...Viewpoints Paper MGT/521 May 12, 2016 Management is defined as the pursuit of organizational goals efficiently and effectively (Kinicki 4). This chapter it discusses two types of management perspectives historical perspective and contemporary perspective both of these perspective have been some type of influence to managers from the past to the present. The historical perspective breaks down into three different viewpoints: classical, behavioral, and quantitative. The contemporary perspective also breaks down into three viewpoints: system, contingency, quality. The viewpoint that I decided to focus on is the contingency viewpoint. Contingency viewpoint is defined as the emphasis that a manager’s approach should vary according to-i.e., be contingent on the individual environmental situation (Kinicki 57-60). The contingency viewpoint suggests that employees are motivated with small and large incentives depending on the size and type of business. Smaller businesses might not be able to afford to pay incentives like many of the larger companies. One company offers yoga instruction twice per week while another allows workers to bring their pets to work on certain days. Likewise larger companies like Netflix allow its employees to take time off when needed trusting that act accordingly and not take advantage of the system. Utilizing the contingency viewpoint as Netflix does also gives employees a sense of ownership and responsibility for their actions. This view produces...
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...Explain the contingency viewpoint. Give an example from your own work experience. Then, using concepts from Chapter 8, discuss how a contingency viewpoint might impact the organization as a whole. Use supporting references. The contingency viewpoint is a point of view where a manager, or a supervisor, has to take an approach to a situation that is contingent upon the individual or the environment (Kinicki, 2016, p. 252). When taking this approach, you as a manager must ask the question: “What method is the best to use under these circumstances?” (Kinicki, 2016, p. 252). In my experience, work and life in general, I always use this viewpoint. I think to that my background in psychology somewhat forces me to use this viewpoint. My psychology background forces me to use this viewpoint because it has given me a deeper understanding into how different every person is. So I know that each person is going to respond to things differently, and that must be taken into consideration when managing people. When I am faced with a situation and I have to make a decision, I almost always take into consideration the individual and the environment. A common one is with my toddler and why she might be acting a certain way when we are somewhere. Maybe we are in a new place and she is scared and starts crying, how do I handle the situation? I have to take into account the individual (my toddler) and the environment (the mall). To get handle on the circumstances, or the situation, I would talk...
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...management to contingency theory. Demonstrate knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles related to entrepreneurial and management activities. Deliverables This assignment represents 30% of the total INCOURSE marks for this module. The deliverables: A report of 1,000 words. You should state the number of words used on the cover of the assignment. You may include diagrams or figures, reference and bibliography lists and any appendices without word penalty. The standard sliding scale of penalties for excess length will be imposed as follows: |1 -10% excess |no penalty | |11-20% excess |3 marks reduction | |21-30% excess |6 marks reduction | |31-40% excess |9 marks reduction | The report must follow the standard academic format: • Font type: Times New Roman • Font size: 12 pts • Line spacing : 1.5 Instructions CHOOSE ONE (1) OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTION: Question 1: Follow the steps below: a) You are required to select any ONE (1) organisation from the list provided by your lecturer. b) Next, you are required to select one of the categories of a set of 2 management viewpoints From Table 1 below: |Category |Management Viewpoints | |A |Classical Viewpoint ...
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...suggestions. Most of the employees, when given the opportunity, have the ability to provide insight and a unique approach to problem solving. In an organization such a Halliburton the managerial staff must be separate from the rest of employees as a manager’s responsibilities are different. Managers within Halliburton use the four functions of management to direct employees and reach organizational goals. Every organization is influenced by legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibilities. Halliburton has dealt with all three of these examples. Halliburton sets organizational goals at each level of operation. To reach these goals Halliburton employs four contrasting planning methods including; strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Halliburton is a diverse company that operates across many regions throughout the world. With such vast operations Halliburton must have a successful planning process. As Halliburton continued to expand the organization deemed it necessary to form two main divisions. The two divisions consist of drilling and evaluation and completion and production. In 2009 the two divisions accounted for $14 billion in revenue. To strengthen our presence in the Eastern Hemisphere, Halliburton established a second headquarters in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The oil and gas business is moving its focus from the increasingly difficult reserves of the Western Hemisphere to the bounty of the Eastern Hemisphere. As the customers Halliburton...
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...Ard AB/140 Section 13 Unit 2- Management Theories Janice Kurth The four management theories, which are behavioral, system, contingency and classical approach all have one purpose. The purpose of the four systems being how we go about getting the most out of our workers so we can make the most money. We must remember that employees are not just people that we see for eight hours a day. We as managers must see them as individuals and not just employees. All four of these approaches are good tools for managers but when it comes to one being better than the other is I believe it depends on each individual person or organization. Out of the four theories, I would have to say the classical approach seems to be the least concerned with its human needs and too mechanistic. Although I can appreciate Taylors viewpoint the classical approach just seems to time consuming and needs to focus more on the laborers. I do agree with Taylor that by matching each employee’s ability with a certain task will result in a better output. The behavior approach tries to understand employee’s behavior and motivate them toward achievement. The contingency theory just kind of goes with the flow and depends on the individual and environmental situation. The system approach is a set of sections or parts that work together to achieve a common goal. The contingency and behavioral approach focuses more on the laborers whereas the system and classical approach focus on the grand scheme of things...
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...importance of the hierarchy 564 Formal organisational relationships 566 Project teams and matrix organisation 569 Effects of a deficient organisation structure 572 Organisation charts 573 Empowerment and control 574 Synopsis 576 Review and discussion questions 577 Management in the news: A taxing merger 577 Assignments 1 and 2 578 Personal awareness and skills exercise 579 Case study: Zara: a dedicated follower of fashion 580 Notes and references 582 15 Patterns of Structure and Work Organisation 585 Variables influencing organisation structure 586 The contingency approach 586 Size of organisation 588 Technology 589 The Woodward study 589 Major dimensions of technology: the work of Perrow 593 Environment 594 The Burns and Stalker study 594 ‘Mixed’ forms of organisation structure 595 The Lawrence and Lorsch study 597 Evaluation of the contingency approach 598 Contribution of contingency theory 600 Culture as a contingent factor 601 The changing face of the workplace 603 The demand for flexibility 605 The shamrock organisation 608 Structure and organisational behaviour 611 Synopsis 613 Review and discussion questions 614 Management in the news: Independents will always have their day 614 Assignments 1 and 2 615 Personal awareness and skills exercise 616 Case study: John Lewis, Waitrose and Ocado: distinctively successful 616 Notes and references 619 16...
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...Analyzing Due Process in the Workplace ELIHU M. GERSON AND SUSAN LEIGH STAR Tremont Research Institute Every office is an open system, and the products of office work are the result of decentralized negotiations. Changing patterns of task organization and alliance inevitably give rise to inconsistent knowledge bases and procedures. This implies that there are no globally correct answers to problems addressed by OIL%. Rather, systems must deal with multiple competing, possibly irreconcilable, solutions. Articulating alternative solutions is the problem of due process. This problem and its consequences are illustrated by a case study of a rate-setting group in a large health insurance firm. There is no formal solution to the problem of due process. But it must be solved in practice if distributed intelligent 01% are to be developed. We propose an alternative approach based on the work of social scientists concerned with analyzing analogous problems in human organization. Solution of the due process problem hinges on developing local closures to the problem faced by an organization. This means analyzing (a) local, tacit knowledge and its transfer ability; (b) articulation work, that is, reconciling incommensurate assumptions and procedures. Categories and Subject Descriptors: H.l.l [Models and Principles]: Systems and Information Theory; 1.2.0 [Artificial Intelligence]: General; 1.2.4 [Artificial Intelligence]: Knowledge Rep- resentation Formalisms...
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...Organizational studies encompass the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one textbook[1] divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of "micro" organizational behaviour — which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting — and "macro" strategic management and organizational theory which studies whole organizations and industries, how they adapt, and the strategies, structures and contingencies that guide them. To this distinction, some scholars have added an interest in "meso" scale structures - power, culture, and the networks of individuals and i.e. ronit units in organizations — and "field" level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact. Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. There is some controversy over the ethics of controlling workers' behavior, as well as the manner in which workers are treated (see Taylor's scientific management approach compared to the human relations movement of the 1940s). As such, organizational behaviour or OB (and its cousin, Industrial psychology) have at times been accused of being the...
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...historical data. Wearing the red hat, you look at problems using intuition, gut reaction, and emotion. Also try to think how other people will react emotionally. Try to understand the responses of people who do not fully know your reasoning. Using black hat thinking, look at all the bad points of the decision. Look at it cautiously and defensively. Try to see why it might not work. This is important because it highlights the weak points in a plan. It allows you to eliminate them, alter them, or prepare contingency plans to counter them. Black Hat thinking helps to make plans 'tougher' and more resilient. It can also help us to spot fatal flaws and risks before we embark on a course of action. Black Hat thinking is one of the real benefits of this technique, as many successful people get so used to thinking positively that often they cannot see problems in advance. This leaves them under-prepared for difficulties. The yellow hat helps us to think positively. It is the optimistic viewpoint that helps us to see all the benefits of the decision and the value in it. Yellow Hat thinking helps us to keep going when everything looks gloomy and difficult. The Green Hat stands for creativity. This is where one can develop creative solutions to a problem. It is a freewheeling way of thinking, in which there is little criticism of ideas. A whole range of creativity tools can help us here. The Blue Hat stands for process control. This is the hat worn by people chairing meetings. When running...
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...Jakarta bombings paper 563 7/25/2016 Danielle Kelley The 2009 Jakarta bombings paper Introduction The Jakarta Marriot International and Ritz-Carlton Bombings were tragic events that took place. That left that many victims, business owners also first responders with physical wounds but also mental. These attacks have shown that strategies needed and should be required to help in the effort of the terror attacks as such. Therefore, they can help; all of the innocent parties involve dealing with this horrifying disaster in help with recovering from it. In this paper, it will discuss the matter like briefly describe the incident. Explain the viewpoints of local businesses regarding contingency planning. Evaluate the psychological effect of the terrorist incidents on local businesses. Assess how business leaders addressed the human impact of terrorist events also the conclusion. That will aid and express in this tragic matter. Briefly explanation On 2009, in Indonesia there was a terrorist attack done by suicide bombers at the JW Marriot and Ritz-Carlton hotels in Jakarta, the bombings struck five minutes apart from each other. Where nine victims killed and 50 others injured because of the blast. Both of the bombers had checked into both hotels a couple of days before the attack. The aftermath was horrible; the police later found bomb-making materials...
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...1. Which of the seven managerial challenges discussed in this chapter is Sergio Marchionne facing at Chrysler? Discuss. Challenge #3- Managing for Globalization, he knew he had restructured the company, overhaul the production, and add smaller and sporty cars, which was badly needed in the Chrysler fleet and move the company into the international markets. 2. Using Figure 1.1 as a guide, describe which functions of the management were displayed by Marchionne. I feel it was leading because he led by example and wanted his people to be leaders. 3. Which of the three types of managerial roles did Marchionne display? Interpersonal managerial role. 4. To what extent did Marchionne display an entrepreneurial orientation while trying to turn around Chrysler? Explain. He took a risk by moving junior executives up in the organization a level or two. 5. How would you evaluate Marchionne’s technical, conceptual, and human skills? Discuss your rationale. Technical- he knew exactly how he was going to fix the problem by bringing his Fiat management style to Chrysler. Conceptual- he saw he had to make changes from the old ways the company operated and make quick decision- making to get the head in the automobile world globally. Human skills- he moved on the fourth floor to show he want to work close to his people, showed respect, he help build self-confidence and grow as professionals. Chapter 2: For Discussion 1. To what extent is Providence using evidence-based management...
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...process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness. It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue, assumptions, concepts, empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions, implications and consequences, objections from alternative viewpoints, and frame of reference. Critical thinking in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking. I work for a company that manages properties (Timeshare Industry), on the first week of my employment; I was asked to evaluate the goal of improving the property’s competitiveness in the marketplace. The goal was to implement new guest service ability to access the internet from the guest rooms. I was astonished by that request, but keep focus on the steps that I should consider. The approach I took was...
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...Management Planning Paper Tammy C Johnson MGT/330 10/16/2011 Derrick J. Walters Management Paper Tyco is the organization that I will be talking about in my paper. I will evaluate the planning function of management. I will explain the influence that legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility have had on management planning. Last I will analyze at least three factors that influence the company’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning, by the end of this paper I hope that I will have explained all the function’s related to management involving Tyco. Surrounded by actions accepted by the management team, planning is always the main task required where management will lay down the goals and foundation that the business will follow. From a professional viewpoint, goals are established in connection with the views related to the organizations general mission. Tyco has a mission statement that reads, "We will increase the value of our company and our global portfolio of diversified brands by exceeding customers' expectations and achieving market leadership and operating excellence in every segment of our company." (Tyco.com, 2004, 1). The best way of accomplishing such goals, calls for the management team to explain the best plan possible that would improve work for the organization. As those significant factors, must weigh greatly upon the management supervising the Tyco...
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...LIT2480 Prof. de Benedictis 16. Write an essay comparing and contrasting the philosophies of Brooks and Tesich toward marriage. With what points did you most agree or disagree. As a young, single male, the concept of marriage is still somewhat distant and unclear to me. However, marrying a fine young lady and starting a successful family feels like the ideal lifestyle to have one day. After reading “The power of marriage” by David Brooks and “An amateur marriage” by Steve Tesich, it was interesting to see the idea of marriage from different perspectives and how these gentlemen’s ideals differ from each other. David Brooks and Steve Tesich both make valid points about the matter and introduce their own philosophies, some of which I partly agree and partly disagree with. Brooks immediately declares what side of the debate he is on by stating a more traditional approach to the subject. He believes that marriage is a lifelong sacred bond between two people and that by having several sexual partners you are committing “spiritual suicide”. This mentality is almost completely opposite to what Tesich believes. Tesich would probably see this as a myth; in fact, he says that marriage is full of myths that are made up by society. Tesich instead talks about his experience the day he got married to a girl that used the same ring from her previous marriage on her current one, and he adds, “It did the job”. Tesich and his wife Becky have been married for 13 years...
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...that Brookfield chose to define critical thinking as primarily a way of living that helps oneself stay intact despite who other people, organizations and communities try to get you to act in ways that serve to benefit their own individual needs and demands. In a sense it is seen as a “survival necessity.” Brookfield draws parallels to how critical thinking can be both in and out of the classroom. He primarily suggests that there are several methods to develop someone’s critical thinking skills and suggests that they may not necessarily be confined to the classroom alone. To define this idea, Brookfield describes how critical thinking is a process involving four steps: hunting assumptions, checking assumptions, seeing things from different viewpoints, and taking informed action. Brookfield suggests that humans constantly make mental assumptions to guide and justify our day-to-day actions. Like muscle memory, I find it interesting how Brookfield suggests that humans will continue to have repeated interactions with them if they believe such assumptions will be successful. This process is also checked as we choose to carry them out as well. Brookfield notes The next step in critical thinking – checking assumptions – involves asking ourselves whether our assumptions valid and reliable guides for taking action. This is a process of appraisal in which we attempt to identify convincing evidence for said assumptions. The evidence could be experiential (actual past occurrence), authoritative...
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