Societal Politics. 2014 Volume 9 Number 1. Abstract Background: In 2010, HIV/AIDS was ranked as the leading cause of disease burden in 21 countries including Haiti. Addressing the issues of HIV is complex and associated with the dynamic of personal relationships, which are further complicated by the issues of gender inequality in these relationships. Furthermore, in the Haitian culture, women often fail to have open discussions about sexuality and sexual health and especially the issue of forced sex. This is complicated by the issue of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDs, sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and/ or related health problems with their daughters. Parental involvement is thought to be an effective prevention strategy in behavior change. However, there is limited data regarding the level of parental contribution to sexual education and development of the young females in Haiti Objective: The study sought to determine: Haitian women’s knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs; the impact of parental influence for learning about sex, relationships and sexual health of Haitian...
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...Sample APA Annotated Bibliography With Instructions APA means American Psychological Association and often refers to the style of documentation adopted by that professional group, a style that features the date of publication more prominently than other forms of documentation. See the Hodges’ Harbrace Handbook (pp. 652-679***) and the PowerPoint presentation on APA under the Research Writing Resources in the Web Resources section of the ENC 1135 on-line syllabus for details. Since annotated means enhanced or clarified with notes, an annotated bibliography is a list of sources presented with comments on content and usefulness to the research under way. The list must be presented in alphabetical order by the author’s last name or the first word of the title (for a resource that shows no author), regardless of form of the source; that is book, journal, Internet page, and CD-ROM—with author(s) or without Sources—all appear together on one list. Do not number the entries on the References list. The forms for the electronic resources appear accurately and carefully on the Learning Resources pages of the IRCC site, or you may pick up the printed “Documenting Electronic Resources APA STYLE” at the Ft. Pierce campus library and at the sites. Carefully note that the title of an APA bibliography is “References.” All items on the sample list below are pure fiction, as are all comments; they are offered to provide example of proper form. A 750-1000 word APA must...
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...HIV/AIDS social and behavioural research: past advances and thoughts about the future Authors: J P Moatti, Y Souteyrand Journal: Social Science [?] Medicine This paper is an introduction to the various contributions in this special issue of Social Science & Medicine which are an attempt to synthesise the main debates of the 2nd European Conference on Social and Behavioural Research on AIDS held in Paris, in January 1998. The paper discusses how the recent advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) and new trends in the epidemic (its concentration in the socially most vulnerable groups and countries) have affected the research agenda of European social and behavioural sciences (SBS) in HIV/AIDS. Questions which had already been thoroughly studied by SBS (like determinants of HIV-related risk behaviours, or impact of gender and socio-economic inequities as well as discrimination on the diffusion of HIV) will have to be "revisited" in light of these recent changes. New issues (such as risk behaviours among already infected patients. impact of therapeutic advances on psychosocial and daily life management of their disease by people living with HIV/AIDS, adherence to treatment, or "normalisation" of AIDS public policies) will have to be strongly and quickly dealt with, in order for SSB to keep the pace with the rapid evolution of the epidemic and of the societal responses to it. Finally, the paper argues that to face these challenges, new theoretical and methodological...
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... . . . . . . . . . Significance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Review of related literature Related literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography Chapter I HIV/AIDS INTRODUCTION The arrival of the AIDS epidemic in the 20th Century, brought with it fear, superstition and prejudice. This disease is not the first one where society has imposed social stigmas, political agendas and outright pandemonium. Misunderstandings of other diseases like the bubonic plague, small pox and the Spanish flu also have caused hysteria among populations around the world, but the main difference between these epidemics and that of AIDS/HIV is that AIDS is a modern epidemic staged in a new world of influential media outlets, politics and new social stigmas. In order to combat the societal misunderstandings of AIDS/HIV, one must understand the disease itself. When referring to AIDS/HIV, one is actually talking about two different parts of the same disease. AIDS (Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the main disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS attacks the immune system of people causing...
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...Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines STS 1 - X GROUP 16 STS 1 - X GROUP 16 Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines ------------------------------------------------- Factolerin, M., Mantala, C.J., Bernardo, M.C., Villa, A., Navarro, A.J., Ausa, E., Obiña, M.L., Velarde, E., Bernabe, M., Lusanta, A., & Bolanos, J. I. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted through the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals. It occurs in three ways: sexual transmission, exposure to infected blood or blood products, or perinatal transmission, which includes breastfeeding. The likelihood for transmission is affected by social, cultural, and environmental factors that differ between and within the various regions, countries, and continents. This virus attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system (UNAIDS, 2000). When HIV infects a cell, it combines with that cell's genetic material and may lie inactive for years. Most people infected with HIV are still healthy and can live for years with no symptoms or only minor illnesses. They might be infected with HIV, but this does not necessarily mean that they have AIDS. HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes that help recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses...
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...genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that Thai adolescents’ knowledge on HIV was high. Among the sample, which consisted of students’ aged 15-21, 99.5% had heard of HIV. More than 90 % could identify three main routes of contracting the infection. The same study also showed that knowledge of other STDs was lower than the knowledge on HIV, and that some of the students did not know that STDs could cause infertility. The study showed...
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...The impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population.1 AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. During 2008 alone, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children died as a result of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.2 Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS.3 Although access to antiretroviral treatment is starting to lessen the toll of AIDS, fewer than half of Africans who need treatment are receiving it.4 The impact of AIDS will remain severe for many years to come. The impact on the health sector In all heavily affected countries the AIDS epidemic is adding additional pressure on the health sector. As the epidemic matures, the demand for care for those living with HIV rises, as does the toll of AIDS on health workers. In sub-Saharan Africa, the direct medical costs of AIDS (excluding antiretroviral therapy) have been estimated at about US$30 per year for every person infected, at a time when overall public health spending is less than US$10 per year for most African countries.5 The effect on hospitals [pic] Nurses working on the HIV ward at Kisiizi Hospital in Uganda ...
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...Social Problems Chupical Shollah Manuel HIV is a long term social problem in most underdeveloped countries. This takes us directly beyond the epidemiological aspects of the disease to the social and economic dimensions. Many social studies have revealed that HIV and AIDS is fast becoming a social cancer and it can be understood if one was to assess the social structure and the availability of resources in the society. The most affected persons are those who live in the lower strata of the social stratification due to inequalities that comes with social structure. This paper serves to explain that HIV and AIDS is a social problem of poverty and it also looks at other factors such as religion, promiscuity and child rights which also result in the spread of the disease. It is undisputed to say that poverty is implicated in the prevalence in most developing world. Because these countries are generally poor people are normally forced to engage in activities that end up putting them at the risk of HIV. United Nations (2004) revealed that in South Africa more than 6 million people where living with HIV. The paper also revealed that the majority number who were affected were blacks who are generally poor who have no proper housing facilities, mal-nutritional, lack of safe water. Further research has suggested that Botswana and Zimbabwe have high prevalence of the disease due to the poor conditions which prevails in these countries. In Zimbabwe around 2 million people are said to...
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...SOCIAL EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS AMONG THE YOUTHS IN KENYA; A SURVEY STUDY OF ELDORET TOWN GROUP MEMBERS REG No. FAITH TOMNO BTM/1008/08 MERCY RUTO BTM/1077/08 CAROLINE KOECH BTM/13/08 EVA NADUPOI BTM/1076/09 JOSPHINE MARITIM BTM/ 116/09 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the previous studies on the related field, acknowledges the contribution made by the scholars’ publication (seminar papers, conference proceedings, business journals text books and periodicals) the literature review has been categorized under various sub headings. 2.2 Past studies Epidemics like HIV/AIDS are both a social phenomenon and a biological reality, and therefore occur within a specific social context. The process through which individuals decide either to take or not to take an HIV test takes place in a social context. HIV/ AIDS have become one of the most serious challenges facing human development and achievement of National and Millennium Development Goals in Kenya. 2.2.1 Characteristics of the youth without HIV and AIDS Personality characteristics They are successful in the way they present themselves to the surrounding environment, and most importantly their target. There are a great many books and resources about how to have a positive personal...
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...Conspiracy of AIDS Thousands of conspiracy theories are tossed about everyday making outrageous claims about something not fully understood by the theories creators. On subject in particular that has been the subject to many of these often ridiculous accusations are ones about AIDS. Today, most people believe that HIV and AIDS originated in Africa. However, the reality is that no one really knows where the AIDS virus originated. Due to numerous counts of cases and other important factors of AIDS, there are many different possibilities that have been proposed regarding the derivation of the disease. For instance, the conspiracy theory that was first introduced to the people of the world was that AIDS was contracted by a monkey bite. But now we know it is impossible. Some people say that it wasn’t nature that created AIDS: it was the U.S Government. According to this conspiracy theory, the U.S Government made AIDS in effort to rule out homosexuals and black people because these two minority groups are two of the most disliked minority groups in America. Though the conspiracy theory, known as the AIDS/bio warfare theory, proposes some suspicious and persuasive arguments, there is no possible way that the U.S Government created HIV. First of all, it is important to know what HIV and AIDS are. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. It is a Lentivirus, which means “slow virus” because...
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