...estimated 700,000 dead, and thousands more scarred physically and psychologically. Both sides of the battle, the Algiers and the French paratroopers, used merciless guerrilla tactics and torture against its own people.[1] Algeria continued however to struggle with civilian casualties. Among those the “Berber people at the hands various factions of insurgents, and was successful for a while”[2]. It is my assertion that decolonization France did not grant formal eminent rule, nor did it administer political order and help cultivate Algeria peacefully as a nation. The question remains however, would Algeria have succeeded long term as a nation under French rule? One can argue that Algerian ties to advanced French culture, language, medicine, technological advancement and western culture would have left Algerians in a much better conditions than the alternatives of the ensuing regimes that have depleted French roots in the country. In light of...
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...years later, the people overthrew French colonial rule and won their independence. The film is an insightful interpretation of the effect of Western colonialism; as such, it's an important source of reference in the discussion of current events involving the West's intervention in the Middle East. The movie begins with a torture scene in which French paratroopers have just gained information about the freedom fighters. The French know where the leader, Ali Pointe, is hiding and he has thirty seconds to surrender. Much of the film is a flashback from the point of view of Ali Pointe, the leader of the resistance. The way the film came about is surprising in many ways. The movie was subsidized by the Algerian government and written by the real leader of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLM) while he was in a French prison. The rebel leader, Saadi Yacef interviewed three filmmakers and chose Pontecorvo as his movie director. Yacef stars as the leader of the FLN in the film; he's also the film's producer. This makes for a shockingly realistic portrayal of the bombings and assassinations of...
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...of ways politically to have Algerians working with them and against their own people. It can be an attribute to how the balance between the colonized and colonizer took a dramatic shift. However, this tactic of using Algerians against other Algerians could only work...
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...extended to the streets, as it did in response to the publication of Émile Zola's 1898 “J'accuse.” Zola's open letter indicted the Army General Staff for antisemitism and cover-up, and prompted reactionary riots across France, the most violent of which occurred in French colonial Algiers. There, the burning of Zola in effigy sparked a riot in which 158 shops were destroyed, six Jews were assaulted (two fatally), and 9 rioters, 47 police, and a large but unknown number of Jews were seriously injured.[2] As the site of some of the only murderous violence during the Affair, colonial Algeria deserves particular attention. Examining the Dreyfus Affair from the perspective of French colonial Algeria illuminates the place of antisemitism in Algerian political culture, the development of modern French antisemitism, and the relationship between antisemitism and colonial racism.[3] According to George Fredrickson, antisemitism, like all Western racisms, is predicated on a presumption of basic human equality rooted in Christian and Enlightenment...
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...However, the extensive state ownership of banks severely undermines regulatory governance (IMF, 2004). Many uncertainties also surround the preconditions for effective banking supervision and sustainable macroeconomic policies. These uncertainties also hinders well-developed public infrastructure, effective market discipline, efficient resolution of banking problems and appropriate level of systemic protection. Evident in the IMF (2004) report is the award of banking licenses to individuals without experience. The net worth of bank owners could not be reliably established (IMF, 2004). The 1990 law on money did not require full capital payment. This culminated to the failure of the largest private bank in 2003 with assets of 3% of GDP. The Algerian banking system currently has 28 active lending institutions of which 21 are banks and 7 are financial institutions. There is also one development bank and an offshore bank. The total number of lending institutions has increased from end 1999 when there were 21 as a result of private sector development. Even though, currently there are 15 private banks, the public sector remains predominant (IMF, 2004). They have long been mere instruments of state policies. Public banks accounts for a high proportion of total banking sector activity, in particular, they represent 86.5% of the aggregate balance sheet, 91% of loans extended and 84% of deposits taken as of end-2002. The restructuring of public enterprises that have been insufficiently productive...
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...Languages University of Abd Errahmane Mira, Bejaia (06000) Algeria ABSTRACT: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has inevitable impacts on different industries and their performances. The tourism industry, as the largest and fastest growing industry in the world, cannot be excluded from this technology and its huge impacts. ICT provides information about tourist attractions in different destinations before travelling and improves tourists‘ satisfaction. Although Algeria has great tourism potentials, it still needs to be performed well in promoting its attractions to international tourists via ICT tools yet. This research explores the impact of ICT on foreign tourists‘ satisfaction of the tourism industry and uses Algerian tourist agencies as a case study, and proposes a model for the impact of ICT on sustainable tourism. Finally, it concludes that e-ticketing, e- reservation, online payment, multilingual and updated information websites are essential needs for planning strategies in the field of e- tourism. Also, it is recommended that the tourism authorities should develop e-tourism...
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...wars. It is apparent that the motives behind many historical actions have been misguided with half-truths and whole lies. My teachings have revolved around bettering inferior lands with generosity and a duty to teach a better way of life. An event that exemplifies dominance through violence and belief of superiority was that of the 19th century overtaking of Algeria by France, better known as the Pacification of Algeria. The event began in the late 1830s and continued well into the 1840s when Algeria was finally annexed to France in 1848. The French military was ordered to pacify the country of Algeria using any means necessary to push out the native Algerians. This in turn opened the doors to French expansion into this Northern African Country. An army of 108,000 French troops tracked down Algerians, tortured, humiliated, and killed them, or ejected them from their lands and villages. The crimes related with this violent process cannot be understated and escalated in severity in 1845. As French troops continued their devastating display through the country,...
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...plight of the Third World. He created a film genre (anti-colonialism) that while at first controversial would eventually become a mainstream source for modern classics. He was one of the first directors to take on the challenging subjects of terrorism and torture, in an era where the preferred treatment of the historical film was sterilization, not realism. Pontecorvo portrayed women realistically, not as an idealized pieces of scenery. Most important, Pontecorvo achieved the admirable feat of creating films that accurately reflected historical accuracy and cinematic excellence. And he did all this while advancing a political thesis. In The Battle of Algiers (1966) Gillo Ponetcorvo uses factual content extrapolated from the history of the Algerian War to demonstrate a historical lesson: to defeat an ideologically entrenched, locally supported underground nationalist movement, you must employ measures (suppression of civil liberties, police brutality, military aggression, and eventually torture) that while crucial to winning battles against underground networks (like the FLN in Algiers) in the short run, these counter-insurgency actions will ultimately serve to bolster the opposition to authority in the long run. Eventually, as Pontecorvo's coda suggests, the tactics of the counter-insurgency will validate the nationalists' ideological protests and the result will be a revolutionary tidal wave against the colonizer (France) making occupation untenable. Pontecorvo's film is framed...
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...Baback Nabidavoodi Dr. Harder English 1B 30 January 2014 Defining Democracy Democracy began in ancient Mesopotamia and continued on through classical Greece and Rome then towards the rise of Islamic civilization to the modern day in the United States. It has gone through its trials and tribulations to become what it is today and continues to change and grow. Democracy is defined in the Merriam Webster dictionary as "a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections " Also has been defined as a government "Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth." by our 16th president Abraham Lincoln. Elements that a government must have to be considered a democracy are that it must have a political system for electing and re-electing new officials for the government through free and fair elections. Furthermore, it needs an active participation of the citizens in politics and everyday life, all citizens must have protection of their human rights, and there has to be a rule of law, which is when the laws apply equally to all citizens. A government must comprise of all these elements in order to be called a legitimate democracy. Elections are key for a democracy. Elections provide the citizens of that country an opportunity to choose someone they accept in the given office and it also gives them...
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...these changes and ultimately not fulfilling them. Malcom X highlights on this point stating “you put them [Democrats] first, and they put you last 'cause you’re a chump, a political chump” (5). Marginalization is discussed in Jean-Paul Satre’s article with Satre stating that the system of colonization helps to marginalize people in that “[settlers] knows naked oppression, and suffers far more from it than workers in the towns” (3). New settlers in a colony are treated as if they have less worth than others simply because they are settlers and that the system of labor does not have a complete use for them. The form of oppression known as violence is prevalent in Simone de Beauvoir’s piece in that people such as Djamila Boupacha, a young Algerian girl accused of planting a bomb in a restaurant, are being brutally assaulted and even sexually abused by French military forces...
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...John Gibson was born on October 3rd in a small town name Malmo, Sweden. He had an Algerian father and a mother from Swaziland. He faced a tough childhood with his parents divorcing when he was 2 years old and then getting no more than a cup of rice and a few chicken wings a day to eat. His parents divorced because he was not behaving and was giving his dad a hard time so then his dad left leaving his mum to raise him through childhood. He had no friends because everyone in the community is scared to go near him or even talk to him. He had to be brought up in the immigrant-populated and dirty district of Rosengard. He was always bullying kids in the school yard and was a scooter thief but he then grew into a tall agile boy with a real talent...
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...the Muslim Community Center at the Morton Grove Mosque. The event as entitled Intersectionality was intended to address “how race, gender, and social class affect involvement in the Muslim-American Community.” The event consisted of a panel discussion by African American Muslim leaders along with sharing of homemade ethnic cuisines. During the discussion, some of the issues raised by the African American Muslim panel members were ecclesial in nature and related to congregational hospitality. Few of the examples include not being welcomed with open arms after their conversion as Muslims. In other words, the African American Muslims experienced marginalization and neglect, which is noteworthy. The most interesting factor in this context is the neglect by the people of color, for the people of color. Though, this was a surprise to me in some ways yet, I was not taken aback. There are several reasons involved., however, it was fascinating to hear this being shared...
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...5% of the population.7 In 2003, the UK, Spain, Italy and Germany received 83% of the net inflow of migrants,8 demonstrating that immigration into the EU does not results in an equal distribution of incoming migrants, and that some countries are effectively receiving a higher burden than others. The result is a changed profile for certain EU member states, where some have up to 12% of their total population composed of immigrants. A distinction can be made at the most general level between the core Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), which have been firmly integrated into the Euro-Mediterranean migration system, and Egypt, which is predominantly connected to the Gulf migration system and other Arab countries. Moroccans and Algerians are most likely to migrate to Spain, Belgium, France and Italy, though Tunisian migration mostly targets France and has also become more...
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...An Exception to the Rule With how technology has embedded itself into the lives of american citizens, specifically millennials, people have begun to deeply consider its effects on society. One such effect is the constant availability of information, true or false. Accurate information can benefit and evolve a society whereas false information breeds hate and elongates struggle and grief. Communities based on beneficial information or tactics aid in the lives of millennials as well. With the way Millennials experience information and partake communities based on true information, elements of Kafka’s and Camus Existentialist writings can be adhered to daily life. Existentialism is a literary movement that focuses in on the individual as opposed...
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...painting, literature, music, fashion, and even architecture and landscape. I however think that although Paris is indeed one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and perhaps even one of the great wonders of the worlds, by today’s standards it is a city that parallels the vast diversity exemplified in other major global cities like New York City, and Barcelona and unfortunately, as a practical observer of the global community, I do not see the magic that others see in Paris. Yes, I do agree that the Parisian way of life coupled with its political, intellectual, and cultural contributions to the global market has earned it regardless of the its flow of influence, the title of a major player in the world economy. It is therefore easy to recognize why for centuries, the French language has remained one of "The Official" international languages of diplomacy. Today, beyond its high culture, political, and economic place on the world stage, Paris is as many other great cities in the world, an amazing melting-pot of ethnic communities rich in their own historical contributions to the great nation of France. For generations, Paris’ incredibly diverse population has fostered a vast interest from intellectuals seeking a heaven for their innovations. In fact before the war, the world-famous Café de Flore in...
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