...Chapter 13- Kelly * How is Kelly’s theory categorized? Phenomenology, cognitive, existential, and humanistic theories. * What is constructive alternativism? People are free to construe reality any way they want: no one is bound by one’s biography. * How is it related to Vaihinger and Adler? Propositional thinking * What is the fundamental postulate? A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he/she anticipates events. People as scientists. * What are the 11 corollaries? * Construction – a person anticipates events by construing their replications * Individuality – persons differ from each other in their construction of events * Organization – each person characteristically creates, for his or her convenience in anticipation of events, a construction system with a defined ordinal relationship. * Dichotomy – a person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. * Choice – a person chooses for oneself that alternative in a dichotomized construct that promises the most growth for him or her. * Range – a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite number of events * Experience – a person’s construction system caries as he or she successfully construes the replication of events. * Modulation – the variation of a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within that range of convenience...
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...Chapter 1 - Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Abnormal Psychology (PS265) Class Notes Guide Shoshana Sloman DEFINING "PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER" A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a resonse that is not typical or culturally expected. Each criterion contributes something to the definition. Any one element, alone, would not constitute a psychological disorder. Criteria: (Standard for judging) Psychological Dysfunction: Breakdown of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. (Examples?) Where do we draw the line? Considered a continuum or dimension, rather than being present or absent. (dys = Greek for bad, abnormal, difficult) (ab = Latin for off, away from; norma = rule -- abnormal = deviating from the norm, from the rule) Personal Distress or Impairment: Distress: The individual is usually extremely upset about the dysfunction. This is not ALWAYS the case, however, as is often true with mania. Impairment: Interferes with normal activities, with achieving things that the person wants to. But not always. Depends on the severity. (Some simple phobias, for example.) Illustrates how most psychological disorders are extreme expressions of otherwise normal behavior. Atypical or Not Culturally Expected: Deviates from the average, the greater the deviation, the more abnormal, but that doesn’t automatically imply a disorder. (Pro athletes, talented artists.) More productive...
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...SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR Abstract Reading this paper it will give you an insight as to how society influences behavior. Pavlov wasknown for his study of learned behavior with his dog and salvation experiment. This paper willidentify situations when parents raise their kids and try to discipline them and not allow their personalities to conform to fearfulness or defiance. Also, you will get a understanding of classical and operant conditioning. This paper will discuss the effects of society and drinking andthe effects it will have on a person. What would have the greatest effect on a person¶s life, todiscipline or not to discipline or to describe alcohol as something bad and never give reasoningor to introduce it without warrant? As we grow through life we learn how behavior changes based on our social situations. Itis known that social psychology is the scientific study of how people¶s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Kowalski,2009). We begin as a tabula rasa on which various experiences throughout development write behavior and, ultimately, the person him/her self. We will take a look at the relationships whichdetermine behavior of parents and children when it comes to discipline as well as the relationship between persons who are sober and person who are drunk and their different behaviors. Children and Parents When examining parent and children relationship and discipline. We can conclude...
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...AICE PSYCH AS: Social Approach Study Guide Paper 2 1.a. Situational explanations of behavior refer to how the situation determines the behavior more than the natural disposition of the person. In the subway Samaritan study, the situations drunk and ill conditions an how each affected how many people helped. In the Milgram study, power, place, and formality are used to influence behavior against better judgement. 1. b. Both studies gathered qualitative and quantitative data. In the Piliavin et al study, quantitative data included the number of helpers at a given time and qualitative data included comments. In the obedience study, the quantitative data is the amount of people who stopped at which voltages and the qualitative data includes the...
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...Different psychiatrists have observed individuals for the development of personality. Each has resolved a view based on those observations. They have often been quite different from each other. Those differences lead to a completely different interpretation of adult behavior and its meanings. In addition, they separate theory based on what is most important to the psychiatrist. The development of personality is how an individual becomes that individual (Gerson, 1994). It includes the “stable and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving” (Gerson, 1994, 2). Character forms by resolving conflicts of drives and tensions, and the pressures to conform and socialize. Psychoanalytic models of personality integrate innate predispositions with the environment and its impact. In these theories, parents act as models for ego, ego-ideal and superego. Introjection and identification are basic processes. The child develops partially based on the parents’ characteristics, and the ways in which conflicts with the parents are resolved. The stages in the child’s life when the interactions with parents take place area also part of the process. Sigmund Freud attached a sexual perspective to the entire human psyche (Gerson, 1994). He defined three components of a person: the id, the ego, and the superego. The conflicts between the three parts often conflicts, creating personality. When the conflicts are not treated, neuroses occur. Each person also has two drives or instincts that are...
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...Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens Crystal Revis HCS 245 June 10, 2013 Joan Ralph Webber Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens Bipolar disorder is a very common disorder in adults all across the country, with more than 10 million confirmed cases (Webmd, 2013), and even worldwide. For many years, it was thought that only adults could develop the disorder, but now, with new research, studies have shown that the disorder is showing up more and more in teens and children alike. But with anti-depressant medications being made for adults only, the real question is going to be how to treat these teens and children. “Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood and energy. It can also make it hard for someone to carry out day-to-day tasks, such as going to school or hanging out with friends. Symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. They are different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time. They can result in damaged relationships, poor school performance, and even suicide. But bipolar disorder can be treated, and people with this illness can lead full and productive lives. Bipolar disorder often develops in a person's late teens or early adult years, but some people have their first symptoms during childhood. At least half of all cases start before age 25 (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2012).” Being diagnosed with ADHD as a child can ultimately...
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...Psych 361 Study Guide 1 Fall 2015 Chapters 1 What is meant by the terms: tabula rasa, SES? What is the nature-nurture controversy? What is maturation? What is meant by developmental continuity versus developmental discontinuity? The most basic activity of science is observation. How is an experiment a form of controlled observation? What are the two metaphors of psychoanalysis discussed in class (and the Psychoanalysis primer)? What are the elements or structures that constitute Freud's theory of mind? Which structure of the mind did Freud see as the source of: energy; planning; guilt? In talking about development Freud said, “Where there is id, ego shall be.” What does this mean? In what way might we think of the oral, anal, and phallic stages as representing one-person, two-person, and three-person psychology, respectively? How do the stage theories of Erikson and Freud differ? What is a major criticism of psychoanalysis from the standpoint of science? What is information processing theory concerned with? What is its metaphor? How can classical conditioning provide an explanation for the development of a phobia? What is the emphasis of these theories: Ecological; Ethological What is meant by, eclecticism? Chapter 2 What is natural selection? What is evolutionary psychology concerned with? What is a gene? Chromosome? Gamete? Zygote? Meiosis? What is meant by dominant gene/recessive gene? What is a genotype? Phenotype? Reaction range? Polygenic...
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...Psychology Careers Lisa Barnes May 3, 2015 BEH/225 Professor Nancy Ault Psychology is one of the most rewarding fields of study and work that can make a positive impact on both the psychologist and the individual or group of individuals seeking psychological therapy and advice. Although there are a variety of careers in the field of psychology, the two that I find most interesting are Behavioral Therapist and Environmental Psychologist. One focuses on the individual themselves while the other focus on their environment at home or work. The key components of both of these career fields is to provide a social setting for learning, information, and a safe environment with access to a variety of resources that can help people deal with personal issues. Behavior therapy is focused on helping an individual understand how changing their behavior can lead to changes in how they are feeling. (Herkov, 2013) Basically the goal in this type of therapy is to get the individual to participate in bettering themselves in a positive way, whether it be for themselves or socially. Many of these techniques include Role playing, scheduling of weekly activities, self-monitoring and behavior modification. This field is my top choice as I have grown interest in this field since my son was diagnosed with being on the Autism Spectrum. Many schools designed for Autism use ABA (applied behavioral analysis) which is a program of behavior therapy that helps the individual reach success in...
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...What is A Case Study? Kerry J. Cobb Liberty University PSYCH 255 Introduction to Research 255-D15 LUO Prof. Erik Wiedman April 16, 2014 Introduction to Case Study In this paper, we will discuss what a case study is, reasons for performing case studies and the advantages and disadvantages in using a case study. Many case studies use observational methods classified as primarily quantitative or qualitative. Qualitative focuses on people’s behavior in their natural setting, where as quantitative focuses on behaviors that are counted. What is a Case Study? A case study is the way we describe a specific study of concern in individuals whether it’s their behavior, past history, symptoms, responses and reactions to treatment or any other factor that is relevant to the study. Though some case studies normally include individuals, they also can be in places such as “a business, school or neighborhood” (Ch.6, Pg.121). Case studies can also be performed over the telephone or in library research involving no direct contact in the visual observation of an individual. What are some reasons for using a case study approach? A case study typically is performed on individuals with rare and unusual conditions. This in-depth study is particularly useful when we need to obtain an in-depth appreciation of an issue, event or phenomenon of interest. The study can be in its natural setting or in a real life context. The main purpose is to obtain a great deal of information about...
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... 1. Ethics in Psychological Research Paper Lillie Johnson Psych/540 March 3, 2013 Cindy Fouhy Use of Animals 2. Introduction Through the study of animals in different forms of research, psychologists have introduced to us a understanding that is better of human issues in which solving a problem have been easily found. Issues in human like aging, drug addition, side effects, and anxiety have been built through the use of animals. In psychological research, the rules of ethics is a important idea. The rules supply an outline in which researchers are obligated to supply information concerning the motive of the research, deception in research, the use of animals in studies of research, and human care. My paper will focus on the use of animals as an issue of classical ethics in a psychological research. It will explain the benefit ratio as well as the concept of risk in using animal for experiments and determine...
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...Coursehero >> Florida >> FAU >> ACG 3341 Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, practice problems, reference materials, practice exams, textbook help and tutor support. 18: CHAPTER SPOILAGE, REWORKED UNITS, AND SCRAP TRUE/FALSE 1. Reducing defects helps to reduce costs, but does not make the business more competitive. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Reducing defects does make the business more competitive. 2. Objective: 1 Reworked goods are unacceptable units of production usually not capable of being repaired or converted into a salable product. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: 1 Reworked goods are unacceptable units of production that can be repaired into a salable product. 3. The value of scrap material can have either a high or low sales value relative to the product with which it is associated. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Scrap material by definition has a low sales value. Objective: 1 4. Normal spoilage adds to the cost of the job to which it is attributed in a job order costing system. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2 5. When calculating normal spoilage rates, the base should be actual units started in production. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 The base should be good units started into production. Objective: 2 6. Abnormal spoilage is spoilage that should arise under efficient operating conditions. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: Abnormal spoilage should not arise under efficient operating...
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...Transfer Guide for Contra Costa College The Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) Degree: A maximum of thirty (30) semester units can be applied towards the Liberal Arts course requirements at the Academy of Art University. Nine (9) units of transfer level art classes that are related to Academy of Art University majors can also be transferred as art elective units. A maximum of thirty (30) units may be transferred in combination of Liberal Arts and Art Elective transfer awards. Department Directors may transfer additional units based on portfolio review. These units do not count towards the 30 unit maximum mentioned above. However, a maximum of 66 units may be transferred in total towards the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. Courses must be reported on an official transcript and must have a record grade of “C” or higher to qualify for transfer credit. Transfer Guides are subject to change at the discretion of the Academy of Art University. We reserve the right to make updates/changes at any time. Student will be held to the catalog requirements and or the curriculum in effect during their first semester of matriculation at the Academy of Art University. The Academy of Art University agrees to accept the following Contra Costa College courses in lieu of the Academy of Art University Liberal Arts courses listed. This transfer guide is not reciprocal. Contra Costa College does not agree to accept Academy of Art University’s courses. Academy of Art University Contra Costa College LIBERAL ARTS...
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...Psych Stats Exam 4 Study Guide 1) One way ANOVA is the appropriate statistical test when there is one nominal independent variable with at least 3 levels; one sacle DV, and either between groups or within groups design 2) One way ANOVA Null Hypothesis: No differences between population means. µ1=µ2=µ3 Alternative Hypothesis: At least one pop mean is different from at least one other pop mean. (Can’t use symbols) 3) Numerator of the F statistic measures between groups variance (MSbetween) 4) Denominator of the F statistic measures within groups variance (MSwithin) 6) A priori test: planned ahead of time, before you collect data decide on test, based on reasoning Post hoc: choose after you look at data; based on data, choose groups you want to compare; usually harder to find significant difference with a post hoc test than an a priori test 7) Tukey HSD tells you which group is significantly different from the others. 8) Effect size (R2) tells you proportion of variance in the DV that is accounted for by the IV Small: 0.01 Medium: 0.06 Large: 0.14 9) Repeated measures ANOVA is appropriate when you have a within groups design with one IV. 10) In repeated measures ANOVA, can’t calculate SSwithin directly, need to calculate SSsubjects and then subtract SSbetween and SSsubjects from SStotal to find SSwithin. Makes SSwithin smaller. 11) MSwithin will be smaller because take out variability due to subjects. Means F-value will be bigger...
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...Business research allows the company to obtain analysis that may provide educated business decision. In business research, it is the responsibility of the management team, after doing their thorough research, to devise or implement a working plan that will help the company excel and train the employees how to maintain a profitable business. Often times businesses go off of a theory that they have investigated and are in high hopes it will work to their advantage. The only way to do this is work is to implement it into the business place and see if the theory makes things more or less profitable, or if it actually hinders the existing working method. Business research can be defined as an organized analysis that provides information to guide business decisions (Cooper and Schindler, 2006) Research is the only way a company can process data that is gathered in order to test their theory. One example is Wal-Mart, this is a discount store that has been thriving since 1962, originally in the mid-west, it has migrated to the west of the United States. First established in Bentonville, Arkansas, by Sam Walton. Wal-Mart made a profitable move by becoming a general merchandise store that offered vision, photography as well as groceries, becoming a one stop shopping center. As of today Wal-Mart employs 1.8 million associates worldwide. Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the nation with 1.3 of its employees in the United States. Wal-Mart is the nation's largest...
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