...Summary of the research question and outcome (148 Words) My research project topic was inspired by my aspiration to work in the medical field. Literature reviews indicated the upcoming threat of antimicrobial resistance, knowing that bacterial infections are a significant risk factor in surgical procedures, I centred my topic around the effect of antimicrobial resistance on the efficacy of surgical procedures. My outcome was written in the form of a report detailing the results of research. It first considers background information regarding antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance such as, what they are and how they work. The key findings of my research were that, 38.7% to 50.9% of pathogens which cause surgical site infections are resistant to standard prophylactic drugs, that these...
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...metabolites, are produced by plants as part of their defence mechanism in response to microbial infection7. Plants such as lemon (Citrus limon)2, mint (Mentha piperita)8, garlic (Allium sativum)3, and roots such as ginger (Zingiber officinale)3 produce active compounds which have demonstrated antimicrobial activity and are commonly used in commercially available remedies to treat microbial infections of the upper respiratory tract7. These compounds include nitrogenous alkaloids, flavonoides5 and polypeptides7. Common causative agents of bacterial upper respiratory tract infections (URT) include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae 4. This study aims to look at the antimicrobial effect of commercially altered natural products: a capsule containing allium sativum oil 1 mg (equiv. to 3 grams fresh bulb ) and a peppermint dried leaf infusion to determine their efficacy against the test bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of freshly prepared substances (garlic, ginger, mint and lemon) was compared to the commercially prepared substances using disc diffusion assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were then determined from products that displayed antimicrobial activity. Fig 3. Streptococcus pyogenes Fig 2. Streptococcus pneumoniae Fig 1. Klebsiella pneumoniae Materials and Method Initial Screening Each substance was prepared to desired consistency appropriate for disc diffusion assay Two horse blood agar (HBA) and two nutrient agar plates...
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...Abstract Plant-based antimicrobials represent a vast untapped source of medicines and further exploration of plant antimicrobials needs to occur. Antimicrobials of plant origin have enormous therapeutic potential. . Antimicrobials of plant origin have enormous therapeutic potential. They are effective un treatment of infectious disease while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials. Present study was executed to mainly investigate the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial efficacy of Muntingia calabura Linn against Staphylococcus aureaus. This study is done to provide people with an inexpensive, natural and safe anti inflammatory agent. In addition, it may ease the pain of arthritis. The output of this study will help to make anti inflammatory products out of aratilis (Muntingia calabura linn) flowers and leaves. This study might also provide new knowledge about the properties of aratilis (Muntingia calabura Linn). Extracts of aratilis leaves are subjected to several solutions of oil, water and ethanol at 1:1 ratio. Antibacterial efficacy is done using cup cylinder assay by measuring the diameter (mm) of the clear zone around the cup. The results showed that the oil solution showed an average value of 9.03mm, the ethanol solution showed an average value of 18.27 mm and the water solution with an average of 20.10 mm. The negative controls – oil, ethanol and water – exhibited an average of inhibition with...
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...3.4 Antimicrobial activity of compound methanol extract against Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum Strain FJAT- 42192 compounds methanol extract was tested against Ralstonia solanacearum FJAT-91 and two Fusarium oxysporum formae species: F.oxysporumf. sp. momordicae nov. f. FJAT-3015 and F.oxysporum f. sp. Melonis FJAT- 9230. The strain methanol extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against all pathogen used Fig 3.7. Interestingly, against Ralstonia solanacerum the strain exhibited a very high antagonist activity therefore Ralstonia is the most sensitive pathogen. Morever against both Fusarium oxysporum pathogen, strain was able to reduce the mycelium growth compare to the control plate. Althought the reduction was not very high. According to this results the compound methanol extract from Bacillus strain FJAT- 42192 contain indeed antifungal and antibacterial peptides compounds....
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...ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) LEAVES AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Natural Sciences College of Arts and Sciences San Beda College- Manila In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For BIO31 By: Larraine Love N. Muyalde April 2016 CHAPTER 1 Overview of Research Problem INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem/Objectives of the Study Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely known for its use as the usual condiment in various recipes.Garlic has many medicinal uses according to various studies. However Garlic leaves aren’t given attention to because there are few studies about it. A small number of people use Garlic leaves as a part of their recipe. However, garlic leaves also contain an amount of what the garlic bulb has. Although most scientific studies have investigated the effects of garlic bulb, the leaves offer a similar profile of benefits and risks. Allicin, the primary active constituent of garlic bulb, appears in lower amounts in the leaves or chives of the plants (Russo,J. 2013). Garlic can rightfully be called one of nature’s wonderful plants with healing power. It can inhibit and kill bacteria, fungi, lower (blood pressure, blood cholesterol and blood sugar), prevent blood clotting, and contains anti-tumor properties. It can also boost the immune system to fight off potential disease...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Sponge Gourd (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.), also known as Patola, is an edible fruit that is cultivated in the Philippines. Mature fruits are used as natural cleaning sponges. The plant possesses laxative and purgative property. The seeds possess emetic, expectorant, and demulcent property. Scientifically it is proven as CNS depressant; it is used traditionally in insect bites by tribes of Western Maharashtra. The pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation done by Kalaskar and Surana (2010) has shown that patola indeed has active chemicals in aqueous extract and one of these is tannin; the naturally occurring plant polyphenols that serve as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. Gram-positive cocci are common isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Although most are members of the indigenous microbial biota, some species are causative agents of serious infectious diseases. Consequently, as stated by Mahon, Lehaman and Manuselis (2010) for the vast majority of clinical laboratory situations, coagulase-positive isolates from human sources are considered to be S. aureus. Its infections are contagious and can be transmitted from person to person, and the illnesses related to this bacteria can range from mild and requiring no treatment, to severe and potentially fatal. Anyone can acquire a Staphylococcus aureus infection, especially the newborn infants, breastfeeding women, and people with chronic conditions. Also, it...
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...Task 9 A. Define selectively toxic. A1. Explain why being selectively toxic is an important feature of antimicrobial agents. Selectively toxic means the therapeutic agent used can inhibits or kills microbial cells but not the host's cells. The therapeutic agent must interact with some microbial function or structure that is absent or differs from the host cell. This is important so that only the pathogenic microorganisms gets killed or inhibited, without harming the normal flora or causing harm to the host (Fridkin, 2014). B. Explain broad- and narrow-spectrum antimicrobials. B1. Explain the pros and cons of each spectrum. Broad spectrum antimicrobials are drugs that are effective against a variety of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It can be used on a broad range of bacteria. They are very powerful, very flexible drugs that can used to treat bacterial infections when the infecting bacterium has not yet been identified eg ampicillin, streptomycin. They attack without discrimination as to if it is a pathogenic bacteria or good bacteria. Broad spectrum can lead to superinfection by opportunist microorganism such as candida causing yeast infection. If broad-spectrum antibiotics are not used appropraitely it can cause great damage to the normal microbata., drug toxicity, allergic reactions to, and even lead to resistant strains of the microbe. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics, on the other hand, attack a specific bacterium i.e. just gram-positive or just gram-negative...
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...Role of azithromycin against clinical isolates of family enterobacteriaceae: A comparison of its minimum inhibitory concentration Aim: To determine the effect of Azithromycin, a new azalide antibiotic, on clinical isolates of the family Enterobacteriaaceae and to determine and compare its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Antimicrobial agents are commonly used therapeutically and prophylactically for travelers' diarrhea. Resistance of enteric pathogens to these agents may prevent the success of such therapy, with the result depending upon the level of resistance and the drug concentrations achieved in the gastrointestinal tract. Data from a number of geographic locations were collected in order to determine whether consistent trends exist and whether predictions can be made regarding the susceptibility of various enteric pathogens worldwide. One of the major limitations to successful antimicrobial therapy of enteric bacterial pathogens has been the progressive emergence of resistance to these drugs, particularly in the developing countries. [1] With a marked increase in antibiotic resistance among enteric bacterial pathogens, it has become imperative to find alternative effective antimicrobial agents. Among the oral antimicrobial agents, the fluoroquinolones and the broad-spectrum cephalosporins are the only groups whose efficacy against enteric pathogens of the family Enterobacteriaceae has not yet been compromised by acquired resistance. However, the fluoroquinolones...
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...such as strep throat and even life threatening infections such as pneumonia (CBS/AP 2013). Bacterial infections that were previously incurable are now things of the past and “superbugs” that have risen from different strains of antimicrobial resistant bacteria are becoming threats of the future. Antibiotics have saved and helped the lives of millions worldwide, however, the commonly abused drugs are becoming a threat to the natural world. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms which destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms (McGrew 22). In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist, accidentally unearthed...
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...exposed to, as well as the length of time that they are allowed to grow with minimal control. The greatest limiting factor that is to be utilized is the use of spices. A spice is defined as, “in the culinary arts the word spice refers to any dried part of a plant, other than the leaves, used for seasoning and flavoring a recipe, but not used as the main ingredient.” Due to their evolved mechanisms that inhibit the growth of bacteria, including the creation of defensive phytochemicals (Sherman & Billing 1998), spices have been used for antimicrobial purposes throughout the ages. By limiting the food-borne illnesses that arise as part of the bacterial growth, the spices can be vital resources in the evolution of life itself. Although nearly every spice has antimicrobial results, the levels of intensity in which they prove effective varies. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, commonly known as cinnamon, has been noted to be a particularly intense antimicrobial mechanism, such that it impedes the growth of of...
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...treatment of these infectious diseases (Titilope et al., 2012), both infectious and non-infectious. Attah et al. (2012) makes similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases which is one of the areas that is gaining grounds and acceptability world-wide (p.1). According to the World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to acquire different effective drugs and, therefore, those plants should undergo investigation to have a better understanding of their properties, safety and efficacy (Rajeh et al., 2010; Nascimiento et al., 2000). There are some published reports describing the antimicrobial activity of various crude plant extracts (Igoli et al., 2005; Alzoreky et al., 2003). It is estimated that there are about 2.5 million species of higher plants and the majority of these have not yet been examined for their pharmacological activities (Ram et al., 2003). In relation with the applications of herbal plants, weed, which is a plant that grows out of place and is competitive, persistent and pernicious (James et al., 1991), have been a part of civilization and many ancient documents speak of humans battling weeds in the crops they grow and also found to be resistant to most of the microbial disease that made us interested to know the potency behind (Ibrahim et al., 2012). Furthermore, according to Ibrahim et al. (2012), there...
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...soon. Polar extracts from (Tunisian) Acacia salicina 'Lindl. Study of the antimicrobial and antigenotoxic activities BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:37 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-37 Jihed Boubaker (jihed.boubaker@yahoo.fr) Hedi Ben Mansour (hedi.mansour@hotmail.fr) Kamel Ghedira (kamel.ghedira@gmail.com) Leila Chekir-Ghedira (leila.chekir@laposte.net) ISSN Article type Submission date Acceptance date Publication date Article URL 1472-6882 Research article 3 September 2011 10 April 2012 10 April 2012 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/37 Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in BMC journals are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in BMC journals or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/ © 2012 Boubaker et al. ; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Polar extracts from (Tunisian) Acacia salicina ‘Lindl. Study of the antimicrobial and antigenotoxic activities Jihed Boubaker1† Email: jihed.boubaker@yahoo.fr...
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...The n e w e ng l a n d j o u r na l of m e dic i n e Clinical Practice Caren G. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H., Editor Urinary Tract Infections in Older Men Anthony J. Schaeffer, M.D., and Lindsay E. Nicolle, M.D. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the authors’ clinical recommendations. From the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (A.J.S.); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (L.E.N.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Schaeffer at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Tarry Bldg. 16-703, Chicago, IL 60611, or at jschaeffer@ a northwestern.edu. N Engl J Med 2016;374:562-71. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1503950 Copyright © 2016 Massachusetts Medical Society. An audio version of this article is available at NEJM.org 562 A 79-year-old community-dwelling man presents with urinary frequency, dysuria, and fever. Culture reveals extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli. He had a similar infection several months ago, with the same organism isolated, and he had a response to nitrofurantoin treatment. How would you further evaluate and manage this case? U The Cl inic a l Probl em rinary tract infection in men without indwelling catheters is uncommon among men younger...
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...Yasmin Martinez Biology 2310 Lab Report I Antibiotics, Antiseptics, and Disinfectants June 22, 2018 Introduction As the world continues to evolve, bacteria evolves along with it. This can begin to impact the effect of antimicrobials, which are used to inhibit or kill the growth of microorganisms. Antimicrobial testing is important to determine the susceptibility within a given agent. It is also important to consider resistance of an antimicrobial agent to a given microorganism. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when a given drug loses its effect due to the microbes changing, either because of mutation or they acquire new genetic information from other microbes.1 Materials and Methods The materials required for this lab are the four bacterial broth cultures: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis. Eight trypticase soy agar (TSA) plates, a Kirby-Bauer Antibiotic Disk Dispenser, a container with sterile filter paper disk, another container with 70% alcohol, forceps, sterile swabs, Hydrogen Peroxide, Bleach, Antiseptic Mouth Wash,...
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...Given that AB had a bacterial infection that had spread to her lungs and bloodstream, only the kind of pharmacological therapy described above would have been efficacious in managing AB’s health. In terms of the therapeutic modality, the two key participants were physician and nurse. The physician identified the required pharmacological agents (one antimicrobial drug and one vasopressor) needed to address AB’s risk, whereas the nurse’s responsibility was to ensure that the chosen therapies were (a) efficacious and (b) not resulting in side effects harmful enough to outweigh their efficacy. An earlier portion of the assignment already provided detailed information about the specifics of the nurse’s role in this respect. Collaboration took place to the extent that I kept both the physician of record and the attending physician apprised of developments in AB’s health, which in turn allowed AB’s dosages of erythromycin and dopamine to remain the same until her infection had cleared and she could be safely released from the...
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