...(xerophthalmia); impaired immunity (infectious diseases); plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis) | Diseases : Hypervitaminosis ASymptoms : Chronic : Increased activity of osteoclastsb causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defectsAcute : Blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo; increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches; muscle incoordination | Vitamin D * ergocalciferol (vitamin D2): vitamin D derived from plants in the diet and made from the yeast and plant sterol ergosterol. * cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 or calciol): vitamin D derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol, with the help of sunlight. * calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D): vitamin D found in the blood that is made from the hydroxylation of cholecalciferol in the liver. * calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D): vitamin D that is made from the hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidneys; the biologically active hormone, sometimes called active vitamin D.Functions : * Mineralization of bones (raises blood...
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...Ch. 10: Photosynthesis (Ps) • Ps is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy – Directly or indirectly, Ps nourishes almost the entire living world – Ps occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes • Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms – Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules – Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules • Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms – Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere – Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food (organic molecules) and O2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food Ps stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas cellular respiration releases it. • Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria – Their structural organization allows for the chemical reactions of Ps • Leaves are the major locations of Ps – Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf – Each mesophyll cell contains 30–40 chloroplasts (see next slide’s figure) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • CO2 enters and O2 exits the...
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...activities in cells are being directed by a famous bunch of chemicals we refer to as DNA. Compounds, chemicals, chemical reactions ... these are what produce the structures & functions within the basic units of structure & function for living things (cells). Anyhoo ... our topic right now, namely photosynthesis, is arguably one of the most important chemical reactions occurring on the planet. Let's see why. Let's begin with some basic questions & answers about photosynthesis. QUESTION | ANSWER | What is photosynthesis? | Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in glucose. It is the means by which the energy in sunlight becomes usable to living things. Living things can eat glucose, we can't eat sunlight. | Exactly why is photosynthesis so important? | Two big reasons. One product of photosynthesis is glucose (sugar), which provides the basis for most food chains. The second product of photosynthesis is oxygen which comes in handy if your happen to be an aerobic organism that requires oxygen for survival. | Where does photosythesis occur? | This question can be answered on various levels. On the planetary level, most photosynthesis occurs in the oceans, because the oceans occupy the vast majority (70%) of the earth's surface. In terms of organisms, photosynthesis occurs in autotrophes that contain the green pigment chlorophyll. This would include the entire plant kingdom, "half" of...
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...Reflection Essay 1- Tree Huggers 1. Summary of the Article: The Articles discussed the issue of lianas’ massive overgrown over the trees in Amazon forests. There are both good news and bad news about it: the good news is that: the lianas provide food and water for animals passing the forest during the dry season,when water and food are relatively hard to find for animals. (Fountain,A Tree Hugger,2011). The bad news, however, is that the stems of the vines have grabbed soil nutrients,water and light away from the trees, which are essential for trees to grow and survive.(Fountain,A Tree Hugger,2011)Besides, the lianas have caused death to trees because as they grow surrounding the trees, they get more weight and eventually they become too heavy for trees to burden and they will bring the tree down(Fountain, A Tree Hugger,2011). What’s more, the lianas also store less carbon,thus when they increase in population,the forests’ carbon storage ability get reduced.(Fountain,A Tree Hugger, 2011) Last but not the least, because only the trees that can survive from the lianas “robbery” will stay, it reduced the diversity of the forest(Fountain, A Tree Hugger, 2011). And those trees usually store less carbon as they grow faster. The scientists begin examining the potential reason of the massive growing of the lianas. And the first potential reason is the increase in CO2 level in the environment.Compare to trees, lianas can use the CO2 better.(Fountain,A Tree Hugger) Besides, the...
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...Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The summary equation for photosynthesis is A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. B) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O. C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. D) the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse. E) 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight → CO2 + 2 H2O. Answer: A Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and carbon dioxide is false? A) Plants require carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make glucose. B) Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that was removed from the atmosphere millions of years ago. C) Because of their short growth period and self-regeneration, willows are more viable as a source of potential power than the trees in most natural forests. D) Most of the food humans eat can be traced back to photosynthetic plants. E) Burning wood contributes more to acid rain than burning fossil fuels. Answer: E Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 3) What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and the food for the biosphere? A) chemotrophs B) heterotrophs C) manufacturers D) synthesizers E) producers Answer: E Topic: 7.1 Skill:...
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...Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration — Objectives — Equation for Cellular Respiration — Electron Carriers and Redox Reactions — Process of Cell Respiration — Glycolysis — Prep Reaction — Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) — Electron Transport Chain — Fermentation — The Ingredients — You already know what is needed for Cellular Respiration Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide+ Water +ENERGY! C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 +H2O + ATP — Redox Reactions (the shuffling of electrons) • Most of the reactions involved in the process are possible because of the redox reaction of NAD, an electron carrier • Oxidation – a reaction in which a substance loses electrons C6H1206 CO2 • Reduction – a reaction in which a substance gains electrons O2 H2O • Oxidation always occurs with reduction = Redox Reaction — NAD: An Electron Carrier — NAD+ gains an electron to become NAD — NAD gains a hydrogen to become NADH — This can also occur with the electron carrier FAD — Cellular Respiration — The means in which the cell produces energy — Often consists of 4 Steps: — Glycolysis — Prep Reaction — Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) — Electron Transport Chain — Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytosol • Begins with a molecule of glucose (a 6 carbon sugar) • Uses the energy of 2 ATP to split the stable glucose into 2 unstable molecules each containing 3 carbons • Now all processes...
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...Biology Units 3 &4 Notes -Chapter 1- The Chemical Nature of Cells | |Protein |Carbohydrates |Fats |Nucleic acid | |Monomer |Amino acids |Monosaccharaide |Fatty acids, glycerol |Nucleotide | |Example |2o Amino acids |Glucose, Fructose, Ribose |Triglycerides |Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine | | | | |Steroids, Phospholipids |&Thymine/ Uracil | |Diagram | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bonding (how units combine – |1st structure-strong covalent |Strong covalent glycoside |Rarely ever forms polymer |covalent bonds b/w sugar | |polymers ...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Is the oxygen requiring reaction occurring in mitochondria, that break down the end product of glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP. The three stages of cellular respiration are 1, glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle and 3. electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The first step in getting energy out of food. Glycolysis breaks one glucose molecule down into two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis happens in almost all organisms, and it can take place with or without oxygen. The function of glycolysis is to break down glucose. It metabolizes the six-carbon sugars into three-carbon compounds. It also produces small amounts of ATP. The reactants of a glycolysis reaction are a variety of different kinds of proteins. One good example would be ATP. A product of Glycolysis would be pyruvate, which is the main product of glycoysis. This all occurs in the first stage of cellular respiration. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycles, is the process that oxidizes acetyl coenzyme-A to energy-producing compounds...
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...STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9-12 **NOTE: I have included the answers to the study questions since I am posting them so close to the exam dates. Be sure you understand the role of the hormones ADH, renin, angiotensin and aldosterone in the regulation of fluid balance. CHAPTER 9 1. Describe how body fat develops and suggest some reasons why it is difficult for an obese person to maintain weight loss. Body fat develops when fat cells increase in number and size. Prevention of excess weight gain depends on maintaining a reasonable number of fat cells; when an obese person loses weight, the body attempts to return to the original weight, or its set point. 2. What factors contribute to obesity? Genetics (leptin, ghrelin, uncoupling problems, fat cell metabolism), overeating, inactivity. 3. List several aggressive ways to lose weight and explain why such methods are not recommended for every overweight person. Fad diets, diuretics, amphetamines, other prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, hot baths, machines that jiggle, brushes, sponges, massages, surgery, gastric partitioning, gastric balloons, jaw wiring, very-low-kcalorie diets. Reasons these are not recommended: weight cycling, psychology of weight cycling, some methods do not work at all, others only provide temporary weight loss (not fat loss). 4. Discuss reasonable dietary strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight. Eating plans based on realistic energy intake...
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...BIOL 1F90 Experiment #5 - Archaea: Characterization of Halophiles Student Name: Brittany Barnes Student Number: 5408224 Lab Section: 35 Date Experiment Performed: January 13, 2014 Lab Partners: Kayla Hutchinson Fallon Fersaud Ashley Maulucci Abstract Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax volcanii come from the domain called Archaea and are considered to be halophilic, because they thrive in extreme environments. In this lab experiment, several tasks took place. In order to be able to observe the colony morphology of both Archaea, they were grown on an agar surface that allowed them to form colonies of characteristic colour and appearance. In order to observe the physiology of both Archaea on the effect of salt concentration, pH, and temperature, they needed to be placed on agar plates and incubated for two weeks. Being incubated for two weeks, allowed the halophilic archaeal cultures to grow. The objective of this experiment was to determine the morphological and biochemical characteristics along with the growth requirements of the halophilic Archaeans; Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 and Haloferax volcanii DS2. Introduction The domain, Archaea, possesses prokaryotic cells and has a cell wall that contains no peptidoglycan. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence of molecular regions. Archaea usually live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles...
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...GASTROPOD MOBILITY ON ROCKY SHORES | INTRODUCTION Molluscs are invertebrates usually containing one or two shells with a few exceptions. They are soft-bodied bilaterally symmetrical animals with organs present in a fluid-filled cavity hence soft bodied referring to word mollusc (latin). Classification of the Molluscs has major turmoil of instability in the Animal Kingdom. Since, most of the resources and text books use old system of classification, and that is stable, easy to recognize, and complies with Cambridge Zoology Museum, so we are adapting that very system for their identification. Habitat of Molluscs Molluscs occupy mostly marine and moist environments that are why some of them have rudiments of amphibians they kept along during the evolutionary attempts. Some of the gastropods however, dwell in the freshwater also. Others occupy the bottoms of lakes depending on their feeding habits. Some of the molluscs reach the terrestrial environments e.g. snails and slugs. Habitat of the shells typically affect their adaptive structural formation and hence identification. The lines of the shells are dependent upon the tidal emersions. Also, the internal tidal indications of the structure indicate micro-growth line formation in molluscs from sub-tidal areas (Mirzaei et al., 2014). Classfication of the molluscs has classicaly been associated with the structure of the radula or structure of the shell. Within the phylum Mollusca, there are seven classes (Barnes et al....
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...“ Kelp (Ascophyllum Nodosom) Organic Fertilizer a Solution for Enhancing the NPK content on soil” Proponents: Welle John Palero Mariane Arciga Pia Veronica Tidalgo III- Tourmaline Mrs. Teresita B. Balaba Project Adviser Table of Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Chapter I Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Statement of the Problem Statement of the Objective Statement of the Hypothesis Significance of the Study Scope and limitations Definitions and Terms Chapter II Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Chapter III Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chapter IV Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation . . . . . ....
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Abstract: Hyperpigmentation refers to a skin condition in which spots of skin become darker than the natural surrounding skin due to an overproduction of melanin. Hyperpigmentation services and products that garner effective and safe results are becoming essential menu items in salons and spas. Advances in skin care technology have been incorporated in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Along with this, the use of holistic, natural ingredients in skin care preparations is becoming increasingly prevalent. This paper contends that the utilization of high-tech skin care equipment and holistic ingredients allow for a safe, minimally-invasive, and highly-effective facial hyperpigmentation treatment in salons and spas. This paper will propose a treatment protocol for facial hyperpigmentation. Abstract: Hyperpigmentation refers to a skin condition in which spots of skin become darker than the natural surrounding skin due to an overproduction of melanin. Hyperpigmentation services and products that garner effective and safe results are becoming essential menu items in salons and spas. Advances in skin care technology have been incorporated in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Along with this, the use of holistic, natural ingredients in skin care preparations is becoming increasingly prevalent. This paper contends that the utilization of high-tech skin care equipment and holistic ingredients allow for a safe, minimally-invasive, and highly-effective facial hyperpigmentation treatment...
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...------------------------------------------------- A Journal Critique on the Synthesis of New Derivatives of Resveratrol and to Explore its Potential Health Benefits Summary The goal of the study is to extract and purify resveratrol from fresh skin of black grapevine. Resveratrol is a member of a group of plant compounds called polyphenols and belongs to the class called stilbene. Resveratrol is produced by grapes and some plants in response to stress, injury, fungal or bacterial attack and ultraviolet radiation. Studies show that it makes chemotherapy more effective, weaken viruses including influenza and HIV (Adams, 2011). It could also counter the effects of a high-fat diet and increase physical endurance, which some scientists believes that it is one of the factors behind the French Paradox or the concept that despite of the high intake of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat, there is a low percentage of coronary heart disease mortality in France (Ferrières, 2004). In rodent studies, a mice fed with a high-calorie diet lived longer than similarly fed mice not given resveratrol. Resveratrol protected mice fed a high-calorie diet from obesity-related health problems by imitating the effects of caloric restriction (Maddox, 2012). Resveratrol also incredibly lengthen the lifespan of worms, yeast, and some fishes (Adams, 2011). In the experiment, local black grapes were gathered and were classified as Vitis vinifera. The skin was separated from the fruit and was placed in...
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