...Fruits and vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet. However, only a limited amount of consumers meet the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables. Therefore it is of importance to produce fruit and vegetables with appealing properties. Important functional properties of fruits and vegetables are texture and rheology. During ripening, storage and processing chemical modifications of the cell wall appear, resulting in a changed texture and rheology (K. Houben, Jolie, R., Fraye, I., van Loey, A. and Hendrickx, 2011). It is intriguing to know how these modifications find place and be able to prevent them. To gain a better perspective about those modifications the cell wall model should be fully understood. This research is aiming to reveal how polysaccharides in the carrot cell wall interact with each other. The used approach in this research is extraction with cross-link cleaving agents. . THE CARROT CELL WALL The structure of the carrot cell wall is very complex, the cell wall modifies to accommodate to environmental conditions and developmental stages...
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...Life 120 Lab #1 “Cell Structure and Function And Movement of Materials across Cell Membranes” 1-20-15 Plant Cell Structure Abstract: In cells, water will move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This was addressed by observing the changes in cells as they were surrounded by NaCl solution and later by a water solution. The results support our hypothesis and show that the composition of the surroundings has a visible (under a microscope) effect on the shape and structure of each individual cell. As the NaCl concentration increased, water rushed out of the cells and caused them to pull away from the wall while as the water concentration increased water rushed into the cells and caused them to swell. Introduction: The “big problem” that is being addressed is the change in a cell’s structure when surrounded by different concentrations of solutions. It is known that substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, but to validate this knowledge, we must observe the change in a cell from its “normal” state with the addition of solutions. Questions that must be answered are what affect a different NaCl solution has on plant cells as compared to water? The hypothesis being tested in this report is that when a plant cell is introduced to a NaCl solution, the water in the cells will move out to an area of low concentration, thereby altering the shape of the cell. This directly relates to the key question. Materials...
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...Plant Tissues A mature vascular plant (any plant other than mosses and liverworts), contains several types of differentiated cells. These are grouped together in tissues. Some tissues contain only one type of cell. Some consist of several. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called tissues because of their identical functioning. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Examples of tissue in other multicellular organisms are vascular tissue in plants, such as xylem and phloem. Plant tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Together they are often referred to as biomass. * Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. * Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These transport fluid and nutrients internally. * Ground tissue - Ground tissue is less differentiated than other tissues. Ground tissue manufactures nutrients by photosynthesis and stores reserve nutrients. Meristematic The main function of meristematic tissue is mitosis. The cells are small, thin-walled, with no central vacuole and no specialized features. Meristematic tissue is located in * the apical meristems at the growing...
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...diffusion The biochemical process in living cells always takes place in a solution. A solution is made up of a solvent (the dissolving fluid) and solute (the particles dissolved in the solvent). In living organisms, the solvent is water and the solution is called aqueous solution. Living cells are separated from their surroundings by the partially permeable cell surface membrane. The contents of the cell, the cytoplasm, are one aqueous solution and the surroundings of the cell, for example pond water, is another aqueous solution. If the two solutions do not have the same concentration of various substances, molecules may move away from one to the other by diffusion, if the membrane is permeable these substances. To summarise osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules, down a water potential gradiant across a partially permeable membrane. Cells and osmosis A cell is surrounded by a partially permeable membrane, and water may cross the membrane easily. If cell is placed in a solution of lower water potential, water leaves the cell by osmosis. If the cell is placed in a solution of higher water potential, water enters by osmosis. Plant cells and osmosis When water enters a plant cell by osmosis the cytoplasm will swell, but only until it pushes against the cellulose cell wall, as shown below. The strong wall stops the cells from bursting. We say that the cell is turgid. A plant cell will not be...
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...- Plants as a Source of Biochemicals * medicinal uses - Plants as a Source of Fuel biofuels a fuel that is produced from renewable biological sources - Plants and Erosion Control - Plants, Recreational and Ecotourism 13.2 - The Vascular Plant Body - Plant Classification : Vascular vs. Non Vascular - Vascular Plant Systems : Shoot System (above ground): the stems and leaves of a plant; stems: bear structural support and, in some cases perform photosynthesis leaves: specialized for photosynthesis Root System (below ground): the roots of a plant roots: anchors the plant and absorbs the water and mineral nutrients the plant needs - Anatomy of Plant Cell: *chloroplast*vacuole*cell wall - Plant Cells 1. Parenchyma (mature=alive): - spherical shape - cell walls flatten when packed...
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...temperatures the bag that had 40% NaCl concentration added more water faster than the 15% concentration. Every experimental bag increased in weight, but they did not increase at the same rate. According to our data graph, the concentration of NaCl that would be isotonic to the contents of the potato cells would be around 0.30%. The only concentration that was hypotonic to the potato cells was the 0% concentration of NaCl, in which water rushed into the cell. The 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and the 3.0% were all hypertonic, because water left the potato cells due to the concentrations of NaCl. The turgor pressure was greatest in the 0% solution due to the outward push the extra water molecules put on the cell wall. The 3.0% solution had the least amount of turgor pressure, because more of the water already in the cells rushed out, leaving the cell wall not as rigid. In the 0.6% NaCl solution, the cells were more withered and misshapen as water rushed out of these cells due the increase in concentration of NaCl in the environment. Hemolysis occurred when pure water was added, due to the water entering the cells causing them to expand. Crenation occurred at the 2.0% when water would leave the cells and cause them to shrivel. My hypothesis was that the 40% concentration at 55 degrees Celsius would have...
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...place. In order to be able to observe the colony morphology of both Archaea, they were grown on an agar surface that allowed them to form colonies of characteristic colour and appearance. In order to observe the physiology of both Archaea on the effect of salt concentration, pH, and temperature, they needed to be placed on agar plates and incubated for two weeks. Being incubated for two weeks, allowed the halophilic archaeal cultures to grow. The objective of this experiment was to determine the morphological and biochemical characteristics along with the growth requirements of the halophilic Archaeans; Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 and Haloferax volcanii DS2. Introduction The domain, Archaea, possesses prokaryotic cells and has a cell wall that contains no peptidoglycan. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence of molecular regions. Archaea usually live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles. One reason for this is that the ether-containing linkages in the Archaea membranes are more stable and are able to withstand higher temperatures and stronger acid concentrations. The other two domains of life are Bacteria and Eukarya. Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya domains, the Archaea domain has membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains that are attached to glycerol by ether...
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...Plant Cell (Photosynthesis) versus Solar Cell Regina D. Parker October 31, 2010 Three ways a plant cell and solar cell are similar and different to each other is that plant cells and solar cells both convert sunlight into energy. In the case of plants it is chemical energy for solar cell; it is electricity. Plants use organic processes but solar cells use inorganic semiconductors.[i] Plant cells are different from the cells of most other organisms. Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells and surrounded by a rigid cell wall made from cellulose. They have a large central vacuole that takes up most of the cell and if they carry out photosynthesis, the plant cells will have chloroplasts. Plants have three types of tissues that are made up of different types of cells. Surface which is tissue forms the protective outer layer covering the plant, fundamental are only composed of one type of cell and are grouped based on the level of thickness of the cell wall, and vascular tissues are complex tissues that consist of more than one type of cell. Solar cells usually operate better under concentrated light. This has led to the development of a range of approaches using mirrors or lenses to focus light on to specially designed cells and use heat sinks, or active cooling of the cells, to dissipate the large amount of heat that is generated. Unlike conventional flat plate PV arrays, concentrator systems require direct sunlight and will not...
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...Constitutive structural defense is achieved by constituents of cutin, waxes, and Suberin • Cutin o A macromolecule, a polymer consisting of many long-chain fatty acids (16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids with OH) o Component of cuticle, increase resistance; however, its thickness is not always correlated with resistance • Waxes o Not macromolecules, but complex mixtures of long-chain acyl lipids. o Forms a water-repellent surface and thereby prevent the formation of a film of water on which pathogens might be deposited and germinate (fungi) or multiply (bacteria). • Suberin o Polymer whose structure is poorly understood. o A principle component of outer cell walls of all underground organs and is associated with the cork cells of the periderm, the tissue that forms the outer bark of stems and roots during secondary growth of woody plants. o Suberin also forms at sites of leaf abscission and in areas damaged by disease or wounding. Pre-existing (passive or constitutive) structural defense mechanisms is the first line of defence in plants is present in its surface. Several characters of the plants surface function as barriers to penetration which pathogen must breach to enter the host. The pathogens enter the plant host by penetrating...
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...Animal cell “All animals and plants are made of cells. Animal cells and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/cells/cells1.shtml Reading from bbc bitesize I found out that these are the functions of each part of the animal cell. Cell membrane | Controls what substances can get into and out of the cell. | Plant and animal cells | Cytoplasm | Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen. In plant cells there's a thin lining, whereas in animal cells most of the cell is cytoplasm. | Plant and animal cells | Nucleus | Controls what happens inside the cell. Carries genetic information.In exams don't call the nucleus the 'brain' of the cell. That is not a good description and will not get you marks. | Plant and animal cells | Chloroplast | Where photosynthesis happens – chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. | Plant cells only | Vacuole | Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm. | Plant cells only | Cell wall | Made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports the cell. | Plant cells only | “Animal cells are of various sizes and have irregular shapes. Most of the cells size range between 1 and 100 micrometers and are visible only with help of microscope. Trillions of cells are found in...
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...Cell Structure and Function AbstractThis report is about cell structure and function. The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are madeof cells. By doing this lab, I hoped to learn how a cell looked and how it functioned. I also wanted toknow the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Introduction The concept of this lab is producing a replica of an animal cell, and a plant cell. Producing the models of the cells helps to provide a better understanding of each cell and its contents also, to explore thedifferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell theory states that all cells reproduce new cells,while passing their genetic information. In addition, cells make up all living things, metabolize energyand that the chemical make-up of cells is similar. The objectives for this lab are to gather the materials,which include gelatin packs, plastic bags, water, Tupperware, bowls, and some small various householditems. The other objectives are preparing the gelatin as directed, gathering the household items that willserve as cell organelles, pouring the gelatin in the bag and placing the items in the plastic bags. Thenplace the cell replicas in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Results After twenty-four hours, I removed the cell replicas from the refrigerator and observed them. They didnot look exactly like I planed but they were understandable. Discussion Replicating the cell structures provides better understand the structure and...
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...Labset Two Worksheet 1. What is differential staining? How does it differ from simple staining? (2) Differential staining uses more than one chemical stain. It can help differentiate between different microorganisms, or different parts of the cell. The simple stain uses one stain and is used to see cell shape and size. 2. What are the differences between gram positive and gram negative cell walls? (2) A gram positive has a thick wall of peptidoglycan and stains purple. A gram negative has a membrane covering the peptidoglycan and doesn’t stain leaving it a pink color. 3. What is a mordant? What serves as a mordant in the gram stain protocol? (2) A mordant is a chemical that can deepen the reaction of the dye. Iodine is the mordant in the gram stain protocol. 4. Why do gram negative cells stain pink? Gram positive cells purple? (2) Gram positive cells have cell walls and can retain the dye. Gram negative cells do not have cell walls and cannot retain the dye. Cristal Violet is added to the sample and penetrates the cell walls, staining the cell in the gram positive. Gram negative will not retain color as there is no cell wall. A counterstain is added to make the cell visible and turns it a pink. 5. What is measured by the methyl red portion of the MR-VP test? (2) It measures acid in a bacterial broth. It turns red in pH under 4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in between. 6. What is measured by the Voges-Proskauer...
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...gram-negative cell walls? Gram-positive cell walls are thick and have many interconnecting layers of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative cell walls are thin and have only one layer of peptidoglycans that are two or three layers thick. C. What is the purpose of crystal violet in the Gram’s stain procedure? The crystal violet increases the contrast of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria making them look purple. D. What is the purpose of iodine in the Gram’s stain procedure? (What is a mordant?) The purpose of iodine in Gram’s stain procedure is it helps set the stain by forming an insoluble crystal violet-iodine complex. It helps keep the crystal violet to the cell. E. What is the purpose of acetone-alcohol in the Gram’s stain procedure? The purpose of acetone-alcohol is it is a decolorizer that distinguishes between gram-negative and gram-positive. Only the gram-positive bacteria will keep the crystal violet-iodine complex. Gram-negative bacteria will not keep the color and the decolorizer will wash off the stain. F. What is the purpose of safranin in the Gram’s stain procedure? The safranin in the Gram’s stain is a basic dye that directly stains the gram-negative bacteria that have become decolorized. The gram-positive bacteria are already stained and are not affected. It gives gram-negative bacteria a pink red’ish color G. Why do gram-positive cells stain purple? Gram-positive cells stain purple because they keep the crystal violet-iodine complex in their cell walls. The...
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...Golgi apparatus Dictyosomes Vesicle Substance to be secreted from the cell Cell Wall synthesis in dividing plant cells cellulose. Vesticles- Single Unit membrane bound structure. 1. Lysosomes- Suicide bags- contain hydrolytic enzymes 2. Peroxisomes- Breakdown H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) or other peroxides Cytockeleton- Consists of three types of fibers or filaments. 1. Microtubles- 25 nm thick (nonometers) 2. Intermediate Filaments- 8-10nm thick 3. Microfilaments- 7nm thick Function-Holding cellular organelles together and the movement of organelles Organelle- Small organ Plant vs. Animal Cells 1. Cell Wall (Plant) 2. Central Vacuole (Plant) 3. Chloroplast (Plant) 4. Centrioles (Animal) Eukaryorotic Cells- Cells with a nucleus Prokararyotic Cells- Bacteria 1. No Nucleus, but have Chromosomes 2. No Organelles- Mitochondria, Chloroplast 3. Have Ribosomes- Smaller than Eukarote 4. Have Cell Wall 5. Photosythetic membranes 6. Flagella and/or phili mobie Cell Junctions Plasmamembrane Plasmodesmata Pits- Areas where secondary cell wall does not form Secondary Cell Wall Cell Wall 2 Middle Lamella Celcium Petate Animal Cell- 1. Tight Junctions- Cell Membranes are knitted together with protein-formic continuous seal that prevents leaking 2. Anchoring Junction- Function like rivets fastening cells together. 3. Gap Junction- With...
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...| Protists and Fungi | BIO 108-02 | | Zahraa Alaloosi | 3/21/2016 | Page 43 3. The form of diatoms are most likely pennate. Around 90 % of the slide is pennate and a few only are centric. Page 45 Brown Algae: NAME | BODY FORM | CHARACTERISTICS | PADINA GYMNOSPORA | Fan shaped plant body, | Light brown, Reproductive bodies forming wider and somewhat narrower alternating rows | DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA | Plant ribbon like, bushy, | Yellowish brown, the reproductive structures scattered. | ROSENVINGEA | Multicellular, Branched and tubular tufts, | Light brown, free floating, reproductive structures scattered, | SARGASSUM | Multicellular, It consists of a holdfast, a stipe, and a frond | Brown, free-floating, asexual, reproductive structures look like tiny fingers. | Page 48 2. The color of the plasmodium is yellowish. It has branches that look like the veins. The source of the movement is unidirectional. It moves only forward in the direction of the food. When the conditions are bad the slim mod stop spreading, when the food is available and conditions are good it change to its yellowish branched shape again. Page 50 Red Algae NAME | BODY FORM | CHARACTERISTICS | RHODYMENIA | flat-shaped blade, | Purple to pink, | AGARDHIELLA | Branched, tubular shape | Light pink | PORPHYRA | Flat, big leaflike, | purple, Produce sexually and asexually, | GRACILARIA | Plants sparingly bushy, | Purple, It is used as an additional source for agar production...
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