...Most people understand conscience as something which tells us right from wrong, it is generally seen as a moral faculty, sense or feeling which compels individuals to believe that particular activities are morally right or wrong. Many ethical debates have been addressed on whether conscience is innate or developed. When conscience is described as innate, it means that it is inborn within you. From a religious viewpoint, an innate conscience is one which is God given or the voice of reason as a moral guide to what is right and wrong, whereas if it is argued that the conscience is not innate then it is described as being learned or developed according to psychologists. If conscience is innate and God given then does that mean God has told people to act immorally? However if Conscience is not innate then the blame for people acting immorally is shifted to society. St Thomas Aquinas, Joseph Butler and Cardinal John Newman are key scholars who believe that conscience is innate and inborn within a person. Key scholars and psychologists who believe that conscience is not innate are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erich Fromm and Humanist. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) did not think of conscience as being the voice of God but as the natural ability of people to understand the difference between right and wrong. He believed that all people aim for what is good and try to avoid evil he called this the synderesis rule. Aquinas said that it was innate to seek good because sin is falling short...
Words: 2564 - Pages: 11
...the dilemmas. Employees’ Personal Differences and Preferences and the Impact on Ethics in the Workplace: How Personal Can Ethics Get? Personal differences and preferences can impact organizational ethics. People are taught ethics within the home while growing up. However, some individuals believe that there is a separate set or type of ethics just for the workplace. Ethics allows the individual to choose between right and wrong, but not all people have that ability or the same ability to do so. The ethics competency of the individual determines the level in which decisions are made to distinguish between right and wrong. The level of ethics competency is determined by the individual’s ability to identify elements of ethics, assess issues with ethics that arise, apply knowledge and regulations when making ethical decisions, and communicate those decisions to others. As stated by Curry in his discussion of workplace ethics: Ethics are about making choices that may not always feel good or seem like they benefit you but are the "right" choices to make. They are the choices that are examples...
Words: 1709 - Pages: 7
...moral values. Normative ethics is an ethical system with standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This ethical system can be broken down into three categories: virtue ethics, utilitarian ethics, and deontological ethics. Normative ethics' golden rule is to do unto others what we want others to do to us. This establishes a single principle against which we judge all actions. The study and application of ethics has created a variety of approaches to the basic questions of what should I do?, what do i value?, and why do I value that? The purpose of this paper is to discuss the similarities and differences between virtue ethics, utilitarian ethics, and deontological ethics both morally and ethically. Virtue ethics is the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior. For example, a person using the virtue approach would focus less on lying in a particular situation and instead consider the decision to tell a lie or not to tell a lie. Virtue ethics places less emphasis on learning rules, and instead stresses the importance of developing good habits of character. Utilitarian ethics is a theory that the aim of action should be the largest possible balance of pleasure over pain or the greatest happiness of the greatest number. For example, a utilitarian approach implies that no moral act like stealing, or a rule like keeping your promise, is in intrinsically right or wrong. The rightness or wrongness of an act or rule is solely a matter of the overall nonmoral...
Words: 560 - Pages: 3
...is the line with choices? How is a decision determined to be right or wrong? These are some of the questions that summarize the concept of the book My Sister’s Keeper by Jodi Picoult. Anna, the protagonist, files a law suit against her parents, Brian and Sara, because they forced her to make medical decisions that were not her own. Anna is sympathetic with her sister’s condition and has given all she can to ensure Kate’s recovery from leukemia. Yet the discovery of the purpose of her being conceived through vitro fertilization was for the intention to possible spare Kate’s life. Anna claims that her parents’ (Sara and Brian Fitzgerald) push for her to donate her kidney unwillingly is an infringement of her “right to life”. She also claims that she is being denied the right to make decisions as regards her own body. While Anna believes that such an action would be very wrong, her parents emphasize that it is the right decision if saving Kate’s life is the ultimate goal. This book covers this life of this family during the trial period. It focuses on the tension that the family undergoes in a bid to keep one of them Kate, alive. The emotional tenacity of this book brings a different notion of health communication. An analysis of the events in this novel reveals that indeed right and wrong is subjective. This paper examines the different characters and events in My Sister’s Keeper and tries to analyze the theme of what choices are right or wrong and how those choices are situation...
Words: 1345 - Pages: 6
...Ethics Essay ETH/316 June 30, 2014 Ethics Essay Comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics is what will be discussed in this essay. Also, explaining a personal experience in how the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories will be discussed. What are ethical theories? “Ethical theories deal with the question of how human beings ought to behave in relation to one another. In the broadest sense, they define what qualifies as right and wrong, as well as how to promote human flourishing (Dontigney, 2014).” The comparison between the three ethical theories are that each theory promotes the decision to choose what is right or wrong in particular situation. Whereas, the differences are the types of a situation a person is dealing with. Each of the theories describes a different situation on how one deals with their choice of right and wrong. The definitions of each ethical theory is as follows. First, virtue is a theory that it looks at ones individual character, rather than his or her actions. For example, if a student cheats on an assignment, the virtue theory looks at the students past personality traits to help determine if he or she is guilty (Hamilton, 2014). Second, deontological is a theory that looks at the consequences of one actions toward life choices and how those action relate to responsibility and obligation. For example,...
Words: 606 - Pages: 3
...difference between wrong decisions and bad decisions? Yes there is a difference between a wrong decision and a bad decision; a wrong decision can be surmised as an uneducated guess when you are not privy to the facts of a situation. For instance, guessing what’s behind a closed door. A bad decision is when a person makes a decision with total disregard for all the facts that would guide their choice toward the right outcome. 2. Why do good managers sometimes make wrong decisions? Bad decisions? Good managers will make wrong decisions when they do not have all the facts. Not all managers will have all the information necessary to make the correct decisions especially if the information flow is ineffective in that organization. Communication is a vital part of making the right decisions. Take for example a captain leading his troops in battle; if he is unable to communicate with them; he will be ineffective in giving orders to his men who are scattered across the battle field. Complacency is also another reason for making a wrong decision by not assessing all the options. As most situations are not unique, managers should take reasonable precaution and choose the option that provides the best outcome. If a wrong decision is made, managers should not hesitate to reverse a wrong decision and correct it before it proves more costly. Good managers sometimes make bad decision if they assume that past experiences will suite all current and or future situations. Bad decisions are also...
Words: 563 - Pages: 3
...Consequentialism. Immanuel Kant based Kantianism on deontology as he argued that in order to act morally, individuals should act from duty. Individual's should not pull the plug when their lives are endangered as deontology will judge the morality of such decisions based on the rule's actions. The application of deontology is better brought out by the absolute deontologists who support the belief that action are either right or wrong; pulling the plug is therefore either right or wrong, no in-betweens. The best way to view this act is to focus neither on the intentions nor consequences of the act but rather the act itself. This is what absolute deontologists uphold. The first step of the analysis is to determine what pulling the plug entails. When one ends the life of another it is considered as murder. If they end the life of many it is manslaughter. If an individual ends their lives then they are considered to have committed suicide. If they try to commit suicide and they fail they are said to have attempted suicide and are in a retribution state tried in a court of law. These illustrate that terminating life is stereotypically considered a vice in the society. Vices are wrong deeds. Pulling the plug is wrong and not right. Basing our argument on the practices of absolute deontologists we can conclude that pulling the plug is not an ethical practice. This supports my thesis in week 1 discussion as I categorically shun the shun of ending lives and...
Words: 741 - Pages: 3
...years, psychologists have marvelled at the mind’s ability to process external action, discriminate it, identify it, and to make moral, conscious decisions. The development of psychology and the understanding of the human mind has been a crucial step forward in the development of civilisation, as psychological insights have proved to be beneficial in improving everyday life, helping us in avoiding things that cause stress, to be more efficient in our thinking, and to make better decisions to a certain degree. There is significant importance behind the understanding of the behaviours of the mind and cognitive processes of which it will experience, though it is the conscience that has been questioned whether it alone can be considered as a satisfactory moral authority for making ethical decisions. The answer to this lies within one’s own interpretation of what conscience actually is, though through consideration of various theories, conscience can be classed as a viable moral authority. There are various sources which define conscience in different manners; therefore this essay will review a selection of theories produced by Sigmund Freud, and Thomas Aquinas, whilst providing alternate viewpoints inclusive of those of the Islamic religion derived from scripture and also making reference to law and the effect it has on making moral decisions. Conscience can be defined as “the complex of ethical and moral principles that controls or inhibits the actions or thoughts of an individual”...
Words: 1262 - Pages: 6
...Ethical Theories Everyday people are faced with decisions that are made using ethical and moral values. There are various ethical theories that philosophers have proposed throughout the last two millennia and I will discuss one theory that I feel is closest to how I make my decisions of right and wrong. Some people use the words of the Bible to make those decisions while some use rationing and reasoning. Whichever ethical theory one uses, they are still making ethical decisions to determine right from wrong. The Kantianism Theory is based on the theories of German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804). Many of the moral laws that Kant speaks of can be found within the Bible but also allows the laws to be derived through the process of reasoning. Meaning that one that follows the Kantianism Theory can explain why an action is right or wrong instead of simply stating it is wrong because it is written within a chapter and verse. Kant believed that moral universal laws should guide people’s actions. For instance, if a friend is wearing an outfit that you believe is not appropriate and they ask your opinion of such outfit, you should tell them the truth because telling the truth is the right thing to do, regardless if the outcome is not what the friend wants to hear. He also believed that people should treat one another as an end and never as a means to an end. For instance, if I go to an interview with the intention of being employed by that company for a short period...
Words: 861 - Pages: 4
...Human sciences and others support kind of ethics, but to what extent do all of these help people to understand morality and make the right decisions? Knowing sometimes can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the circumstances. In the case of ethics it could help or hinder people knowing what to do. On the other hand, we all search for the real life reasons which will lead us the right way. Knowledge issues are sometimes controversial in Ethics, because quite often there is a conflict between two or more branches of, for example between social morality and the religious morality. Each person accepts and follows different kind of moral rules, under different cirsumstances. The controversies in the society what is right and what is wrong are huge. We either support some rules or do not. People often argue about their beliefs, no matter if they are religious or not. Such example could be given in history. To clarify, history is the study of the human past. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of historical events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine past events. On the other hand, ethics is the branch of philosophy that addresses morality, that is, what is right and wrong, good and bad, honorable and dishonorable. A link between the two could be made as the example of terrorism is used. “Terror” comes from the Latin terrere meaning “to frighten”. The term...
Words: 1210 - Pages: 5
...ethical decision making’ The term deontological is an approach to Ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those or to the character and habits of the person, whilst on the other hand, teleological Teleology is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or goal. For example, a teleological explanation is where is does not focus on the action but it only focuses on the outcome or consequences. Ethical decision making helps people make difficult choices when faced with an ethical dilemma, a situation in which there is no clear right or wrong answer, Refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner consistent with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical. If an ethical approach if deontological, it means the morality of an action is intrinsic, which means that the act is completely wrong or completely right. Also the right or wrong of the act cannot change, it stays the same. For example - murder is wrong because it is wrong, it will always be wrong. Therefore this is a Deontological approach towards murder. On the other hand, if an ethical approach is Teleological, it means that it only focuses on the outcome that is caused by the action, also it is the result of an action that decides whether an action in itself is right or wrong...
Words: 609 - Pages: 3
...Introduction Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. It comes from the Greek word “ethos”, which means "character". It is the study of morality. It is the value that is worth pursuing in life. Ethics is relative. It depends on several factors: world views, descriptive values and moral values. Business ethics is the behavior that a business adheres to in its daily dealings with the world. The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. They apply not only to how the business interacts with the world at large, but also to their one-on-one dealings with a single customer. Many businesses have gained a bad reputation just by being in business. To some people, businesses are interested in making money, and that is the bottom line. It could be called capitalism in its purest form. Making money is not wrong in itself. It is the manner in which some businesses conduct themselves that brings up the question of ethical behavior. Definition Business ethics can be defined as written and unwritten codes of principles and values that govern decisions and actions within a company. In the business world, the organization’s culture sets standards for determining the difference between good and bad decision making and behavior. In the most basic terms, a definition for business ethics boils down to knowing the...
Words: 2752 - Pages: 12
...individuals’ feelings. Ethical theory is a theory of what is right and wrong. This stance on ethics is the opposite of another ethical stance called meth ethical antirealism. Meth ethical antirealism is centered on the idea that because there is no right and wrong actions, just personal preferences there is no such thing as morality. It also states that morals are just a personal preference So, any moral claim may be translated as a reporting of one’s feelings. The best example here in this type is “Stealing things from good friends is wrong” can be rewrite as “I disapprove of stealing things from good friends.” In this case, moral right or wrong is based on the individual’s opinion. In the other word, if two people have different opinions about a same moral questions. Then they might have two opposite ideas. For instance, Katie believes that lying is wrong because when people lied to her, they expect to treat him like a thing not a person. However, Samira thinks that lying is right due to some cases that people can save innocent lives by lying to a bunch of dangerous guys. I can say that both of them are right because they have their own evidence to approve their ideas. There is no certain evidence that moral rules exist. So, moral truth exists, but is not based on universal standards. Nobody can say that lying is absolutely right or wrong because people can have many so many evidences to approve either side right or wrong. As a result, personal feelings must provide the certain...
Words: 859 - Pages: 4
...high dose of estrogen to limit her growth. They had Ashley undergo a hysterectomy as well as have her breast buds removed. The way Ashley’s parents handled her condition raises a serious moral question of right and wrong. Were Ashley’s parents right to do what they did and was it even their decision to make in the first place; or was what they did wrong for mutilating Ashley’s body when she had no say in the matter? You could argue for Ashley’s parents and the decision to give Ashley the surgeries by saying that they are Ashley’s legal guardians, and that means they know what is best for her. You could also say the surgeries would make taking care of Ashley easier for the parents as well as make life easier for Ashley by making her body consistent with her mental abilities. The decision to have the surgery was also approved by the hospital’s ethics board which has a duty to not approve unethical procedures. You could also argue that the decision Ashley’s parents made to give her the surgeries was morally wrong. Some might say that the decision to keep Ashley’s body small didn’t benefit Ashley at all, but rather was entirely beneficial to her family. Other arguments are that there were other options to take care of Ashley and that her disability didn’t justify the decision to mutilate her body. Whichever way you view Ashley’s case, it brings up some issues about morality and tough moral questions. Moral questions cannot be answered by what...
Words: 552 - Pages: 3
...and ethics are two separate entities, but depend on each other for successful decision making. Sometimes the line between morals and ethics can become blurred and making the right decision can be difficult and not as clear-cut as one would think. Understanding the differences between ethics and morals and moral and ethical behavior is relevant to decision making. Differences between Ethics and Morals Understanding the differences between ethics and morals may be difficult for some. At times they can be confused for one another. Morals values are standards of right and wrong. Morals are taught over our years of growing up. These could consist of right and wrong behavior when we are children or right and wrong sexual issues as teens and young adults. These are generally instilled on us by our parents or our religious beliefs. Ethics is applying our moral standards to our environment. Our decision to do something that we consider immoral may not be unethical and our decision to do something unethical is not necessarily immoral. Personal Ethics versus Business Ethics Within the business context most decisions made are based on our moral standards. However, our personal ethics and our business ethics are two separate entities. Applying ethics within the business environment may prove difficult. Business decisions must be viewed in an objective manner. This may blur the lines between our morals and our ethics. To help solve these problems many...
Words: 624 - Pages: 3