...(Belmont Report, 1979). In particular I would like to discuss the standards for informed consent, assessment of risk and benefits, and selection of test subjects drawn out by the Belmont Report. These three areas of interest are said to be the applications of the general principles of research. Informed consent is broken down into three checkpoints: information, comprehension, and voluntariness. Assessment of Risks and Benefits has two similar components: identifying the nature and scope of the risks and benefits, and then the systematic assessment. Then there is the selection of subjects which is just an evaluation of the appropriateness of a group used in a research study. I will discuss these concepts as they apply to the infamous artificial heart case study. Informed consent is the application of the general principle of respect for persons. Remember, respect for persons requires that subjects be given the opportunity to choose what will or will not happen to them (Belmont Report, 1979). The first tier in the analysis of the consent process is distribution of information. When using human subjects to conduct a study, the participants must be provided with all of the necessary information in order to make an informed and autonomous decision on whether or not they want to participate in the study. Generally speaking, information to be given to potential participants includes: the research...
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...n July of 1974 The National Research Act was signed into law. Through this act, The Belmont Report was developed over 4 year period of time that included an intense four day conference followed by monthly meetings until it was completed in April of 1979. The Belmont Report sets out to define the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. The report was established prior to Barney Clark and the artificial heart and therefore was the guidelines that the doctors and researchers had to follow. The report highlights three essential ethical elements that are pertinent in human research and their applications. It was the professional responsibility of the doctors and researchers involved to abide by previously established ethical guidelines. Respect for Persons Respect for the Persons as it relates to the Barney Clark case can be broken down into three important issues. Autonomy The doctors made the assumption that Barney Clark was a fully autonomous person at the time of the artificial heart experiment. In general it is not in doubt that Mr. Clark was an autonomous being, however his terminal condition could have affected his capacity with in the case. While he might have been autonomous in many areas of his life the issue that is relevant to the case was whether he possessed the capacity to make an informed consent. Informed Consent The nine basic rules4 for an informed consent are 1. Identifying the appropriate decision...
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...quality of foods. People confirm the ingredient before they buy products and they usually choose artificial sweeteners over natural sugar. They think artificial sweeteners will not add extra calories to the body and help them to control their weight. However, many health experts doubt the safety of artificial sweeteners after doing research about it. They have discovered several dangerous elements in artificial sweeteners. This paper reports the types of common artificial sweeteners, the reason why they are harmful, their bad influences on the body, and why they are not helpful to control our weight. The first artificial sweetener, saccharin, was discovered in 1879 in America. In the beginning, artificial sweetener was only used by diabetics who couldn’t absorb too much natural sugar (de la Pena, 2010). Since 1980, people have started to use chemical sweeteners to control their weight and improve their health. Suddenly, artificial sweetener products became very popular in the United States (de la Pena, 2010). Millions of Americans use chemical sweeteners instead of natural sugar in order to enhance their health. However, it does not mean that chemical sweeteners are health foods. Actually, they are not. They are not like vitamins, whole grains, or proteins that can contribute to our health (de la Pena, 2010). In fact, investigators found many potential dangers of using artificial sweetener. Sucralose is one kind of chemical sweetener that is used most extensively in...
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...Circadian rhythms Biological rhythms are cyclical behaviours repeated periodically and controlled by endogenous pacemakers (internal biological clocks) or exogenous zeitgebers (external cues like light, seasonal changes, temperature, social cues). Circadian rhythms are biological cycles lasting 24hours like the sleep/wake cycle, which is facilitated by time-checks and regular events such as meal times (external cues). The main internal biological clock in mammals appears to be located in the hypothalamus, which is responsible for “motivation” and is named the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN has an inbuilt circadian firing pattern as when damaged in rats the circadian rhythm involving sleeping and feeding patterns has been disrupted (Zucker et al). The SCN regulates the secretion of melatonin in the pineal gland (another endogenous pacemaker which produces melatonin which affects sleep) and is also connected to the retina of the eye through a separate pathway. This highlights the indirect link between exogenous zeitgebers such as light and how melatonin production from the Pineal gland (endogenous pacemakers) works together with the SCN to maintain a rhythm. Light can also reach the brain via other means as Campbell et al demonstrated resetting the circadian rhythm through shining light on participant’s knee’s. This shows other secondary oscillators exist throughout the body maintaining circadian rhythms through the use of exogenous zeitgebers. Core body temperature...
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...pain that you feel when you lose your brother and greave. You do not know if you will ever see this person again because you don’t know if there is a spirit world. ◦Is the physical world more or less real than the spiritual or psychological world? It’s hard to explain if the spiritual world or the psychological world are real or if it is just something that we have been lead to believe so we have spent years rolling over and over in our minds and made ourselves believe that it is real. From the time we are babies we are lead to believe that there is a heaven and angels and such. We are lead to believe in Santa and the tooth fairy and the Easter bunny, but who is to say that any of that is real except what we believe in our own minds and hearts. ◦Is there such a thing as a soul? If so, how does it survive outside of a physical body? I want to believe that there is such a thing as when we are buried that we have a soul that lives on in a beautiful place. I have a really hard time believing that there really is a heaven or hell or even a God, I want to but I feel in a world that has so much bad in in how can there really be something so grand and why if there is a God does so much really happen. Having these thoughts have also made me scared of the process of dying. ◦Do all people have free will, or are their lives determined by...
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...Whitney Parson American InterContinental University Unit 2 Metaphysics is a center concept of thinking which seeks to clarify the life of reality. How do we settle the duality of our insight of the objects plus the immaterial, the unexplained relationship between the mind and body? Metaphysical influence as well tends near planetary arguments about the origins of existence. Time is an enormous issue when it comes to the life of reality. I think that the spiritual or psychological world is real. How else would we feel pain, love, and happiness if it wasn’t for the physical world? There are too many things that happen to not believe in the spiritual world. A time when my senses deceived on me was a year ago my daddy passed and I knew from the bottom of my heart I seen him sitting on my bed talking to me. I thought I seen my daddy but it all my imagination he was telling me love me and want me to move on with my life and everything was going to be okay. I felt so hurt that it wasn't real and when I knew I was sitting their talking to myself I knew I had to come to my senses that he was gone. I believe there is a thing of soul, how else would you explain heaven and hell. How is anything ever known, it’s all about the knowledge gain through a successful evaluation of one’s perception. Questions like these we still ask till this day well at least I know I do. How do you know? As I was growing dealing with hormones, plus establishing my faith systems. I do think that there...
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...http://www.slideshare.net/ajaysuman/artificial-intelligence-in-business ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS Introduction Business applications utilize the specific technologies mentioned earlier to try and make better sense of potentially enormous variability (for example, unknown patterns/relationships in sales data, customer buying habits, and so on). However, within the corporate world, AI is widely used for complex problem-solving and decision-support techniques in real-time business applications. The business applicability of AI techniques is spread across functions ranging from finance management to forecasting and production. In the fiercely competitive and dynamic market scenario, decision-making has become fairly complex and latency is inherent in many processes. In addition, the amount of data to be analyzed has increased substantially. AI technologies help enterprises reduce latency in making business decisions, minimize fraud and enhance revenue opportunities. Definition of AI AI is a broad discipline that promises to simulate numerous innate human skills such as automatic programming, case-based reasoning, neural networks, decision-making, expert systems, natural language processing, pattern recognition and speech recognition etc. AI technologies bring more complex data-analysis features to existing applications. There are many definitions that attempt to explain what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is. I like to think of AI as a science that investigates...
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...Methods of Data collection: Basically there are two methods of data collection: 1) Primary Data 2) Secondary Data Primary Data Collection: Primary Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for the assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that conducted from different friends and family members and also many strangers. Secondary Data Collection: Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material. The secondary data for our assignment came from the internet, newspapers and magazine Objectives Provide our customers with the freshest, organically grown fruits and vegetables. Offer foods without artificial colors, flavors, or additives. Sell earth-friendly cleansers; pure, natural supplements; and gentle, cruelty-free body care products. Support organic farms that keep our earth and...
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...supported by studies from psychologists such as Decoursey who found that removing the SCN in 30 chipmunks and returning them to their natural habitat, proved costly for their survival. They found that after 80 days significantly more chipmunks had died compared to control group with normal functioning SCN’s. Therefore, this suggests that EP, most importantly the SCN, indeed aids survival, as the absence of this important EP proved detrimental for the survival of the chipmunks. Moreover, another study that supports this idea is the study of free running biological rhythms by Michel Siffre. This was shown as Siffre spent 179 days deep in a cave in Texas, as a result separated from the influence of natural exogenous zeitgebers such as light. He could ask the researchers above ground for the artificial lights to be turned off when he wanted to sleep, and to be turned on when he woke up. They also monitored various physiological functions such...
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...synthesized by the body. Their absence from the diet can cause deficiency diseases. * Minerals are chemical elements that are obtained in an ionic form (Na+) also needed in a small amount. Major minerals are like calcium, iron and phosphate that are needed for the construction of body tissues or in metabolic processes. * Water is essential because 70-90% of the body is water. Vitamin C The daily recommended dose of vitamin C is 40mg for adults. Pregnant and lactating mothers more. These margin this high because: * To have a safety margin so the risk of scurvy is minimized. Some scientists argue that extremely large doses (500 mg per day) helped to protect against respiratory infections (cold), against cancer and heart diseases. But there is still little scientific prove in some people it can cause diarrhea. Also rebound malnutrition; which is when the body adjusts to excessive doses by excreting the excess and intake drops back to normal levels. If this goes for a long period of time can develop scurvy. Low vitamin C can cause mouth and...
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... Mother | She has high cholesterol and often suffers from heart disease. She inherited heart disease from maternal grandmother. | Father | He has diabetes type 2 and often suffers from hypertension. He quits smoking about ten years. Apart from that he does not suffer from any other ailment | Maternal grandmother | She only suffers from heart disease. | Maternal grandfather | He suffers from irregular heartbeat which he inherited from the maternal great grandfather. | Maternal great-grandmother | He uses to suffer from heart disease since she was two years old. | Maternal great-grandfather | He used to suffer irregular heartbeat. An ailment which my father developed later on. | Paternal grandfather | He is healthy apart from visual disorders because of his advanced age. | Paternal grandmother | She suffers from diabetes type 2, which was inherited by my father. | Paternal great-grandmother | He uses to suffer from diabetes type 2. | Paternal great-grandfather | He used to be very healthy but at his old age, he developed visual disorders. | Aunts | I have three aunts. Two of them suffer from heart disease, one of them from hypertension and the other one suffers from visual disorders a condition she developed when she was eighteen years old. | Uncle | I have two uncles. One of them is healthy, does not have any medical history. The other one suffers from heart disease. He and mother have inherited the heart disease from maternal grandmother. | | | | | | | ...
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...reality; one that transcends the boundaries of the objective and replaces the idea of what is natural with the more arousing powers of imagination. In James’ short story, using the real thing, defined by the true nature of Major and Mrs. Monarch, becomes irrelevant to his depiction as the figures rendered by the artist appear as uninhabited forms and in no way suggest the reality of their social stature. Instead, what in person appears artificial and inauthentic, two separate beings insignificant to the social realities of superiority in the eighteenth-century, embrace the dignified postures and mannerisms of high society to a higher degree than the Monarchs who in fact are the real thing. In Against Nature, Huysmans’ Des Esseintes escapes 19th century bourgeoisie society in a manufactured sanctuary, void of anything real or absolute. What is real outside of his retreat has no value, but his own reverie, contrived and artificial, creates a deeper and more emotional beauty. The characters of Charles Dickens, the women of Gustave Moreau, the artificial flowers, “fashioned by the hands of true artists,” encapsulate the essence of his imaginary reality. Transcending into Realist art itself, both works suggest that for art to appear “real”, it must come from a counterfeit representation. In this proposed exhibit, I will examine the question of if art can ever truly present the objective and if it is possible for realism to preserve this. To Henry James, reality itself is too fixed and...
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...Nature Cure Essay Q.) Traditional nature cure recognises the laws of nature as fresh air, sunshine, exercise, fresh food hygiene, and mental wellbeing. Do you consider it possible to be in harmony with these influences in the twenty first century? If so how? Living in the 21st century brings with it many challenges when it comes to maintaining our health and wellbeing. The stressors that now surround us are very different to those of the 19th century, however the outcome remains the same if we do not respect the laws of nature. These include the degeneration of the physical, mental and emotional aspects of our health. The Nature cure system as founded by Priessnitz in the 19th century recognises these laws as fresh air, sunshine, fresh food, exercise, hygiene, and mental wellbeing. Priessnitz believed the body was able to heal itself if the correct lifestyle adjustments were made. These methods of treating with nature’s own forces set in place the foundations of the naturopathic movement. It would seem that our modern way of living has lead us away from these natural laws and we are left to question, if it is still possible to live in harmony with these influences in the 21st century? I believe that it is still possible to be in harmony with the nature cure principles. When appropriate lifestyle choices are made we are able to become more in harmony with the natural cycles of nature. Healthy eating practises...
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...competition, especially in industries that are highly concentrated. Where companies are unable to compete on price, advertising is fundamental to promote the subtle differences between products. Advertising has gone beyond informing people of the benefits of a product and how to obtain it and has moved into the area of market creation, Hiding behind globalization and partial truths, advertising has become morally questionable by promoting gluttony, vanity, materialism, and other unhealthy ways of thinking in order to create artificial product needs in consumers. Advertising is an excellent form of communication. Advertising delivers a wealth of information to consumers on varying topics including healthcare and education. The commercial "Above the Influence," is a good example of informative and helpful advertising. This particular commercial attempts to reduce teenage addiction to cigarettes. Other helpful advertisements inform consumers on healthcare topics such as heart disease and diabetes and sources of assistance for social issues such as community events, education opportunities, and political meetings, to name just a few. On the negative side, advertising has expanded from word of mouth and print to include radio, television, and the Internet, among others. The quantity of advertising encountered by people has become so great that the human sensory system is being overloaded. We see thousands and thousands of ads every single day and we get so immune to it that sometimes we...
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...History: What were people’s views on health? According to his picture, it identifies that throughout history people around the world thought if one with illness, physical, sensory or mental impairment were thought of as under the spell of witchcraft, possessed by demons or big sinners, being punished by god for wrong doing by themselves or their parents (Medical model vs social model, 2007). These ideas still remain some power, in different cultures. Before the development of medical science, quasi – religious views of health and illness were dominant, whereby illness was connected with sin, penance and evil spirits. This dominant view had conceived the body and soul as a sacred entity beyond the power of human intervention. The influence of scientific disconnect, linked diseased organs with symptoms observed before death. Pasteur’s germ theory, eventually endorsed a belief in the separation of body and soul. This view came to be known as mind/body dualism, referred to a Cartesian dualism after the philosopher Rene Descartes 1590-1650 which refers to a belief that the mind and body are separate entities, which ignores the psychological and subjective aspects of illness. Descartes suggest that although the mind and body interacted with one another with the say of “I think therefore I am”. He identifies that the brain was part of the physical body, whereas the mind existed in the spiritual realm. Therefore medicine could rightly practise on the body while religion could focus...
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