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Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia

Latar belakang masalah

Masalah sumber daya manusia masih menjadi sorotan dan tumpuhan bagi

perusahaan untuk tetap dapat bertahan di era globalisasi. Sumber daya manusia

mempunyai peran utama dalam setiap kegiatan perusahaan. Walaupun didukung

dengan sarana dan prasarana serta sumber dana yang berlebihan, tetapi tanpa

dukungan sumber daya manusia yang andal kegiatan perusahaan tidak akan

terselesaikan dengan baik. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sumber daya manusia

merupakan kunci pokok yang harus diperhatikan dengan segala kebutuhannya.

Sebagai kunci pokok, sumber daya manusia akan menentukan keberhasilan

pelaksanaan kegiatan perusahaan. Tuntutan perusahaan untuk memperoleh,

mengembangkan dan mempertahankan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas

semakin mendesak sesuai dengan dinamika lingkungan yang selalu berubah.

Perubahan perlu mendapat dukungan manajemen puncak sebagai langkah

pertama yang penting untuk dilakukan bukan hanya sekedar lip service saja.

Pemimpin harus dapat memobilisasi sebuah tim, proses pekerjaan harus dapat

dikembangkan dan proses sumber daya manusia harus menjadi fokus utama.

Perubahan dan peningkatan peran fungsi sumber daya manusia sangat esensial

untuk mendukung keberhasilan organisasi.

Pengelolaan sumber daya manusia terkait dan mempengaruhi kinerja

organisassional dengan cara menciptakan nilai atau menggunakan keahlian sumber daya manusia yang berkaitan dengan praktek manajemen dan sasarannya

cukup luas, tidak hanya terbatas karyawan oiperasional semata, namun juga

meliputi tingkatan manajerial.

Sumber daya manusia sebagai penggerak organisasi banyak dipengaruhi

oleh perilaku para pesertanya (partisipannya) atau aktornya. Keikutsertaan sumber

daya manusia dalam organisasi diatur dengan adanya pemberian wewenang dan

tanggung jawab. Merumuskan wewenang dan tanggung jawab yang harus dicapai

karyawan dengan standar atau tolak ukur yang telah ditetapkan dan disepakati

oleh karyawan dan atasan. Karyawan bersama atasan masing-masing dapat

menetapkan sasaran kerja dan standar kinerja yang harus dicapai serta menilai

hasil-hasil yang sebenarnya dicapai pada akhir kurun waktu tertentu.

Peningkatan kinerja karyawan secara perorangan akan mendorong kinerja

sumbar daya manusia secara keseluruhan, yang direkflesikan dalam kenaikan

produktifitas.

Berdasarkan uraian di atas menunjukkan penilaian kinerja merupakan

suatu hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan perusahaan. Dukungan dari tiap

manajemen yang berupa pengarahan, dukungan sumber daya seperti, memberikan

peralatan yang memadai sebagai sarana untuk memudahkan pencapaian tujuan

yang ingin dicapai dalam pendampingan, bimbingan, pelatihan serta

pengembangan akan lebih mempermudah penilaian kinerja yang obyektif

Pengertian Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia

Manajemen sumber daya manusia, disingkat MSDM, adalah suatu ilmu atau cara bagaimana mengatur hubungan dan peranan sumber daya (tenaga kerja) yang dimiliki oleh individu secara efisien dan efektif serta dapat digunakan secara maksimal sehingga tercapai tujuan (goal) bersama perusahaan, karyawan dan masyarakat menjadi maksimal

Tujuan Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia

Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas sumber daya manusia dalam organisasi. Tujuannya adalah memberikan kepada organisasi satuan kerja yang efektif. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, studi tentang manajemen personalia akan menunjukkan bagaimana seharusnya perusahaan mendapatkan, mengembangkan, menggunakan, mengevaluasi, dan memelihara karyawan dalam jumlah (kuantitas) dan tipe (kualitas)

Manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah suatu proses menangani berbagai masalah pada ruang lingkup karyawan, pegawai, buruh, manajer dan tenaga kerja lainnya untuk dapat menunjang aktivitas organisasi atau perusahaan demi mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan.[rujukan?]Bagian atau unit yang biasanya mengurusi sdm adalah departemen sumber daya manusia atau dalam bahasa inggris disebut HRD atau human resource department. Menurut A.F. Stoner manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah suatu prosedur yang berkelanjutan yang bertujuan untuk memasok suatu organisasi atau perusahaan dengan orang-orang yang tepat untuk ditempatkan pada posisi dan jabatan yang tepat pada saat organisasi memerlukannya.[4]

Tujuan-tujuan MSDM terdiri dari empat tujuan, yaitu :[rujukan?]

1. Tujuan Organisasional

Ditujukan untuk dapat mengenali keberadaan manajemen sumber daya manusia (MSDM) dalam memberikan kontribusi pada pencapaian efektivitas organisasi. Walaupun secara formal suatu departemen sumber daya manusia diciptakan untuk dapat membantu para manajer, namun demikian para manajer tetap bertanggung jawab terhadap kinerja karyawan. Departemen sumber daya manusia membantu para manajer dalam menangani hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan sumber daya manusia.

2. Tujuan Fungsional

Ditujukan untuk mempertahankan kontribusi departemen pada tingkat yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan organisasi. Sumber daya manusia menjadi tidak berharga jika manajemen sumber daya manusia memiliki kriteria yang lebih rendah dari tingkat kebutuhan organisasi.

3. Tujuan Sosial

Ditujukan untuk secara etis dan sosial merespon terhadap kebutuhan-kebutuhan dan tantangan-tantangan masyarakat melalui tindakan meminimasi dampak negatif terhadap organisasi. Kegagalan organisasi dalam menggunakan sumber dayanya bagi keuntungan masyarakat dapat menyebabkan hambatan-hambatan.

4. Tujuan Personal

Ditujukan untuk membantu karyawan dalam pencapaian tujuannya, minimal tujuan-tujuan yang dapat mempertinggi kontribusi individual terhadap organisasi. Tujuan personal karyawan harus dipertimbangkan jika parakaryawan harus dipertahankan, dipensiunkan, atau dimotivasi. Jika tujuan personal tidak dipertimbangkan, kinerja dan kepuasan karyawan dapat menurun dan karyawan dapat meninggalkan organisasi.

Peran, Fungsi, Tugas, dan Tanggung Jawab Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia

Perencanaan

Melakukan persiapan dan seleksi tenaga kerja (Preparation and selection)

Persiapan. Dalam proses persiapan dilakukan perencanaan kebutuhan akan sumber daya manusia dengan menentukan berbagai pekerjaan yang mungkin timbul. Yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan perkiraan/forecast akan pekerjaan yang lowong, jumlahnya, waktu, dan lain sebagainya. Ada dua faktor yang perlu diperhatikan dalam melakukan persiapan, yaitu faktor internal seperti jumlah kebutuhan karyawan baru, struktur organisasi, departemen yang ada, dan lain-lain. Faktor eksternal seperti hukum ketenagakerjaan, kondisi pasa tenaga kerja, dan lain sebagainya

Rekrutmen & Seleksi 1. Rekrutmen tenaga kerja/Recruitment. Rekrutmen adalah suatu proses untuk mencari calon atau kandidat pegawai, karyawan, buruh, manajer, atau tenaga kerja baru untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sdm oraganisasi atau perusahaan. Dalam tahapan ini diperlukan analisis jabatan yang ada untuk membuat deskripsi pekerjaan/job description dan juga spesifikasi pekerjaan/job specification. 2. Seleksi tenaga kerja/Selection. Seleksi tenaga kerja adalah suatu proses menemukan tenaga kerja yang tepat dari sekian banyak kandidat atau calon yang ada. Tahap awal yang perlu dilakukan setelah menerima berkas lamaran adalah melihat daftar riwayat hidup/cv/curriculum vittae milik pelamar. Kemudian dari cv pelamar dilakukan penyortiran antara pelamar yang akan dipanggil dengan yang gagal memenuhi standar suatu pekerjaan. Lalu berikutnya adalah memanggil kandidat terpilih untuk dilakukan ujian test tertulis, wawancara kerja/interview dan proses seleksi lainnya.

Menurut Cut Zurnali (2010), sebuah organisasi atau perusahaan harus dapat mencari dan menarik calon karyawan yang memiliki kemampuan bekerja dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, yang biasa disebut sebagai pekerja pengetahuan (knowledge worker). Mengutip pendapat Drucker (2002:135): Kontribusi manajemen yang paling penting yang dibutuhkan pada abad ke-21 ini adalah meningkatkan produktivitas kerja pengetahuan (knowledge work) sekaligus meningkatkan produktivitas pekerja pengetahuan (knowledge worker). Produktivitas kerja pengetahuan (knowledge work) berarti perusahaan meningkatkan cakupan kerjanya pada pemanfaatan teknologi yang berbasis pengetahuan, termasuk didalamnya memanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam meningkatkan profitable sekaligus memperkuat daya saing (competiveness) perusahaan. Kerja pengetahuan adalah kenyataan yang harus dihadapi oleh setiap perusahaan atau setiap organisasi, baik organisasi laba (perusahaa atau korporasi) maupun organisasi nirlaba (seperti kantor-kantor pemerintah atau NGO). Sedangkan peningkatan produktivitas pekerja pengetahuan (knowledge worker) bermakna bagaimana memanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin pengetahuan dan kemampuan para pekerja pengetahuan dalam menjalankan setiap pekerjaan atau tugas yang diberikan perusahaan kepada mereka.

Cut Zurnali (2010) mendefinisikan pekerja pengetahuan atau knowledge worker (K-Worker) sebagai karyawan sebuah organisasi yang bertanggung jawab untuk mendesain, membangun, menguji, memelihara, dan mengoperasikan infrastuktur dan aplikasi keorganisasian dengan sentuhan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi sehingga dapat mencapai tujuan organisasi secara efektif dan efisien sekaligus dapat memberikan kepuasaan bagi para stake holder organisasi tersebut.

Lebih lanjut dipaparkan bahwa kekhasan pekerja pengetahuan terletak pada adanya otonomi untuk menikmati kebebasan dalam pekerjaan, bergerak, dan melawan perintah dan budaya pengendalian. Dalam perkembangannya, K-worker cenderung memiliki kemampuan mengoperasikan sebuah perusahaan sehingga mereka memiliki satu atau lebih perusahaan yang dapat berupa komersial atau perusahaan non profit. Beragam perusahaan pengetahuan dapat memilih untuk membantu menempatkan bidang pengetahuan dan teknologi yang biasanya ditujukan untuk pengembangan kemampuan dalam industri utama seperti industri telekomunikasi, pertambangan, otomotif, semi konduktor, dan bioteknologi.

Berdasarkan pendapat yang dikemukakan oleh Cut Zurnali tersebut, dapatlah ditarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa pada era sekarang ini sudah saatnya sebuah departemen SDM merekrut karyawan-karyawan dengan kualifikasi knowledge worker agar sebuah organisasi atau perusahaan dapat mencapai keunggulan kompetitif dalam jangka panjang, sekaligus memberikan keuntungan kepada para stake holder organisasi tersebut, tidak hanya pada saat ini tapi juga di masa depan.

Pelatihan, Pengembangan, dan Penilaian Prestasi

1. Pengembangan dan evaluasi karyawan (Development and evaluation). Tenaga kerja yang bekerja pada organisasi atau perusahaan harus menguasai pekerjaan yang menjadi tugas dan tanggungjawabnya. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu pembekalan agar tenaga kerja yang ada dapat lebih menguasai dan ahli di bidangnya masing-masing serta meningkatkan kinerja yang ada. Dengan begitu proses pengembangan dan evaluasi karyawan menjadi sangat penting mulai dari karyawan pada tingkat rendah maupun yang tinggi. 2. Memberikan kompensasi dan proteksi pada pegawai (Compensation and protection). Kompensasi adalah imbalan atas kontribusi kerja pegawai secara teratur dari organisasi atau perusahaan. Kompensasi yang tepat sangat penting dan disesuaikan dengan kondisipasar tenaga kerja yang ada pada lingkungan eksternal. Kompensasi yang tidak sesuai dengan kondisi yang ada dapat menyebabkan masalah ketenaga kerjaan di kemudian hari atau pun dapat menimbulkan kerugian pada organisasi atau perusahaan. Proteksi juga perlu diberikan kepada pekerja agar dapat melaksanakan pekerjaannya dengan tenang sehingga kinerja dan kontribusi perkerja tersebut dapat tetap maksimal dari waktu ke waktu. Kompensasi atau imbalan yang diberikan bermacam-macam jenisnya yang telah diterangkan pada artikel lain pada situs organisasi.org ini.

Promosi, Pemindahan dan Pemisahan

1. Promosi adalah sebuah jenis transfer yang meliputi penugasan kembali seorang pegawai pada sebuah posisi yang kemungkinan besar diberikan pembayaran yang lebih tinggi dan tanggung jawab, hak dan kesempatan yang lebih besar. Demosi, kadang-kadang disebut transfer ke bawah, adalah sebuah jenis transfer meliputi pemotongan pembayaran, hak dan kesempatan.

2. Pemisahan, disebut juga pemberhentian, bahkan sering disebut downsizing, adalah perpindahan sementara atau tidak definitif seorang pegawai dari daftar gaji. Umumnya adalah untuk mengurangi kelebihan beban biaya tenaga kerja dan permasalahan keuangan perusahaan semakin serius.

3. Terminasi adalah tindakan manajemen berupa pemisahan pegawai dari organisasi karena melanggar aturan organisasi atau karena tidak menunjukkan kinerja yang cukup.

4. Pemberhentian sukarela adalah pemisahan pegawai dari organisasi atas inisiatif organisasi atau kemauan pegawai sendiri.

5. Pengunduran diri adalah pemisahan pegawai yang telah menyelesaikan masa kerja maksimalnya dari organisasi atau umumnya di kenal dengan istilah pension.

Faktor – faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi proses MSDM :

1. Serikat pekerja.

2. Peraturan dan regulasi pemerintah.

3. Trend Demografis.

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