...Tetanus is a disease of the central nervous system caused by bacteria called Clostridium Tentani (pronounced Klos-TRIH-dee-um The-TAH-nye). There are four types of Tetanus: Generalised tetanus, local tetanus, Cephalic Tetanus and Neonatal Tetanus. In the most common of Tetanus, spasms continue for 3-4 weeks and recovery may take months. Tetanus is not passed person to person, rather, transmitted by spores into the injured skin and underlying tissue. These spores are found throughout the environment. They are most commonly found in soil, dust and manure (but exist virtually anywhere else). Tetanus spores multiply in open wounds and toxins enter the body. The spores don’t cause tetanus, the toxins do, when released they affect the brain and nervous system. the incubation period for this disease is between 3-21 days. The earliest descriptions of disease found in ancient Egypt. The disease is resistant to a number of disinfecting agents and to autoclaving. severe effects include suffocation, respiratory failure, pneumonia, hypertension (high blood pressure), hypotension (low blood pressure) and heart attacks. Early symptoms include lockjaw,...
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...Tetanus, or otherwise known as lockjaw1, is an infection caused by the bacterium, Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacillus that is capable of forming spores that are very durable and resistant to heat or common disinfectants. 2,3 These spores are found in soil, as well as in animal feces and despite it being located everywhere, tetanus is mainly reported in underdeveloped and overcrowded regions. 3 C. tetani usually penetrates the human body through wound puncture, laceration, skin breaks, or inoculation with an infected syringe or insect bites. However, this is not always the case since 20% of cases do not have an obvious entry wound identified. 1,2 Tetanus is interesting because it does not invade the body, but instead, it produces exotoxins that disperse...
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...Tetanus and Climate Change Tetanus is a serious infection that affects the brain and nervous system and is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. If the bacteria is deposited in a wound, it releases a toxin that enters the bloodstream and interferes with the nerves that control muscle movement. Some symptoms include lockjaw, painful muscle spasms, and rapid heart beat. It can be found anywhere, but mostly in soil, dust and manure. The bacteria is also anaerobic which means it lives in the absence of oxygen. Taylor (2003) stated that the distribution of tetanus follows the areas of moist, warm climate and fertile soil and the highest rates occur particularly in countries near the equator. During the 20th century, the Earth’s average temperature rose one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four centuries which is believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years (The Nature Conservancy, n.d.)....
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...Suncoast Animal League Volunteer Application – Youth OFFICE USE ONLY Orientation Date Start Date Thank you for your interest in volunteering at the Suncoast Animal League. Please complete the application below. Please Print. Personal Information: Date First Name Street Address Home # Last Name City Work # Birth (Month/Day/Year) State Cell # Zip Preferred Phone Contact: Email: Employer How did you hear about the League? Home Work Cell Occupation Please indicate the days and times you are available to volunteer: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Saturday Sunday Anytime Events only ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Animals of Interest: Skills you possess: □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Cats Dogs Others (rabbits, birds, reptiles, etc.) Adoptions □ Fundraising □ Office/Computers Animal Medical Care □ Maintenance/Handy Work □ Photography Behavior Training: Cats □ AC/Heating □ Public Education Behavior Training: Dogs □ Carpentry □ Public Relations Computer Hardware/Software □ Electrical □ Rescue/Disaster Response Events □ Painting □ Therapy Visits Foster Care □ Plumbing OTHER: ___________________________________________________________________________ VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES: ( ∗ Indicates parental approval is necessary prior to performing tasks) Adoption Assistant Assist visitors with potential adoptions: escort through adoption areas, answer basic...
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...immediately, even before test results are available. Diphtheria antitoxin is given as a shot into a muscle or through an IV (intravenous line). The infection is then treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and erythromycin. People with diphtheria may need to stay in the hospital while the antitoxin is being received. Other treatments may include: * Fluids by IV * Oxygen * Bed rest * Heart monitoring * Insertion of a breathing tube * Correction of airway blockages Anyone who has come into contact with the infected person should receive an immunization or booster shots against diphtheria. Protective immunity lasts only 10 years from the time of vaccination, so it is important for adults to get a booster of tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine every 10 years. Those without symptoms who carry diphtheria should be treated with antibiotics. Expectations (prognosis): Diphtheria may be mild or severe. Some people may not have symptoms. In others, the disease can slowly get worse. The death rate is 10%. Recovery from the illness is slow. Complications: The most common complication is inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis). The nervous system is also frequently and severely affected, which may result in temporary paralysis. The diphtheria toxin can also damage the kidneys. http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001608trt.htm What is diphtheria? A common childhood disease in the 1930s, diphtheria is an acute bacterial disease...
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...Background and context Vaccines are among the most cost-effective health interventions of all time. Despite this, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.7 million annual deaths among children under 5 years of age are due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination (WHO, 2010). For example, although it is estimated that Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) vaccines reach about 80% of children globally, the number of unimmunized children under 1 year of age who did not receive the three-dose diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DTP3) was 23.2 million in 2009 (WHO, 2010). Seventy per cent of these children live in ten countries: Chad, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda (WHO, 2010). There are many factors that prevent children from being immunized, including political instability in a country, the strength of the immunization programme (e.g. number of health-care workers, facilities, cold chain), geographical location, and communication/ perceptions about the safety of vaccines. These barriers have been addressed in other documents (WHO, 2009a). The focus of this report is on increasing vaccine access though increased production. In addition to the children who miss out on basic vaccines, there are huge inequalities in access to new vaccines between children in developed countries and children in developing countries. Furthermore,...
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...well informed and mannered in delivering holistic care for patients diagnosed with tetanus, as well as to gain knowledge and overview about the disease. Specific objectives: * To imply appropriate nursing management for tetanus. * To be able to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. * To be able to define tetanus and identify its clinical manifestations and risk factors. * To be acquainted with the different drugs for tetanus and their actions. * Plan for a suitable nursing care. * To know the purposes and specific nursing responsibilities before, during, and after some procedure done with the client. * To institute bond between the student nurse and the patient. II. INTRODUCTION Tetanus comes from the Greek word “teiteim” which means to stretch. It is also called lockjaw. It is a serious infectious disease of the nervous system in which toxin causes severe muscle spasm. It is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. It is caused by a bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep punctured wound. Tetanus is often associated with rust, but this concept is somewhat misleading. The C.Tetani is an Anaerobic bacteria which survives in an environment that lacks oxygen, thus with or without rust a person may have a tetanus once C. Tetani...
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...Andrew Assesment Parma lee elementary school has a diverse population of students from different backgrounds. It has Caucasians, African Americans, Asians, Native Americans among others. However, the majority of the students have a Hispanic background. The students in this school range from 3-5 years (preschool) and 6 to12 (school Age), and l noticed an equal distribution of boys and girls. Given the large population of Hispanics, some of the preschoolers with this ethnic background could not express themselves in English. However, they were helped by their peers during the screening. The screening incorporated Height and weight, blood pressure, checking hearing abilities and dental status. The preschool stage of development according to Erikson is initiative vs. Guilt. The goal of preschoolers is to acquire independence as they perform learned tasks. In other words being able undertake and accomplish tasks without interferences from care givers or their teachers. During this stage, preschoolers are learning new experiences for instance learning how to read and write, putting up puzzles, getting on a weighing scale by themselves among others. Giving them an opportunity to perform these tasks creates a sense of independence, and thus fulfilling their physical abilities successfully. Failure for preschoolers to achieve learned tasks creates a feeling of frustration leading to negative behaviors. Such behaviors include throwing objects, yelling, crying, and thus hesitating...
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...Tetani also known as Tetanus. This bacterium is a “Gram-positive, meaning it lacks an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane and possesses only a thick peptidoglycan cellular wall”. Tetanus is an acute, usually a fetal illness caused by Clostridium Tetani infection at a break in the skin, for example in a wound. It can also occur in burns as a complication and surgical site infection (2). During its premature stages the bacteria has a very low heat tolerance and can barely survive where oxygen is located. When formed on the human skin it takes the shape of a hard spore like infection which can withstand antiseptics and heat rising up to 249.8 degree F (121deg C.) for almost ten minutes. History The history of this disease dates back to the 1800’s, when the physician Arthur Nicolaier, discovered the disease, within the same year both Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone demonstrated how it was transmitted by using a rabbit. The rabbit was placed in a simulated area while it was injected with tetanus which later ended up killing the animal. Towards the end of the 1800’s both Kitasato Shibasaburo and French microbiologist and veterinarian Edmond Nocord prove that tetanus could be prevented or treated using antitoxin. Through the discovery made by these men the reported tetanus cases in the US has decline at a drastic rate, from “several thousand cases in the late 1940’s to 27 cases and two deaths in 2005”. Several factors have contributed to the decline in tetanus morbidity and mortality...
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...I. Introduction Tetanus, often known by its physical manifestation of spastic paralysis, is one of the most globally prevalent diseases of humans and vertebrate animals. It has been recorded in countless different geographical locations throughout numerous centuries. It produces the second most poisonous substance known, Tetanospasmin, with a human lethal dose of approximately 1 ng/kg (Bruggeman, CDC). The causative agent of this disease is caused by Clostridium tetani, a gram-positive, anaerobic bacillary bacterium (CDC). Although C. tetani is being be controlled by immunization, the World Health Organization still reports an estimated of 400,000 cases occur each year, with a great number being neonatal infections (Bruggeman). By studying...
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...It is important for children to receive this vaccine because it could prevent them from developing a life-threatening disease. This vaccine is part of the DTaP immunizations, which is a series of shots that including protection for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis. These immunizations are supposed to last for four to twenty years, but boosters are recommended for children between eleven and eighteen. The booster immunization is called Tdap, which is similar to the DTaP immunization but has lower concentrations of Diphtheria and Tetanus toxoids. Tdap is given to adults who didn’t receive the DTaP and who want to prevent spreading anything to their newborns. The booster can be given to a pregnant woman during the second half of her pregnancy, and is highly recommended. Eighty percent of nonimmunized people living in the same house will develop whooping cough. Before the vaccine was introduced, Pertussis killed 5,000 to 10,000 people in the United States alone each year. When the vaccine was available, it reduced the number of annual deaths to less than thirty people. It has been on the rise again beginning in 2004 when there was...
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...Bronchopneumonia-bronchitis+pneumonia Causes: * Staphylococcus aureus * Haemophilus influenzae * Klebsiella pneumoniae Prevention: Vaccinations can be very helpful in preventing bronchopneumonia. Treatment: Antivirals can help reduce the length of your illness and the severity of your symptoms. Epiglotittis-inflammation of epiglottis Cause: A bacterial infection is the most common cause of epiglottitis Prevention: * Wash your hands frequently or use alcohol sanitizer to prevent the spread of germs. * Avoid drinking after other individuals and sharing food or utensils. Treatment: * intravenous fluids for nutrition and hydration until you’re able to swallow again * antibiotics to get rid of a bacterial infection Erysipelas- is a bacterial infection in the upper layer of your skin. Cause: * cuts and ulcers in your skin * surgical incisions * insect bites Prevention: * Always keep wounds clean. * Treat athlete’s foot if you have it. * Use moisturizers to prevent skin from drying and cracking. Treatment:Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are the usual treatment for erysipelas. Nali Fungal Infection-can affect any part of the body, from the skin to the eyes. Cause: Fungi that are already present in or on your body can cause nail infections. Prevention: * using antifungal sprays or powders regularly * washing your hands after touching infected nails * dry your feet well after showering especially...
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...itself, but in the process by which it works by giving huge incentives to create scandals or scares. They also suggest that the media can be an extremely useful tool if used correctly for health education and promotion (Clements & Ratzan, 2002). Although the MMR link to autism is one of the most recent anti-vaccine incidences, the anti-vaccine movement didn’t begin with the suggestion that MMR caused autism. Previous vaccine scare incidences arose prior to the 1998 study on MMR that fueled more anti-vaccine sentiments. Offit (2011) claims that the modern American anti-vaccine movement began when a documentary titled DPT: Vaccine Roulette aired on April 19, 1982. The documentary questioned the safety and effectiveness of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT). It claimed that after investigating the pertussis portion of the vaccine they found that the DPT vaccine could damage to a devastating degree. Although many people believed the reports, the claim that the pertussis vaccine caused permanent brain damage was later found to be false. (Offit, 2011). A few years earlier in Britain, pediatric neurologist John Wilson, claimed that the pertussis vaccine caused brain damage in children. Further medical studies reported that 1 in 100,000 children suffered brain damage because of DPT. The media exploded with the results of these studies, an enormous number of lawsuits were filed, and the vaccine stopped being given. After years of replicating the initial study...
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...7th grade must provide proof of immunization against Pertussis. From a community standpoint clinics started to offer free booster shots and even pharmacies started offering Tdap shots, for a fee. Pertussis is highly contagious and is spread through many modes of transmission like coughing, causing the bacteria to go airborne, through droplets when a person is either speaking, laughing, sneezing or coughing, and through touching or inhaling in an area where droplets may be in close contact to an individual. There are also a few methods to prevent an individual from acquiring the disease, besides normal sanitary measures like covering your mouth and washing your hands, the primary method for prevention is getting a vaccination. The Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria and Acellular Pertussis) vaccine is given during infancy and consists of 5 shots administered from 2-3 months old and ending at about 4 to 6 years of age. Pertussis can still occur in Adolescents and adults, despite both groups having been vaccinated earlier on in life, this is due to the effectiveness of the vaccine wearing off, it is suggested to take a booster shot every 10 years or so as these booster shots act as protective factors to help protect and prevent a person from acquiring Pertussis. There are treatment options for a child or adolescent who has been infected with Pertussis. Usually the best form of treatment for the disease is the use of antibiotics. The antibiotic erythromycin is usually used to treat the disease...
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...Clarence Taylor Biology Disease Research 19 September 2012 Diphtheria Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease, which means that it is sudden or severe. The bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause it. It is a non-motile and a gram-positive non- spore-bearing organism. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a club shaped organisms that produce a dangerous toxin. The known symptoms of diphtheria are a bluish coloration of the skin, bloody watery drainage from the nose, breathing problems, chills, barking cough, drooling because of airway blockage, fever, painful swallowing, skin lesions and sore throat. Sometimes there might not even be any symptoms and in that, case could be very dangerous. These symptoms usually occur anywhere from 2 to 5 days after the diphtheria bacteria is contracted. Diphtheria is most commonly found in places where immunizations are scarce and was even found here in the U.S. In Russia and other newer CIS, states there were about 1,000s of cases of diphtheria and hundreds of those people died. In the European region of the Eastern hemisphere in 1980, there were 623 cases. Between 1980 and 1990, there were 3170 cases of diphtheria and then by 1993 the amount rose to 19,046 cases. 80% of these European cases came from the Russian Republic and Ukraine. In 1994, there were 111 fatal cases in Ukraine. In the U.S. in the 1920s there were from 1,000 to 2,000 cases of diphtheria every year leading to a death count from 13,000 to 15,000. Surveys have found that...
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