...creatures. As time went by, microbiology grew with each scientist who discovered a little more about these microbes. Slowly, more and more scientist were gaining more knowledge as to how to control the pandemic outbreaks that were happening across the country. At first, diseases were controlled by vaccines; but in 1923 Alexander Flemming had discovered a natural resource that inhibited bacterial growth. Mold that had grown in a dish opened the door to antibiotics. Since then, microbes have been fought off by using natural resources. In the past, antibiotics were successful in eliminating diseases by affecting the causative agent in various different ways. Some ways that antibiotics kill bacteria is by releasing chemicals that hinder DNA synthesis, disrupting metabolic activities of the bacterium cell which in turn does not allow the bacterium to reproduce but instead kills it. However, because bacteria have been exposed to certain drugs, some of these organisms have become resistant to specific antibiotics. To fight this dilemma, scientist have to find different ways to battle the organisms not only by using natural sources such as molds, and other bacteria, but also by producing antibiotics chemically in the lab. Introduction The purpose of our experiment was to decipher which bacteria would have...
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...I. TITLE: GENE TRANSFER OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND BIOLUMINESCENCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI II. INTRODUCTION A. Background on antibiotics 1. History of antibiotics a. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin and its early significance -antibiotic inhibition of protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, and other cellular processes b. Antibiotic overuse led to bacterial resistance Background on the transfer of resistance genes from one bacterium to another 1. Location of genes in bacteria and their means of transfer a. Genes located on plasmids, “mini-chromosomes” in bacteria and carry few traits b. Direct transfer by transformation of gene transfer from one bacterial cell to another (Purpose) C. Background on current experiment 1. Key information of experimental processes a. Resistance to antibiotic ampicillin on Escherichia coli and the transfer and growth of the bacteria under various conditions (Purpose) b. E. Coli caries plasmid for bioluminescence (pJE202) -differentiate bioluminescence vs. fluorescence c. Competence (shock) of E. Coli cells to become permeable to DNA and accept plasmid 2. Hypothesis and predictions a. If the E. coli cells are transformed with the new plasmid DNA, then in the presence or absence of the antibiotic ampicillin, colonies should be present and have the capability of bioluminescence (Hypothesis) b. Plates A, B, & D will show colony growth, while plate C will...
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...Bacillus, Escherichia, or Mycoplasma. In a Microsoft Word document, 1. Describe the important anatomical differences among these three genera (i.e., those unique features that could be used to differentiate among them such as their shape, size, unique things found in each one, etc.). Bacillus is defined as any of a group of rod-shaped, gram-positive, aerobic or (under some conditions) anaerobic bacteria widely found in soil and water and they frequently occur in chains. Escherichia is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, Escherichia species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host. While many Escherichia are killer commensals, particular strains of some species are human pathogens and are known as the most common cause of urinary tract infections, significant sources of gastrointestinal disease, ranging from simple diarrhea to dysentery as well as a wide range of other pathogenic states. While E. coli is responsible for the vast majority of Escherichia-related pathogenesis, other members of the genus have also been implicated in human disease. Mycoplasma refers to a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. They...
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...Report on Escherichia Coli and Tetani Clostridium. Tetani Clostridium is responsible for the critical, often lethal, disease Tetanus which is caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin. Escherichia Coli is a microbe that lives in our gut and can be very helpful to us. Both microbes are bacteria and are rod-shaped bacilli. Both of these microbes have an interesting life cycle, one can help us and both can make us sick, use different life processes and are affected by their environment. Escherichia Coli (Background of E. Coli) Life Cycle E. Coli is both an aerobic and anaerobic rod shaped bacilli which is gram _____. E Coli reproduces in two ways; binary fission and conjugation, which is the transfer of genetic material through a sex pilus. The most...
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...an organism's ability to ferment the sugar glucose as well as its ability to convert the end product of glycolysis, pyruvic acid into gaseous byproducts. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. If an organism is capable of fermenting the sugar glucose, then acidic byproducts are formed and the pH indicator turns yellow. Escherichia coli is capable of fermenting glucose as are Proteus mirabilis (far right) and Shigella dysenteriae (far left). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (center) is a nonfermenter. The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Organisms that are capable of converting pyruvate to formic acid and formic acid to H2 (g) and CO2 (g), via the action of the enzyme formic hydrogen lyase, emit gas. This gas is trapped in the Durham tube and appears as a bubble at the top of the tube. Escherichia coli and Proteus...
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...infected with a bacterium from one of the following genera: Bacillus, Escherichia, or Mycoplasma. In a Microsoft Word document, describe the important anatomical differences among these three genera (i.e., those features that could be used to differentiate among them) and the staining protocols you would use to identify which genera is causing the patient’s infection. When discussing each staining protocol, it is important not only to mention the steps involved, but also how each step and each protocol would identify or eliminate each of these genera as a suspect. You may refer to other scientific resources, but they should be in addition to and not in place of the Module 2 resources. Bacillus: Rod Shaped Bacteria, plural bacilli, Divide only across their short axis, most appear in single rods. Diplocacilli appear in pairs after divison, and streptobacilli occur in chains. Some bacilli look like straws, others are tapered and look like cigars and some are oval and look similar to cocci so they are called coccobacilli. Genera Bacillus contains bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis the bacteria that causes anthrax. Bacillus cells often form long, twisted chains of cells. Gram POSITIVE, can be aerobic or anaerobic. Prokaryotes, Has a cell wall Mycoplasma: Lack a cell wall Unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. May be parasitic or saprotrophic, can cause pneumonia and other respiratory...
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...Infectious Diseases Conditions Plague Cause: Yersina pestis ------------------------------------------------- Treatment: Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) and Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) ------------------------------------------------- CNS INFECTIONS Meningitis New born cause: Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enterics, Listeria monocytogenes 2-24 months’ cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae 2-50 years causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis 50+ causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative enterics Meningococcal Meningitis Cause: Neisseria meningitidis – gram-negative Treatment: * Penicillin/Ampicillin (beta-lactam) * (Chloramphenicol can be substituted in history of penicillin hypersensitivity) * Close contacts – Rifampicin 2 days * Vaccines for prophylaxis – not for serogroup B, sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.0 DEFINITION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, HERBAL PREPARATION AND FINISHED HERBAL PRODUCTS The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures. Traditional medicine is used in the maintenance of health the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness, whether explicable or not and is passed on from generation to generation. Herbal Preparations contain plant parts or plant material in the crude or processed state as active ingredients and may contain excipients. (WHO, 1996a; Busse, 1999). Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents are not considered herbal preparations (Busse, 2000; GNDP, 2004). According to the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA), herbal preparations are medicinal products containing exclusively herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations as active substances (WHO, 1996b; Busse, 2000). Several chemical constituents with different pharmacological targets are involved in the therapeutic action of herbal preparations. This may be an advantage compared to single isolated compounds, especially when the underlying disease has a multifactorial etiology which is the case in many chronic illnesses. Herbal preparations may include comminuted or powdered plant material, extracts, tinctures, fatty or essential oils of...
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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...Antimicrobial: Study on various extracts of Cassia tora, Calendula officinalis and Mormodica charantia showed activity against all tested bacteria, Staph aureus being more susceptible to the aqueous extracts. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) Antidiarrheal / Microbicidal: (1) A study concludes that guava sprout extracts is a feasible treatment option for diarrhea caused by E coli or S aureus-produced toxins, with quick curative action, easy accessibility and low cost. Antidiabetic: Study of extract of leaves of PG showed to possess antidiabetic effect in type 2 diabetic mice model, the effect in part, mediated via the inhibition of PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B). ------------------------------------------------- Antitumor: Study showed P guajava extracts to be efficacious in preventing tumor development by depressing Tr cells (regulatory). Pansit pansitan (Peperomia pellucid) Analgesic / Antiinflammatory: Extract study of aerial parts of PP tested in rats and mice exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The antiinflammatory activity was attributed to interference with prostaglandin synthesis. Results also showed low toxicity. Antibacterial: Study of methanolic extract of PP exhibited a very good level of broad spectrum antibacterial activity. ------------------------------------------------- CNS Depressant Activity: Study...
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...PCNA is a clamp which allows DNA polymerase to catalyze polymerization continuously without releasing the strand. Inactivation of this motif had no effect on catalytic activity or interaction with DNA polymerase β. However, inactivation seriously reduced the ability of ligase to join Okazaki fragments. This presents a major issue to the synthesis of the lagging-strand. A normal PCNA-binding site may really come into play for repairing DNA damage by alkylating agents. While short-patch base-excision repair [BER] was unaffected in Lig1 mutants, long-patch repair was...
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...Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmotic theory: suggested detail for students of A-level biology. (See also the accompanying Powerpoint figures.) 1. Introduction to oxidative phosphorylation for A-level students The mitochondria of animal cells can use energy made available in metabolic reactions, such as those involved in the oxidation of sugars and fats, to make ATP. The process is known as "oxidative phosphorylation"; energy released by oxidation is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. 2. The location of the components of oxidative phosphorylation The location of the proteins and cofactors used in oxidative phosphorylation is important in the process (see Figure 1). NAD+ is reduced to NADH in the matrix of mitochondria by enzymes of the Krebs cycle. The respiratory chain proteins and the ATP synthase enzyme are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3. The chemiosmotic theory The chemiosmotic theory was developed by the British biochemist, Peter Mitchell, to explain the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978. The processes of oxidative phosphorylation are summarised in Figure 2. NADH produced in the Krebs cycle passes electrons to the respiratory chain and becomes re-oxidized to NAD+. The electrons are transported down the chain to oxygen releasing energy (think of burning sugar or fat); the reduction of oxygen forms water...
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...Protein Spy Researchers at Rice University have a method to rapidly trigger the universal tagging of proteins being produced by a cell. The tagging method they use is like a switch. They tag proteins with a controllable enzyme switch. This allows researchers to get a snapshot of proteins being produced by a cell at any time. This is a divide and conquer kind of strategy. What hypothesis was tested? The hypothesis that was tested was attach bio-orthogonal that is non-interfering an amino acids to transfer RNA. This gives a snapshot of total protein synthesis. How was it tested? They tested this hypothesis by using an azidonorleucine amino to tag proteins in Escherichia coli bacteria cells. The switch is controlled like a computer program. The switch only charges transfer RNA cells with azidonorleucine efficiently when the switch is synthesized and a chemical is present in the cell to flip the switch. Instead of physically separating a cell from a mixture to find the proteins being made, they can use this engineered switch to put what amounts to a fishhook on every proteins synthesized in a given cell....
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...!1 CHAPTER 27: BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA I. 27.1 Diversity and Evolution A. Archaea 1. Prokaryotic cell structure 2. More closely related to Domain Eukarya than to Domain Bacteria a) Have more complex RNA than bacteria b) Membrane lipids feature ether linkages (1) More stable under extreme environmental conditions c) Archaea do not have peptidoglycan cell walls (1) Have outer coverings made of protein instead B. Bacteria 1. Prokaryotic cell structure 2. Membrane lipids are formed with ester linkages 3. Cell walls can contain peptidoglycan C. Domain Archaea Was Ancestral to Domain Eukarya Fig. 27.2 Bacteria and Archaea !2 1. DNA with histone proteins (shared with Eukarya) (1) Archaea and Eukarya share over 30 ribosomal proteins that are not present in bacteria (2) Archaeal and Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are closely related 2. Ether-linked cell membranes a) Ester bonds are in bacteria and eukaryotes b) Ether bonds are unique to archaea (1) Ether bonds are resistant to damage by heat and other extreme conditions (a) Explains why extremophiles are able to exist c) Archaea also use isoprene chains instead of fatty acid chains in making membranes 3. Extremophiles a) Organisms that occur primarily in extreme habitats 4. Hypothermophiles a) An organism that thrives in extremely hot environments b) Methanopyrus (1) Grows best at deep sea thermal vent sites (a) Where the temperature is 98 degrees celsius Both are Methanopyrus (b) It actually can not grow when the temperature is less than...
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...1 2 Contact Information Dr. Sonish Azam Office: SP 375.23 Tel: 514-848-2424 ex 3488 Email: sonish.azam@concordia.ca (Please mention BIOL 266 in subject) Office hours: after the class or by appointment Topics 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! Topics !"#$%&!"&'(&%")(*(+& %,--.&/01&"23/0,--,.&& '4567,846/-&*,/69450.:&*,.;42/9450&,0,.&/01&%72585.58,.&& ?,8@2/0,&;259,40.&/01&.92A69A2,& ?,8@2/0,&92/0.;529& #259,40&.529403&95&523/0,--,.& >,0,2/-&;24064;-,.&5B&6,--&.430/-403& C430/-&92/0.1A69450&;/97D/=.& %=95.E,-,950& ?495.4.&/01&%=95E40,.4.& !7,&A04F,2./-&6,--&6=6-,&650925-&.=.9,8! %,--&6=6-,&67,6E&;5409.& %/06,2&/01&G;5;95.4.& 3. Objectives 1. Learn about structural features and functions of the components in an Textbooks 4 (1) Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. (4th Edition) published by Garland Publishing, Inc. in 2014. (2) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments by Gerald Karp (7th Edition) published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. in 2013. • The textbooks are recommended, neither of them is required. • Additional reading will be posted on moodle website and announced in class Internet address: http://moodle.concordia.ca Grading Scheme 5 • Midterm • In-class Activity/Assignment • i>clicker • Final exam 30% 12% 3% (starts Jan 20th) 55% Final exam will cover the entire course (cumulative) 6 CELLS AND ORGANELLES Lecture 1 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University What does it mean to...
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