...2nd Dan Grading theory assignment: To illustrate the human cardiovascular system and to explain how the cardiovascular system works and how this is affected by martial arts. The cardiovascular system composes of blood, the heart, the lungs, veins, arteries and all other blood vessels. Its primary function is to pump oxygenated blood and all its nutrients around the body to the muscles and organs that need it, and in turn transport deoxygenated blood and any waste products, that have been used by the body, back to the lungs to be excreted. The cardiovascular system is also used by the body’s other systems to act as transport via the blood for hormones, water and electrolytes (charged atoms) and it is a thermoregulatory system; relaying information about the body’s core temperature back to the brain. The Blood Blood is a solution that travels around the body in blood vessels. It is made of a mixture of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, electrolytes, proteins and other molecules essential for the bodily functions. Plasma consists of mostly water, with some glucose and other proteins. Red blood cells are the most abundant cell in the human body. Their function is to carry oxygen, which attaches to hemoglobin in the cell. This oxygen is then transported around the body and offloaded where it is needed most. Carbon dioxide, the waste product of respiration, is transported in the blood, but instead of binding to the red blood cells it is dissolved as a...
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...P4 Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system is made up of blood vessels and your heart. The heart pumps oxygen and blood around your body allowing you to survive. It transports carbon dioxide which is a waste product from your body to your lungs. When you breathe out, carbon dioxide is removed from your body. Three main functions: Transportation - The system transports blood to most of the bodies tissues. In the blood there is special nutrients and oxygen which help us develop and breathe. Waste is removed and hormones are transported through the body with the help of the liquid. Protection - The cardiovascular system helps to protect the body with the help of the white blood cells. These cells fight pathogens that have entered your body, this is because they could become harmful to your body. Platelets and red blood cells form a scab which seal wounds. The blood carries antibodies that help with immunity. This can include vaccinations that you have already had or something you are fighting off. Regulation - If you have any internal conditions, the cardiovascular system helps maintain it. Blood vessels help keep your body temperature right. They do this by controlling the blood flow to the surface of the skin. When the body overheats, blood vessels near the skin open up which allows blood to let go of its heat. If your body suffers from hypothermia your blood vessels open and close to keep blood flowing. This will help the organs keep going. Your blood...
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...Experiment CardiovasCular system Blood Cardiovascular System: Blood Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42-0007-02-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Exercise 1: Observing Blood Questions A. What are the components of blood? Plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells are the components of blood. B. What is the function of red blood cells? Red blood cells carry oxygen to your cells and remove carbon dioxide from your cells. A. C. List the five types of leukocytes and describe the function of each. Neurtophils are white blood cells that attack the infection before other white blood cells. Eosinophils are white blood cells that protect the body by killing and swallowing bacteria. Monocytes help with immune defense and rebuild damaged tissue. Basophils increase in numbers when the body has an infection and accumulate at the site of the infection. They help to increase blood flow and decrease inflammation. Lymphocytes are mostly responsible for helping the body’s immune system. They consist of B and T cells. B cells release antibodies into the body’s fluids and T cells directly attack viruses...
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...The Circulatory System Rajat Goyal and Michelle Fater Table of Contents Table of Contents Human Organ Systems The Circulatory System Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System Functions of the System Heart Pulse Chambers of the Heart Arteries Veins Blood Oxygenation of Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Antigens Plasma Cells and Platelets Circulatory Systems of Other Organisms Mammals and Birds Amphibians and Reptiles Fish First Aid Glossary About the Authors Illustration Credits 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 1 Human Organ Systems Humans have several organ systems: the immune system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the lymphatic System, the digestive system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the endocrine system, the excretory system, the reproductive system, the integumentary system, and the nervous system. Each of these systems are responsible for carrying out unique functions that are essential for human life. Humans cannot live if one of these systems malfunctions. This book focuses on the circulatory system and its components. 2 The Circulatory System The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and muscles that help to control the flow of blood throughout the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of this system are the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins through which the blood flows. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle...
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...suddenly rises, the walls of these vessels passively expand, which stimulates the firing these receptors (Ottesen et. al., 2011). If arterial blood pressure suddenly falls, decreased stretch of the arterial walls lead to a decrease in receptor firing. Baroreceptors are found in the main arteries, the aortic arches and carotid arteries. The addition of different chemicals into the bloodstream causes changes to occur in the heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. These changes are detected by the baroreceptors. Adrenaline and noradrenaline cause similar responses to the cardiovascular system. They have a sympathetic effect, causing an increase in the mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate. Conversely, acetylcholine has a parasympathetic effect, the heart rate and blood pressure drops. The aim of the experiment was to see the changes in the cardiovascular parameters of mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate, when different chemicals, such as noradrenaline, adrenaline and acetylcholine were injected into the bloodstream and physical stimuli such as vagal stimulation and haemorrhage were performed on the rabbit. Method In this experiment, students were required to perform surgery on an anaesthetised rabbit. First, the rectal thermometer was to be inserted so the anaesthetist...
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... some times for a short period or long period like during travel in road vehicle or plane, fast body movement in sport activities, using jackhammer working with lathe machine. Prolong exposure to the unintentional acceleration may lead to serious health problem or even disastrous situations. Loss of vision, increase the pulse rate, abdominal pain, headache, cardiovascular diseases, hemorrhage in the eye socket, face, neck, brain and lungs are some case of health problem caused by prolong exposure to external body acceleration with large amplitude. The acceleration can affect the whole-body and blood flow in equivalent to pass an equal vibration to each particle of blood in the circulatory system. If the response of human system to such acceleration understood properly, the controlled acceleration can be used for therapeutic treatment, development of new diagnostic tools and for better designing protective pads (Arntzenius et al., 1972; verdouw et al., 1973). Therefore by study this literature survey we can obtain the influence of external body acceleration on the blood flow of human circulatory system. 2.3 RHEOLOGY OF BLOOD Whole blood exhibits non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior due to multiple factors, which include a large amount of cells suspended in plasma such as erythrocytes, as well as lipid molecules and plasma proteins such as fibrinogen and immunoglobulin. Blood is a complex suspension and multiphase mixture of formed corpuscles...
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...high but was not necessarily sufficient to cause their death, but was it a contributing factor? Sam knew that Lasix was used to treat high blood pressure and that both alcohol and heat will reduce blood pressure, but he was unsure about the mechanism. He decided to go to The University of Houston and talk to Rene Volenbach, a physiologist in the biology department. Renee patiently explained her answer to each of the following questions posed by the detective. Questions: 1. How does the body regulate blood pressure? * The body has certain mechanisms that help it keep a stable blood pressure or change it when needed. It contains sensors that monitor blood pressure within the walls of arteries that send input signals to the cardiovascular center which sends output signals to the heart and blood vessels to adjust accordingly. 2. What were the specific effects of the Lasix, hot water, and alcohol on the couple’s blood pressure? * Alcohol and Lasix medication should not be mixed due to the effects of sudden drop in blood pressure that could get to the point of orthostatic hypotension, which is caused by standing after sitting or lying down for a while. Other effects are feeling dizzy, light-headed, temporary loss of consciousness, and tachycardia. The hot water temperature, wine, and Lasix caused the body temperature to increase, blood pressure to drop, blood flow to decrease, and dehydration. 2. What could...
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...Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Abstract Cardiovascular disease is considered to be the leading cause of death to date. There are many factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease. Some factors are conventional and straightforward, while others are unconventional and overlooked (Dwivedi, Tripathi, Shukla, Khan, Chauhan, 2011). Homocysteine is an amino acid found in the body that helps to build and maintain tissue. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to endothelial damage to the blood vessels. This damage can lead to plaque formation, thus atherosclerosis can ensue (American Heart Association, 2012). Although there are many causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, research has shown that nutritional replacement has helped to lower the level. Folic acid and B vitamins have shown to decrease homocysteine levels and thus help decrease plaque formation. Patients with high levels of homocysteine are instructed to include folic acid and b vitamins in their diet, restrict methionine, and exercise. Homocysteine is an unconventional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can also be used as a risk marker (Milani & Lavi, 2008). Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular disease involves all the diseases that affect the heart and vessels. There are many different diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of soft, fatty and fibrinous...
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...talk, and when in the sitting position the member needs to keep arms and legs steady and relaxed. There were three different conditions they had to go through to measure the electrical activity of their heart. The first condition was the member had to lye down, the second condition was after the subject sits up and breath normally, and the third condition was, after the group member has exercised (jumping up and down) and breathing deeply. Background: The heart consist of four chambers, there is the right and left atrium which are the top two chambers, then there’s the ventricles which are thee bottom two chambers. “The heart is intrinsic, it does not depend on impulses from the nervous system to initiate its contraction (Marieb/Mitchell).” The components of the intrinsic conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The electrical signal originates in the SA node. “The SA node provides a stimulus for contraction, since it sets the rate of depolarization, the SA node is called the pacemaker (Marieb/Mitchell).” The impulse spreads to the AV node, and he electrical wave is followed by atrial contraction. The AV node is delayed for about .01 seconds, allowing the atria to complete its contraction. The impulse then passes through the AV bundle, right and left bundle of branches, and the Purkinje fibers, resulting in ventricular contraction. “The graphic recording of the electrical changes (depolarization followed by repolarization) occurring...
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...Exchange Systems Radwa Abdallah Professor Yan Xu Fundamentals of Biology II Lab February 20, 2014 Objectives The objectives of the Circulatory System laboratory experiment included observing and learning to identify the structural characteristics, mostly arteries and veins, in the chest cavity of the fetal pig, which would further the understanding of the heart and lungs in most other mammals; another objective was to understand blood pressure and heart rate and the factors that affect it. The objectives of the Gas Exchange laboratory experiment was to observe the respiratory system in the fetal pigs, thus gaining an understanding of the respiratory system in most other mammals; another objective from the portion of the experiment that included measuring the respiratory volumes of humans and understanding the capacity of the human lung. Introduction There are two kinds of circulatory systems, an opened circulatory system and a closed circulatory system. The circulatory system is made up of an internal body fluid that is either hemolymph or blood, a pump system, and a vascular system that is made up of tubular vessels that move fluid from one location to another quickly(Dolphin 377). Hemolymph is the fluid found in the open circulatory system and blood is the fluid found in closed systems. In open circulatory systems the fluid leaves the heart through the arteries and returns through open sinuses rather than veins (379). Closed circulatory systems are found...
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...A venous leg ulcer is a chronic wound as it takes longer than six weeks to heal. It is caused by venous hypertension which is high blood pressure exerted in the veins of the legs which causes damage to the skin. Fluid can leak from the veins and pool under the skin causing swelling and thickening, this then leads to the skin breaking down to form an ulcer. Before a venous ulcer can be treated it is important to rule out peripheral arterial disease being the cause of the ulcer. Symptoms of peripheral arterial disease include pain in limb when exercising or walking, intermittent claudication, skin changes such as hair loss, cold to touch, oedema and ulceration. An arterial leg ulcer is caused by poor blood flow in the arteries and due to the current treatment of venous ulcers which is bandaging. This would reduce blood flow further and cause more damage making the ulcer worse. Having a history of varicose veins and a lack of mobility increases the chance of developing venous leg ulcers . According to SIGN (2010) when assessing a patient for the first time with a venous ulcer it is important to obtain their medical history in case of previous varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis as well as their mobility. Knowing these factors will contribute to managing the patients treatment, care and help with the rate of improvement. The framework model used to assess leg ulcers is the leg ulcer care pathway which is dived up into four stages 1. Patient...
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...virus, many viruses can effectively reduce the harm to the human body . Black lentils Lentils is a genus of plants, often together with kidney beans and other ingredients, it is an excellent therapeutic efficacy of health-promoting ingredients. White beans look wide, thin, relatively large seeds, fried food after more toughness. White beans have an anti-hemagglutinin, which is a similar protein composition, it can increase the activity of lymphocytes, can improve the body immunity, cancer cells have a good preventive effect, White beans not only has a variety of nutrients, it is excellent efficacy after one kind of Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal white beans can Spleen dehumidification, can lower blood pressure, but also cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. MTPS Lentil Peeling Machine can be used as the supporting equipment in bean processing technology or as the single equipment. http://www.grain-hulling-machine.com/PRODUCTS/Bean-Peeling-Machine/Lentil-Peeling-Machine.html http://www.grain-hulling-machine.com/PRODUCTS/Seeds-Hulling-Machine/ Leave email//capacity for more details or contact me...
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...Place the statements/comments in the correct order when undertaking an A-E Assessment on a patientThink about the “task” or “observation” that is being undertaken within the following statement/comment , and place it in the correct order(Some Trusts may want to undertake F and G, so there are statements relevant to these ) | Gold Standard | Goals | Set time parameters for review | Temperature | Pain Assessment | Level of Consciousness | Heart Rate | Respiratory Rate | Patient airway | Obstructed fully/partial | Depth-shallow, laboured | Pulse location-e.g. Radial etc. | Capillary Refill Time | Capillary Blood Glucose | Temperature site and method used | Psychological assessment | No airway risk | Asymmetrical chest movements | Quality of pulse volume | AVPU | Hypo/Hyperthermia | Social assessment | Adjuncts used | Wheeze | Blood Pressure | GCS | Rashes | Tracheostomy | Talking in full or short sentences, monsylabells | Skin Assessment | Pain Assessment | Wounds | Laryngectomy | Use of Accessory muscles | Cold, clammy, dry | Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment | Last ate/drank | Cough- dry, productive | Urine Output | Analgesia – time given | Skin integrity and score | Peripheral/central cyanosis | Oxygen saturation | Peak Flow | Prescribed oxygen delivery | Chest drain insitu | | | ABCDE | No airway risk, Patent airway, Larygectomy/trachy, Adjuncts used, Obstructed fully/partialRR, rhythm, rate, depth, stridor, assymetrical chest movement, accessory muscles...
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...Alterations in Blood Flow Circulatory System: * Primary function: transport of oxygen and nutrient and removal of metabolic waste products * Requires complex circuitry of vessels powered by heart General Mechanisms That Alter Flow: * Flow reduction in systemic circuit creates ischemia, leading to hypoxia * Flow reduction in venous system alters waste removal and increases systemic pressure * Venous engorgement or venous obstruction * Flow reduction in lymphatic system causes edema * Changes to lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation * Blood vessel obstructions * Blood vessel structural alterations Lymphatic Vessels: * Lymphatic circulation overwhelmed when changes in capillary or interstitial oncotic pressures increase filtration, or when fluid movement at capillary bed is impaired * Causes edema * Causes wide variety of conditions * Lymphedema- lymphatic flow alteration due to impairment in lymph circulation Blood Vessel Obstructions: * Alteration of blood flow may involve impedance of arterial or venous flow * Some obstructions specific to arterial or venous * Others form on both sides * Will now cover those that affect arteries and veins- specific later * Thrombus= blood clot attached to vessel wall * Thromboembolus- detached thrombus * Develop where conditions activate hemostasis * Different triggers for arteries and veins * Shock can lead to thrombi ...
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...Venous system – In Scoliodon, the venous blood from the entire body is returned to the heart by the veins.. Veins have thinner walls in comparision to arteries and possess valves to prevent backward flow of blood. Many veins form wide irregular spaces devoid of walls called sinuses which is the characteristicof venous system of elasmobranchs. The venous system of Scoliodon includes – (i)Anterior cardinal system – The anterior cardinal system collects blood from the parts of the body lying anterior to the heart (Fig.9.15).It consists of – (a) Inferior jugular sinus – It is the smaller median ventral sinus which collects blood from the floor of bucco-pharyngeal region, gill pouches and pericardial region before opening into the ductus cuvierius. b) Internal jugular vein or sinus – It is the larger dorso-lateral sinus which collects blood from the dorsal region of head and gill pouches through different sinuses. (i)Posterior cardinal or renal portal...
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