...toward stability, harmony, or equilibrium, in other words toward balance. Society is seen as a self-regulating system and all of the constituent elements of a society must contribute to maintaining this state of harmony. d. Overall, the assumption of functionalism is that all social structures contribute to the maintenance of the system and the existence of any given structure is explained by means of its consequences (functions) which must, by definition be beneficial to the maintenance of stable order. 2. Functionalism on stratification: the Davis-Moore thesis: a. With particular respect to the issue of social stratification or social inequality, the functionalist view argues that social inequality is necessary because it fulfills vital system needs. b. One such functionalist view of social inequality was developed by Kinsley Davis and Wilbert Moore and has come to be known as the “Davis-Moore Thesis.” This functionalist theory of stratification was first discussed by the authors in 1945 in the article, “Some Principles of Stratification” which appeared in the American Sociological Review and was later extended and refined in Davis’s book Human Society (1948). c. Davis...
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...Abstract Research has shown that economic inequality can adversely affect us as an individual and society. Economic inequality does and can affect an organizations performance through employee development which will affect its individual employees and their interactions at work. I will provide an overview of the relationship between economic inequality and management. Introduction Inequalities have been on the rise and on the public’s mind since the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protests which have been noted by many government agencies (i.e. Congressional Budget Office, 2011), international economic organizations (i.e. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2011) and researchers (Piketty, 2014). Inequality debates still capture headlines and continue to stir debates, for example, Oxfam’s assertion that the 85 richest people in the world hold as much wealth as the poorest half of the world, but also occupied a central stage in the discussions at the annual meeting of World Economic Forum (Oxfam, 2015). This has been researched and studied for years. The earliest article accessible through Web of Science was published in 1930 and discussed the effect of rural migration on urban–rural economic inequality (Rutledge, 1930). Since 1930, research has been done in a range of to examine the relationships between economic inequality and socioeconomics, including economic growth (Kuznets, 1955), public health (Marmot et al., 1991), socio-political instability (Alesina...
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...Economy of Inequality Drivers of Inequality: socio-economic mechanisms Admin • Major Essay Guidelines in UoS pages 5-6 due Monday May 11th 40% of your total mark for ecop 2616 Submit on time. 2000 words maximum. Penalty for longer essays Prepare carefully What is required? • Critical review of the content of the book, not the author! • Locate the ‘field data’ (your book) within the conceptual, historical and empirical material covered in the course material. • Book summaries receive zero marks. Intro: (1) Short précis of the book. ‘This book covers….” (2) outline the specific issues/concerns that your essay will address; (3) identify the theoretical, conceptual, historical or empirical frameworks covered in the course material that you will use to interpret and critically evaluate the dynamics of inequality highlighted in your book. Body: • a coherent and well organised discussion of the issues you have elected to focus on. • Your argument must be substantiated in a proper academic manner. Use sub-headings if they help organise your ideas. Conclusion: • summary of your argument and any outstanding issues. Where are we up to? • Weeks 1-3: theoretical questions • Weeks 5-7: historical and contemporary patterns of distribution • Weeks 8-11: causal mechanisms • Weeks 12-13: alternatives and conclusion. The cumulative character of inequality • Consequences of inequality often become causes of inequality. - eg labour...
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...Summary Assignment Terrill Ray DeVry University ENGL 135 Summary Prewriting Theme: Family Topic: Children of Divorce Title: Consequences of parental divorce for child development. Hyun Sik Kim is likely against too much government influence on schools and feels that government control is detrimental. Intended audience: The American Sociological Review (ASR) publishes original (not previously published) works of interest to the discipline in general, new theoretical developments, results of qualitative or quantitative research that advance our understanding of fundamental social processes, and important methodological innovations. All areas of sociology are welcome. Emphasis is on exceptional quality and general interest. Writer’s background: Hyun Sik Kim is a PhD candidate in sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is currently working on a dissertation titled ‘‘The Dynamic Development of Cognitive Skills and Non-cognitive Traits in Childhood.’’ His scholarly interests include child development, statistical methods, demography, and educational inequality. Writer’s angle: This article examined the effects of parental divorce on several childhood developmental domains within three analytically distinct divorce stages: pre-, in-, and post-divorce. Part 1: The one-sentence summary Hyun Sik Kim (2011) To summarize, I found setbacks among children of divorce in math test scores during and after the experience of parental divorce (i.e., significant combined effects of...
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...[Type the company name] | Gender discrimination in workplace in Pakistan | Research Methods | | HIRA ARSHAD | 3/30/2013 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Introduction: Nature has always maintained a balance in the objects of this world in order garnish it with a beauty, and so it produced a balancing factor for each and every object. These balancing factors vary in the proportion of the support they provide to their counterpart. In the very same context, ALLAH created man and woman as the supporting counterparts for each other. When a baby boy is born in a family, everyone congratulates the parents but if it is found out that the baby is a girl, the reaction is opposite, there is no happiness, either the baby is killed or accepted with least happiness. Gender discrimination is something in which a woman is discriminated and given less rights and opportunities as compared to males. Importance of the study with respect to the world: Gender discrimination has been a problem not just in this era but since the beginning of humanity. It doesn’t matter that which part of the world we look at, we will always find that woman are at the disadvantage. The major drawback is that this problem has become so common that it is considered normal now and accepted as a part...
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...Development Index (HDI) values and ranks for 187 countries and UN-recognized territories, along with the Inequality-adjusted HDI for 132 countries, the Gender Inequality Index for 148 countries, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index for 104 countries. Country rankings and values in the annual Human Development Index (HDI) are kept under strict embargo until the global launch and worldwide electronic release of the Human Development Report. It is misleading to compare values and rankings with those of previously published reports, because the underlying data and methods have changed. Readers are advised in the Report to assess progress in HDI values by referring to table 2 (‘Human Development Index Trends’) in the Statistical Annex of the report. Table 2 is based on consistent indicators, methodology and time-series data and thus shows real changes in values and ranks over time reflecting the actual progress countries have made. Caution is requested when interpreting small changes in values because they may not be statistically significant due to the sampling variation. Generally speaking, changes in third decimal of all composite indices are considered insignificant. For further details on how each index is calculated please refer to Technical Notes 1-4 and the associated background papers available on the Human Development Report website. Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI is a summary measure for assessing long-term progress in three basic dimensions of human development: a long...
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...Cost and EQuity in access paper by Gada Korayim UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDU 628 - Professor Tatiana Melguizo Due Date: March 8, 2015 Introduction The diversity of colleges in the higher education landscape stems from the diversity of missions. For one, the obstacles to innovation in higher education in the USA has been a debate for years. There are colleges that focus on liberal arts education as Dr. Liz Coleman (TED Talks) lectured during her speech about “Reinventing the Liberal Arts Education”. There are colleges that focus on career development. According to Fortino (2015), the university mission is “to create more prepared minds” to contribute to society by creating jobs and innovative opportunities that will improve economies. Fortino (2015) mentioned that the former President of Harvard University, Dr. Derek Bok, discussed the dangers of commercializing higher education when colleges and universities turn their attention to commercial development of their inventions. This apparently is what is being seen on campuses and in universities today. When the focus is placed on commercialization, universities are placed under pressure to produce output and seek profitable, income based outputs, and the main mission and vision of universities can fade and disappear. Governments provide funding to universities and provide laboratories, equipment, books, etc. The desired output is to produce students that have a commercial...
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...SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT MSc in Accounting, Finance and Management and Economics, Finance and Management ECON 70003 Quantitative Methods October 2007 Lecture Notes Part 1 Statistics David Winter D.Winter@bris.ac.uk 1 Some Basic Concepts 2 Expectations, Moments and Descriptive Statistics 3 Bivariate Distributions 4 Estimation 5 The Normal and Related Distributions and Interval Estimation 6 Hypothesis Testing These notes provide a summary of the lectures. They are not a complete account of the unit material. You should also consult the reading as given in the unit outline and the lectures. 1 10 19 26 35 43 Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts 1.1 Probability It is customary to begin courses in statistics with a discussion of probability and then go on to derive certain propositions in probability theory. The problem with this approach is that probability is a difficult and potentially confusing subject. The foundations of probability theory are not well established. There are at least three different ways of thinking about probability. (a) (b) (c) Relative Frequency Subjective belief Mathematical theory The relative frequency idea of probability is the oldest concept and dates back to the eighteenth century (and probably before) when European mathematicians become interested in analysing games of chance. The basic idea is that the probability of an event occurring is the relative number of times the event...
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...discriminates against the promotion of specific employees, whether knowingly or unknowingly. I can relate to this term due to learning it in an Ethnic Stdies course taking previously along with the information that in 1991, the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission was commissioned in order to asses the barriers hindering "the advancement of women and minorities to management and decision-making positions," and to make recommendations toward dismantling them. At the time I was much more focused on the ethnic side of this problem but this class has made me make a connection with the glass ceiling affect and women. In the United States, discrimination within the workplace is illegal; nevertheless, I have seen that it survives in the form of salary inequality. I believe that people view that women are still often not expected to have the ability, or particular managerial know-how, needed to compete for and be successful in the same ranks as men. After being educated on the gender wage gap, the wage gap is closing. Though the situation is improving, there is still a significant gap that should continue to...
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...Social Inequality Unit 07 What is the relationship between ethnicity and inequality? Learning targets: • There are ethnic differences in life chances in the UK. • Some ethnic minorities appear to be the victims of racism and discrimination in the UK • There have been strict laws to prevent racism and ethnic inequality in the UK. • There are those who believe that the social changes that have come about because of legal controls are more cosmetic than deeply embedded into our social structure. Key questions (AO1) What evidence is there of ethnic inequality in UK? (AO1) How are ethnic inequalities being challenged by government policies? (AO2) To what extent is British culture racist and ethnically unequal? (AO2) What are social implications of racism in our society? Summary of Key Points 1 2 What is racism? Racism is the belief that some ethnic groups are superior and others inferior. This belief is often associated with notions of skin pigmentation or the minor physical differences that are sometimes apparent between different groups of people. However, racism is not always associated with skin colour, but also with culture, ethnicity, with religious belief or language differences. The notion of racism itself is also a very recent idea in our society. In the past, the idea that people from certain ethnic groups were superior to and different from others was so deeply...
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...Thesis statement: Research indicates that there is drastic increase of crime rates due to the high levels of unemployment, harsh economic conditions population density. Annotated Bibliography Fougère, D., Kramarz, F., & Pouget, J. (2009). Youth Unemployment and Crime in France. Journal Of The European Economic Association, 7(5), 909-938 Fougère, Kramarz, & Pouget have argued that when there is a large number of youths who are unemployed, the country may have increased criminal activities as most of them are idle and thus, they must find different ways in which they can earn a living to cater for their needs. Additionally, the economic also tends to affect the image of the country in terms of crime. The article seems to have facts that are accurate. This is because the author has presented different examples in order to support his arguments.. This author is a credible source because has a PhD in Economics from Univeriste Paris and he is a Professor at Ensae University. The article supports the statistics in the relation between crime rate rise and unemployment. Edmark, K. (2005). Unemployment and Crime: Is There a Connection?. Scandinavian Journal Of Economics, 107(2), 353-373. The main aim of the above article is to address whether there are any connection between the rate of unemployment and crimes. According to Edmark, lack of job may result in a higher rate of criminal acts. This is due to the fact that most of the people seem to be jobless and thus, they may attempt...
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...Uni Name | Youth Labour Segmented Market Theories | Essay | | Client Name | @XXXXXXXX | | Contents Introduction 2 Segmentation of the Labour Market 3 Theories about Segmented Labour Markets 3 The Dual Labour Market Theory 6 Summary 9 References 10 Introduction The behaviour and life experiences of young people have vastly evolved throughout the past few decades. These changes impact on their relationships between family and friends, their experience of the job market, as well as the educational system and of course, their ability to establish themselves as an individual. According to Furlong and Cartmel (1997), many of these changes are due to the structural changes in the job/labour market. Further, the social organisation of taking different career paths in life has been replaced with more discrete variation (Haaland, 1991). Making that shift from school life to working life tend to be less determined, more flexible, and above all daunting (Ellingsæter, 1995). Beck (1997) and Giddens (1991) claim that the terms “individualisation” and “risk” are often associated with younger people’s behaviour and conditions within a labour society. Individualisation denotes the traditional social groups or segments that are of importance like gender, ethnicity and class are branded as being fragmented and somewhat less important (Pollock, 1997). Though, Furlong and Cartmel (1997) argue that these social structures are of importance and that...
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...Amber Kiker Kiker 1 Professor McCarthy English 102 August 12, 2015 Deaf Employment in the Professional Sector Profound hearing loss affects millions of people in the United States today. According to the Gualledette Research Institute there are currently over a million people between the ages of 6 and 65 who are Deaf (Harrington 1). While several state and federally funded programs have been implemented to support early and post-secondary education for the Deaf, evidence points to a significant lack of job placement assistance for Deaf young adults transitioning from college to independent living. Deaf graduates often return home to live with family due to an inability to obtain employment reflective of their academic achievements. Currently in America the most common type of employment held by Deaf individuals is limited primarily to the service and manufacturing industries. The objective of this research is to investigate the professional sector of employment in the United States to uncover the driving mechanisms behind the non-presence of the Deaf Community, specifically those with post-secondary education, and to examine what steps are being taken to resolve this apparent disparity. In the hearing world, graduating from college is the beginning of an exciting chapter of a young adult’s life as it represents the transition from higher education into the world of professional employment. It is the time one gets to put into practice the skills they have...
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...Formulas 2.5 Linear Inequalities Linear Equations and Inequalities Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. — WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS M athematics is a unique subject that is essential for describing, or modeling, events in the real world. For example, ultraviolet light from the sun is responsible for both tanning and burning exposed skin. Mathematics lets us use numbers to describe the intensity of ultraviolet light. The table shows the maximum ultraviolet intensity measured in milliwatts per square meter for various latitudes and dates. Latitude 0 10 20 30 40 50 Mar. 21 325 311 249 179 99 57 June 21 254 275 292 248 199 143 Sept. 21 325 280 256 182 127 75 Dec. 21 272 220 143 80 34 13 ISBN 1-256-49082-2 Source: J. Williams, The USA Today Weather Almanac. If a student from Chicago, located at a latitude of 42°, spends spring break in Hawaii with a latitude of 20°, the sun’s ultraviolet rays in Hawaii will be approximately 249 2.5 99 times as intense as they are in Chicago. Equations can be used to describe, or model, the intensity of the sun at various latitudes. In this chapter we will focus on linear equations and the related concept of linear inequalities. 89 Beginning and Intermediate Algebra with Applications & Visualization, Third edition, by Gary K. Rockswold and Terry A. Krieger. Published by Addison Wesley. Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. 90 CHAPTER 2 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 2.1 Introduction...
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...Formulas 2.5 Linear Inequalities Linear Equations and Inequalities Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. — WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS M athematics is a unique subject that is essential for describing, or modeling, events in the real world. For example, ultraviolet light from the sun is responsible for both tanning and burning exposed skin. Mathematics lets us use numbers to describe the intensity of ultraviolet light. The table shows the maximum ultraviolet intensity measured in milliwatts per square meter for various latitudes and dates. Latitude 0 10 20 30 40 50 Mar. 21 325 311 249 179 99 57 June 21 254 275 292 248 199 143 Sept. 21 325 280 256 182 127 75 Dec. 21 272 220 143 80 34 13 ISBN 1-256-49082-2 Source: J. Williams, The USA Today Weather Almanac. If a student from Chicago, located at a latitude of 42°, spends spring break in Hawaii with a latitude of 20°, the sun’s ultraviolet rays in Hawaii will be approximately 249 2.5 99 times as intense as they are in Chicago. Equations can be used to describe, or model, the intensity of the sun at various latitudes. In this chapter we will focus on linear equations and the related concept of linear inequalities. 89 Beginning and Intermediate Algebra with Applications & Visualization, Third edition, by Gary K. Rockswold and Terry A. Krieger. Published by Addison Wesley. Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. 90 CHAPTER 2 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 2.1 Introduction...
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