...Use of Human Cadavers Ryne Diamond Grand Canyon University For the past two-hundred years, dissection of the human cadaver has been the gold standard for teaching aspiring medical professionals the networking and layout of the human body. Surprisingly, cadaver usage has had a rather curious history. The use of a human cadaver dates back to 300 B.C. with the Greek physician and father of anatomy, Herophilos, who is noted as being the first person to dissect a human cadaver (Korf & Wicht, 2004). Herophilos’ anatomical discoveries were no small matter. Because of his dissections, we know that the brain is center of the nervous system and where its ventricles lie. We also know where the route taken by sinuses of the dura matter. Thanks to Herophilos, nerves are able to be distinguished from both tendons and blood vessels, as well as separated into motor or sensory. With his dissection of cadavers, we were given meticulous accounts of the different layers and sections of the eye, pancreas, liver, genitals, and stomach (Herophilus, 2013). Sadly, it seemed as if cadaver dissection died with Herophilos in 280 B.C. However, if we fast-forward to the 17th and 18th centuries, we will see a small resurgence of cadavers when certain theaters saw fit to put them on display (Korf & Wicht, 2004). Macabre, or ingenious artists (depending on how one views the situation) such as Michaelangelo and da Vinci, were known to have dissected cadavers to better portray their art (Dyer &...
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...According to oxford dictionaries “art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power” (oxford dictionaries.com, n.d.). Probably, most artists agree that art produces works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power, but do most artists agree that art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, and nothing more. In fact, it’s known that Early Renaissance painters and sculptors argued that their work was a product of their intellect just as much as their hands (Harris & Zucker, n.d.). I’ll expand on this subject in the following paragraphs. Despite the prohibition of dissection by the Catholic...
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...of the most important books in the history of medicine, The Fabric of the Human Body (1543). It was a complete map of the human body, complete with life like illustrations. It showed many of Galen’s ideas to be wrong, and soon Vesalius’ view of anatomy (the study of the structure of the body) became accepted by doctors and surgeons. 1. What is anatomy? 2. Why was Vesalius’ Fabric of the Human Body so important? Andreas Vesalius was born in Brussels in 1514. His great grandfather and grandfather had been doctors and his father an apothecary (chemist). Vesalius studied medicine at several European universities, and soon gained a reputation as a good anatomist, gaining a good knowledge of the structure of the body by examining skeletons. 3. When and where was Andreas Vesalius born? 4. How could his family background have influenced his decision to study medicine? 5. In which area of medicine did Vesalius excel? The Church now allowed human dissection, but did not allow bodies to be boiled up to produce skeletons. Vesalius desperately wanted to examine the human skeleton. The only way he could do this was to wait until the bodies of hung criminals had decomposed on the gallows. When the bones were bare he would remove the bodies and smuggle them back into town to study them. 6. What was the Church’s position on dissection at this time? 7. How did Veslius secure human skeletons for study? Vesalius was so successful that he became Professor...
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...Heidi Novack October 24, 2010 Italian Renaissance: Journal 3 Leonardo's Anatomical Studies The synthesis of art and science, at the time of Leonardo DaVinci, was not so difficult as modern contemporaries may perceive. In Fritjof Capra's work, “The Science of Leonardo”, he claims “Leonardo insisted again and again that the 'art', or skill, of painting must be supported by the painter's 'science', or sound knowledge of living forms, by his intellectual understanding of their intrinsic nature and underlying principles” (Capra 34). In his notebooks, the main subject is sketches, with notes and a short writing on each. While Leonardo began his dissections for the purpose of art, his study of the human form did not end there. Methods of his analysis include dissection, wax castings, models, and sketches: his subsequent findings are even more diverse. Leonardo was truly a pioneer in anatomical studies. In order to better understand the body, Leonardo looked at what made up the body, how it moved. The initial purpose of his anatomical studies and dissections was to more accurately depict movement, gestures, and expressions in his paintings (Capka). This led to numerous sketches of human limbs, with skin and without, and through successive layers of musculature. One of his sketches depicts a comparison of a human leg to a horse's leg, both a skeletal sketch and an anatomically correct depiction of each: historically, this is the first account of comparative anatomy...
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...the 1700s, and the people were interested in philosophy, science, astronomy, and art. So, the artists in this period wanted to develop their style in art and work more on depicting the human body with more reality. Thus, and to achieve that, they studied the anatomical dissections, and invented some new artistic techniques. In this essay, I will discuss the relationship between the art and the growing body of scientific knowledge. Also, I will use examples of the artworks from the major styles. After that, I will explain how the artist created those works using the new scientific knowledge. The beginning is with the Renaissance period since it was the most important artistic period due to the fast development. In this period, the artists wanted to continue the work of the Greeks and Romans, who had worked on sculpturing and painting the youth and ideal human bodies. However, the artists from the Renaissance wanted their work to be more naturalistic, and to...
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...“Leonardo da Vinci epitomized the Renaissance, living, thinking and creating art and creating technology, that still characterizes that age of discovery. He typified the free spirit and zest for life and nature of the ultimate Renaissance man.” He was an extraordinarily genius who applied the scientific method to every aspect of life, including art and music. His thirst for knowledge did not stop there he also advanced anatomy to unknown levels. Initially, Leonardo learned anatomy from the old Greeks and Romans. He was a scientist studying anatomy, but that didn’t stop him from creating magnificent portraits. “So Leonardo, the anatomist in his post-mortem dissection laboratory, also breathed life into the inert anatomical form.” Leonardo...
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...The Hippocratic Oath was invented by its namesake, “the father of medicine”, Hippocrates. It was an oath which the intention to prevent doctors for doing anything wrong or hurting their patients. In the Hippocratic Oath, it outlined that doctors should respect the ones who have given them medical knowledge, and that they should be able to teach others the art of medicine. Doctors should also do anything in his power to prevent sickness, will strictly take care of their patients for medical purposes and that doctor’s should not tell anyone about the status and diagnosing of their patients. It also outlined that doctors should rely strictly to taking care of their patients in the way that has been taught to them, which in turn would be problematic because new medical ways in the Ancient Greek times were far better than most of the ways that physicians were...
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...knowledgeable excitement with substantial developments in art, literature and science from. A time after the Middle Ages and when the Roman Catholic Church ruled. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Renaissance changed the views of the world from the Middle Ages. The Art of the late 13th century depicts stiff 2D, emotionless, gothic styled and chiaroscuro-less pieces. Though there is also a lack of perspective, it can be interpreted that the Byzantine style dominates, making it nearly totally religious and patronized mostly by the church. (Document A, Madonna Enthroned Between Two Angels by Duccio di Buoninsegna). Contra...
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...increasing use and adoption of the internet use. This has seen the field carve out a distinct field of study which is purely dedicated to the understanding of how the programs work. The first step in the design of the computer programs is the basic understanding of the dynamics that are involved in the working of computers. This forms the initial step which will eventually be accompanied by software writing involving random numbers with the sole undertaking of coming up with a particular outcome. Of critical importance is the adherence to source code representation which is an essential requirement in computer programming. The integration of distinct and diverse concepts, especially signs and graphs has led to the field to being viewed as an art as opposed to being an engineering sector. The computers programs work by carrying out a regular and constant stream of bytes which are in the form of bytes in a manner that has been modified to be understood...
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...medical knowledge was limited and remedies were not as effective as they are in the twenty first century. This is because the people of the Middle Ages did not have the vast and in depth knowledge of the human anatomy the way, we do today. They were not able to pinpoint the causes of most diseases, and as a result, were not able to cure them as effectively. People in the Middle Ages also had certain personal beliefs, which affected medical treatment. For instance, the people of medieval England believed that infectious diseases occurred due to the wrath of God because that individual was practicing unethical behaviour (Truman, Health and Medicine in Medieval England). Doctors of the Middle Ages even cured migraines by digging a hole into the skull. They believed that evil spirits were the cause of one’s pain and this was the way to release them. This method was ineffective, and was due to their beliefs, the lack of knowledge of the human body, and the use of unsanitary and dangerous methods of treatment (Trueman). The lack of knowledge stemmed from the fact that dissection was not commonly done. Nowadays, it is routine practise for a medical student to dissect dead animals and perhaps even a human body. This has allowed modern society to understand the workings of the human body on a deeper level. In this essay, I will explain how current day medical professionals have had more opportunities to conduct medical research, and as result, the ability to gain knowledge about...
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...they try to present. Background of that time give explanation why artists used to present that kind of life. Geographically Italy was very important in Mediterranean and it was one of the biggest centers for business. Therefore, individuals were becoming very wealthy and power of some individuals reached to political circles. The Italian Renaissance focused on religion as well. Popes were very wealthy and almost like kings in another societies. Oftentimes, paintings reflected themes of the Classical times, and some artists nearly copied the forms of ancient Greek statues and artwork. Based on that Greek Roman influence was very important in Italian Renaissance. It showed a lot of religion and mythology. Over all probably the most beautiful art came out from that period. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, fresco oil tempera, 1495- 1497 Michelangelo, The Creation of Adam, fresco oil tempera, 1511 7. How does Sandro Botticelli’s Birth of Venus reflect the then-popular Neoplatonist philosophy? The Birth of Venus by...
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...Critically assess the significant developments in medicine in Britain between 1500 – 1948? The Dark Ages were characterised by stasis and of the rejection of anything new and potentially provocative in within society. Little wonder then, historians regard the sixteenth century as the Age of Enlightenment, with its rich and far-reaching innovations in almost every part of European culture, society, science, and political advances as well as spiritual freedom. With the Royal Navy making new affiliations with other countries, there were shared innovations into physics, chemistry and the biological sciences across Europe and Asia. Medicine and its affiliations, of biology, anatomy and physiology, grew into a respected science and the understanding of how disease spread helped the world become a safer place. Universities became melting-pots of diversifying knowledge and open communication and debates were encouraged and new ideas about the origins of life abounded. Here then will be a snap shot of a few men who played significant parts in pushing the boundaries of medical understanding forward and the developments which altered social reform to turn Britain into Great Britain. Few medics working within England in 1600 had any formal college training, relying instead upon an apprentice with an apotheracary or surgeon. Most graduates had either trained in Europe or had managed to be accepted into the Royal College of Physicians in London. (Porter 2002). After setting up their...
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...had marked the Greek poleis and the ancient Middle East civilizations” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013). Athens supposedly experienced “a developing democratic form of government… that allowed them to run and control the growing city” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013), while during Hellenistic era, ”Society, economy, and politics all played out on a larger scale, and kings, rather than citizens, now ruled… It indicates people’s view of their king as the highest authority” (Sherman & Salisbury, 2013). What influences did the Greeks have on our society? The influence of the Greeks on our society is portrayed in many ways we can see and learn about in everyday’s life. Such examples could be found in philosophy (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle), math, art, astronomy, architecture, and more. The Greeks introduced democracy,...
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...engineering to astronomy, anatomy, geography, geology, and paleontology. Leonardo was a renaissance man whose works of art and studies of mechanics and science paved the way for many artists, engineers, and doctors today. Da Vinci was born in 1452 in the small town of Anchiano, Italy. He was an illegitimate child of a Florentine Notary, Piero Da Vinci, and a peasant woman named Catrina (The World Wide Art Gallery, 2010, para. 2). Until the age of five Leonardo lived in the Hamlet of Anchiano with his mother. From 1457 on he lived with his father, grandparents, and uncle Fracesco in the small town of Vinci, Italy. Da Vinci never received a formal education. However, he was informally taught Latin, geometry, and mathematics by his stepmother Alberia, and her mother in law Monna Lucia. Also, he learned from scholarly textbooks that were owned by various family members. When Leonardo was fifteen, he was apprenticed to the artist Andrea Di Cione, known as Verrocchio. During this time is when Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and technical skills which included drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, mechanics, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modeling. Leonardo achieved many great things throughout his life. He was a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook. He was the first to study the human fetus in great detail. Also,...
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...Michelangelo’s birth and childhood Michelangelo was born, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simon, commomly known as Michelangelo. His date of birth was recorded as March 6, 1475. Michelangelo was born in a small village of Caprese, in Tuscany Italy, near Arezzo, Republic of Florence, to Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni and Francesca Neri. Michelangelo was born the second of five brothers, to his mother, who died when he was only six years old (“Britannica,” 2012). Michelangelo’s childhood was considered to be low key, grim in nature, lacking in affection, and very silent. He appeared a bit touchy and quick to respond with agitated or fierce words when he was approached by others. Michelangelo was considered to be shy and most of the time he kept to himself, leaving little to no room to trust his fellow friends. After the death of his mother, Michelangelo was sent to live with a stonecutter and his family in a town called, Settignano, where he learned the craft of a hammer and chisel. Michelangelo went to his father, and told him he wanted to be an artist, and that made his father furious at the thought and he flew into a rage (“Britannica,” 2012). Bonner (2009) noted that his father recognized his intelligence and sent him to study grammar in Florence. While studying the principles of Latin, Michelangelo befriended a student, Francesco Granacci who encouraged him to follow his own desire for an artistic vocation. At the age of thirteen, Michelangelo infuriated...
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