...Chapter 4 Rapprochement and Normalization United States during the 1960’s • Vietnam war- US involvement in the War took place from 1965-1975 with over 536,100 troops stationed overseas. The Results of this war was withdrawal of American forces from Indochina and a Communist takeover of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. • Tet Offensive- Attacks that began on Vietnamese New Year 1968 that targeted military and civilians throughout South Vietnam. This was the turning point of the war and lead public opinion of the war in the US as unfavorable. • US draft- During the was 25% of United States Armed forces were draftees, with about 30% being combat deaths. • Many questioned US commitment to Vietnam with the cost of casualties, supplies, and...
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...The term “Cold War” was coined by George Orwell in 1945. Orwell did this “to characterize the foreign relations of an imaginary, nuclear-armed, modern-day tyranny.” (Gaddis, 2006) Bernard Baruch, U.S. financier and presidential adviser, shed some light on the term and popularized it in 1947 about the relationship between what would later be called the superpowers. An important aspect of that relationship was the balance of nuclear terror. The Cold War essentially was a point in time where there was immense political and military tension between, but not confined to, the United States and the Soviet Union. The timeframe of this war was roughly from 1945-1991. The Soviet Union was very firm in wanting to maintain their...
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...History Era’s Project 1970-1990- April 11, 1970, three people was sent to the moon called the “Apollo 13 Mission.” James Lovell, John Swigert, and Fred Haise went to the moon for a mission. April 13 things started going wrong. Their second oxygen tank exploded, electricity went out, and they had no more water. Houston then began to make a plan where they could get the astronauts back safely. The crew got supplies and power somehow to come back the Earth safely, even if it did mean landing in the ocean. April 17 they came back landing in the Pacific Ocean. In the 1980’s Ronald Reagan was the President. Also someone had shot Reagan but he survived that failed assassination. People loved television and video games back then until the war came...
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...of global relations. This is supposedly a self-help system, in which states compete with each other for power. Power is defined as the ability to get someone to change their behaviour in a direction desired by a stronger actor. The idea of power and the balance of power go back only 300 years, but there is evidence, according to Realists, that the Ancient Greeks and Romans pursued power politics. The idea of the balance of power is that interstate interaction will be stable if states, operating under Realist principles, seek to balance each other in their relations. By acting prudently, "carefully, with foresight, avoiding rash acts," no state will seek to upset the system. Each state will check the others, and no state will grow powerful enough to overthrow the others. A state that seeks domination will be defeated, so no state will attempt this. The classical balance of power operated only under a certain number of conditions: 1. There were a large number of states for alliance formation. 2. There were clear geographic confines in the system e.g. the European continent. 3. There must be flexibility/freedom of action; there are no constraining international organizations and no permanent alliances. 4. States should be close to equal in power. 5. There must be a consensus on these rules among states -- e.g. no revolutionary states. 6. There can be no quick mobilization for war or wars of annihilation. A number of examples are usually given to illustrate...
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...The United States Military has many roles and important duties. The Air Forces works around the world with other branches and nations to complete their missions. The Goldwater-Nichols Act helped bring the different services together and the establishment of Combatant Commanders allows for a clear leader in each area of the world. This is important because each conflict is unique and each service and country has different capabilities. Also, the Unified Command Plan was put in place so each area had a leadership that could fight a war using all the resources available. UCP is broken down into nine geographic areas and three functional commands (Feickert). When the Goldwater-Nichols act was passed it had a large impact on the Combatant Commands....
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...branch is the more dominant branch. “One of the most widely held myths about the American constitution system is the idea that our Founding Fathers intended foreign policy to be the province of presidents, with Congress related to a decidedly secondary role” (Snow and Brown, 95). The past two centuries have not gone as the Founding Fathers had planned. The President since World War II has had more of an ability to affect foreign policy than before. “That dominance has been challenged by the most recent phase of congressional assertiveness, which began in the 1970’s “ (Snow and Brown, 96). The President is, essentially, the head of our government. He is the one everyone looks to in a time of crisis, historically, now and other war times, and to develop policy. For example, Bush’s stem cell decision, or his proposition on tax cuts. In earlier years, the legislative branch had more say in foreign policy matters, or polices in general. There are six formal powers of the Presidency. “Constitutionally the president is the (1) chief executive, (2) chief of state, and (3) commander inn chief of the United States; he is also granted enumerated...
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...Hispanic American Diversity The Hispanic American Diversity has changed over the many of years they have immigrated in the United States. Each different group of Hispanic Americans has made up their own society in different parts of the county. There are so many different Hispanic Americans that have immigrated to the southern states such as Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans and Central and Southern Americans. The factors of social, political, linguistic economic, religious, and familial status of the Mexican American, Puerto Rican American, Cuban American, and Central and South American ethnic groups. It has shown that many of the Hispanic American’s that are born in the United States have a better chance of earning a good income and moving up in society. In 2006, the United States Census Bureau estimated that more than 44 million people or 14.3% of the population was Hispanic. By the year 2050, almost one quarter of the population is estimated to be Hispanic. Nearly half of the Hispanic population in this country lives either in California or Texas (US Census Bureau, 2009). The Mexican American Hispanic group’s primary language that is spoken is Spanish. Some areas of high concentrations of Mexican Americans, language retention is high in the public schools. At that 2000 census, almost 75 percent of Mexican Americans still spoke Spanish at home. Mexican Americans do not have many business opportunities available or a wide-spread ethnic economy like the...
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...rIssues & Studie s© 45, no. 4 (December 2009): 159-188. Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition TIMOTHY S. RICH Diplomatic recognition is generally seen as fundamental to the modern state system. The traditional views of recognition however focus almost exclusively on political or ideological rationales, ignoring other foundations on which other countries base establishing diplomatic recognition. Focusing on the Republic of China (Taiwan) suggests a more complicated view where economic self-interest on one side and national pride on the other may undermine traditional conceptions of recognition. Using the ROC-PRC diplomatic battle as a case study, this paper hopes to shed light on two questions: why, despite the PRC's rise as a global power, a country would continue to formally recognize the ROC and secondly what does the ROC receive in exchange for such high-cost endeavors to maintain recognition. In this case mutual ideological rationales have greatly diminished while I contend that economic factors have predominantly maintained this diplomatic battle. In addition, previous research often focuses on major world powers granting or withholding formal recognition to smaller states. In this situation, poor countries with typically little political influence are the major players, suggesting different rationales behind recognition. Methodologically, this paper blends qualitative and quantitative analysis to uncover factors affecting recogni- ...
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...The Grand Strategy of the United States by R.D. Hooker, Jr. INSS Strategic Monograph Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Grand Strategy of the United States R.D. Hooker, Jr. INSS Strategic Monograph National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. October 2014 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. Cover: President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden meet with members of the National Security Council in the Situation Room of the White House hours before his national address, September 10, 2014 (The White House/Pete Souza) First printing, October 2014 Contents The Roots of American Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A Century Like No Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Ends of Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Means of Grand Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...historical landmarks. Latin America’s tranquil atmosphere should not be underestimated as the little more than underdeveloped sibling. After examining the history, politics, and economic stand point of the countries in Latin America, they have many similarities with the United States and several differences that should be taken into consideration when dealing with United States foreign policy with Latin American countries. What is Latin America? Where is Latin America? What countries are considered to be a part of Latin American? These are the initial questions a person thinks about when Latin America comes into a discussion. Around the world people will have their own ideas and stereotypes about Latin America, but here are the facts. The term Latin America is used to describe the countries in the sub regions of the Americas that were once the old colonies of European nations. The reference to Latin corresponds to the fact that as product of the colonization from the European nations the languages now spoken in these countries are Latin based. The languages spoken are derived from the so called “Romance tongues” of Spain, Portugal, and France. Latin America stretches from the southern border of the United States to the southern tip of South America including the Caribbean. Latin America consists of twenty-six countries and dependent territories making up almost thirteen percent of the earth’s surface. The countries and dependent territories considered to be a part of Latin America...
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...China’s Peaceful Rise to Dominance The current state of the globe has seen many changes in the past few decades. The global political structures have shifted and turned to provide a new landscape where substantial evolution has and will continue to occur. The purpose of this essay is to argue and prove that China will rise to power in a peaceful manner throughout the 21st century. This paper will first explain the current situation, which has left China in position to become a global leader as the new century unfolds. The essay will also examine military, economic and social issues that may positively contribute to this change and lead this Asian country to a new significant posture within the geo-political realm of international relations. The Rise of China towards the 21st Century Technology and communication improvements have changed the world for good. With new developments in these areas, the world has become much smaller and navigable in many ways when discussing China and their current rise to global prominence in recent times. The end of the Cold War which saw a bipolar world develop into a unipolar world has created opportunity for other powerful nations to step in and play a key role in global events that are unfolding. China’s massive population and natural resources have continued to organize and be directed towards more powerful means. Chinese leaders have seen this coming for years as the country began opening up to global interests in the 1970’s. As America’s...
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...to the White House and every step in between. Dwight David Eisenhower was not just a president; he was a husband, father, and a war hero. His actions change the outcome of World War II and during his presidency he changed American history. Dwight David Eisenhower “Ike” was born October 14, 1890 in Denison, Texas, to a poor family of David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower, Dwight was only the third of seven sons. The family moved back to Abilene when David received the opportunity to work at his brother-in-law’s creamery. Tragedy struck the family, when Dwight was just four-years-old; diphtheria took the life of his ten-month-old brother Paul (“Dwight D. Eisenhower”1). Dwight and his brother worked for the family taking care of chickens, ducks, pigs, rabbits, a horse, and two cows, they also handpicked fruits from their orchard. Occasionally, Dwight would work alongside his father at the creamery. Dwight never actually knew his family was poor due to the community’s respect for the family. Ida taught her boys discipline and how to cook and clean the house. Growing up Dwight’s reputation was shaped by his ability to fight and his...
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...time you have inhabited this earth, and with your own purpose, craft a shorter imitation of Dillard's piece in which your attention to particulars brings some larger theme into focus. Due Nov. 8 The Wreck of Time My wrecks in time are all the wars I’ve experience over the years starting with 1961Bay of Pigs and Cuba over nuke missiles being sent to be installed in Cuba. With the cold war scare of a war with Russia and Cuba. Vietnam 1960-1975,Then to not so known Cambodian Laos wars with Pol Pot ( Khmer Rouge) Pol Pot 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998)[1][2] was a Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge[3] from 1963 until 1997. Here is a look from 2004 about the pros and cons of war against Iraq from information available at that time. It is included here for historical purposes. The possibility of war with Iraq is a very divisive issue around the world. Turn on any news show and you will see a daily debate on the pros and cons of going to war. The following is a list of the reasons being discussed both for and against war. This is not intended as an endorsement for or against the war, but is meant as a quick reference. Please use the poll to express your opinion on the possible war. | Reasons For War 1. The United States and the world has a duty to disarm a rogue nation like Iraq. 2. Saddam Hussein is a tyrant that has demonstrated a complete disregard for human life and...
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...THE RELEVANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: IRAQI INVASION AS A CASE STUDY BY ALADENIYI, EMMANUEL ABIODUN APRIL 2005 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 1. The basic concepts and assumptions that led to the formation of the United Nations (UN) dates back to the beginning of statecraft and humanity’s first efforts to foster international cooperation. The treaty of the peace of Westphalia of 1648 is regarded at humanity’s first effort in statehood and fostering international cooperation. The formation of the UN is predicated on the evolution of diplomacy, alliances, conferences, rules of warfare, means of peaceful settlement of conflicts and the development of international law. The overriding purpose of the UN is war prevention. This purpose was earlier pursued by ancient Greek Philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, who wrote on the conditions necessary for peace.1 The church in the Middle Ages also enunciated a doctrine of “Just War” to limit violence and destruction by sanctioning only wars fought for justifiable courses. The pacifists and internationalists, like Desiderius Erasmus, condemned war in its entirety as “immoral and wasteful”. 2. The need to institute mechanics for peaceful settlement of disputes and prevent war encouraged the formation of various international organizations over time. These include the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe in 1815. The Hague System worked towards the codification...
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...business, they represent an array of economic, social, environmental, political, and legal hassles. Since its founding more than a hundred years ago as United Fruit Company, Chiquita has been involved in paying bribes to Latin American government officials in exchange for preferential treatment, encouraging or supporting U.S. coups against smaller nations, putting in place dictatorships in Central America’s “banana republics,” exploiting local workers, creating an abusive monopoly, and now doing business with terrorists.1 For American multinationals, the rewards of doing business abroad are enormous, but so are the risks. Over the past decades, no place has been more hazardous than Colombia, a country that is just emerging from a deadly civil war and the effects of wide-ranging narco-terrorism. Chiquita found out the hard way. It made tens of millions in profit growing bananas in Colombia, only to emerge with its reputation splattered in blood.2 In 2004, Chiquita voluntarily admitted criminal responsibility to the U.S. Justice Department that one of its Colombian banana subsidiaries had made protection payments from 1997 through 2004 to terrorist groups. Consequently, a high-profile investigation and legal trial followed. In 2007, Chiquita entered into a plea agreement to resolve the criminal prosecution. The interactions between the Justice Department and Chiquita were very contentious, but with the settlement, Chiquita expected that it could put the past behind and refocus on...
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