...Differences between Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism Before you talk about the differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism you first have to know what the purpose of the thyroid. The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped gland that produces hormones for your body to function. These hormones helps help the brain, heart, muscles and many other major organs. The thyroid gland is located in the front of your neck at the base of your throat. Hypothyroidism means under active thyroid and it does not produce enough hormones needed for the body. It makes your body slow down. Symptoms are fatigue, dry skin nails and hair, constipation, weight gain, heavy mensural flow, irritability, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), increased respiratory rate. In blood testing hypothyroidism shows decreased levels of T3 and T4 and increased levels of TSH. Hypothyroidism is treated by supplements of thyroid hormones and are lifelong treatments. Hyperthyroidism means over active thyroid and produces too much hormone. This causes the body to go into over drive and speed up. Symptoms are sweating, feeling hot, and racing thoughts, anxiety, fatigue, increased bowel movements, insomnia, muscle weakness, soft nails, increased moisture of the skin, tachycardia (increased heart rate). In blood testing the T3 and T4 levels are increased and the TSH levels are decreased. The treatment for hyperthyroidism is by anti- thyroid drugs and is taken lifelong. There are auto immune diseases that can...
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...Temeka Campbell NURS 337 SEC 01 Instructor Susan Growe-Rosenthal, MSN/Ed, RN Alterations of Thyroid Function April 18, 2014 Abstract Disorders of thyroid function develop as a result of primary dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland, or secondarily, as a result of the pituitary or hypothalamic alterations. Both primary and secondary disorders result in some sort of alteration to the thyroid hormone (TH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If these levels are elevated or showing inadequate production of the hormone, then the result would be hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Of course there are underlying causes for these hormone levels to alter such as, thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, and Hashimoto disease to name a few. This paper will describe the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It is located in the anterior part of the neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx. Internally, the gland is composed of hollow, spherical follicles, which have follicle cells that produce thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone (TH) derives from thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone is referred to as the body’s major metabolic hormone. TH is actually two iodine containing amine hormones, thyroxine or T4 , and triiodothyronine or T3. TH is regulated through negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland. TRH, which is synthesized...
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...Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism both affect the same gland; they both have opposite effects on your body. The gland associated with these conditions is a butterfly-shaped thyroid gland in the front of your neck that acts as the control center for your body. Hormones secreted by the thyroid glands help maintain the brain, heart, muscles, other organs and help the body to use energy properly. These two conditions hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism affect the thyroid in different ways and therefore have distinct symptoms. Hypothyroidism, which is also referred to as an underactive thyroid, the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone for the needs of your body. Think of hypothyroidism as a clock winding down. “Your whole metabolism slows down, the heart rate is slower than normal, the intestinal tract becomes sluggish, and there is less heat production. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s disease, a condition where the immune system makes antibodies that destroy thyroid cells and stop them from making the thyroid hormone....
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...2013 Things That Can Go Wrong With the Human Body: Hypothyroidism Introduction: Over time, a significant amount of problems with the human body have evolved. These problems have been developed due to both environmental and genetic factors. Dietary changes and urbanization have also played a crucial role in the development of problems that may occur. Our bodies contain a number of functioning systems that are all imperative to our survival. Without these systems, our bodies would not function and in turn, we would cease to exist. The endocrine system serves as one of the body’s ways of sending messages to the brain. It includes a number of vital glands that keep our body’s performance stable and functional. The thyroid gland is one of the most important components in the endocrine system. It is located in the neck, just under the voice box. Its primary function is to release the hormones thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which control body metabolism, by taking iodine from our food and converting it into these hormones. When the levels of T4 and T3 become too low, the pituitary gland must produce a Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which then activates the thyroid gland to generate more hormones. (Norman, 2012). If the thyroid gland does not work properly, these hormones cannot be produced on their own. This condition is known as Hypothyroidism. This paper examines the types and causes of hypothyroidism, as well as the symptoms that may occur. Possible treatments...
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...Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Surgically Treated Hyperthyroidism A Nation-wide Cohort Study With a Long-term Follow-up Essi Ryödi, Jorma Salmi, Pia Jaatinen, Heini Huhtala, Rauni Saaristo, Matti Välimäki, Anssi Auvinen, Saara Metso Clin Endocrinol. 2014;80(5):743-750. Abstract and Introduction Abstract Objective Previous studies suggest that patients with hyperthyroidism remain at an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity even after restoring euthyroidism. The mechanisms of the increased risk and its dependency on the different treatment modalities of hyperthyroidism remain unclear. The aim of this long-term follow-up study was to compare the rate of hospitalizations for cardiovascular causes and the mortality in hyperthyroid patients treated surgically with an ageand gender-matched reference population. Patients and Measurements A population-based cohort study was conducted among 4334 hyperthyroid patients (median age 46 years) treated with thyroidectomy in 1986–2007 in Finland and among 12 991 reference subjects. Firstly, the hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were analysed until thyroidectomy. Secondly, the hazard ratios for any new hospitalization due to CVDs after the thyroidectomy were calculated in Cox regression analysis adjusted with the prevalent CVDs at the time of thyroidectomy. Results The risk of hospitalization due to all CVDs started to increase already 5 years before the thyroidectomy, and by the time of the operation...
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...Proposal I. Title: Subclinical hypothyroidism. The importance of screening, treating and management of patients with slightly elevated TSH levels when compared to reference ranges. II. Problem: Purpose of the Study: Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as an elevated serum TSH level with a normal serum free T4 concentration. Whereas hypothyroidism is an elevated serum TSH level along with a decreased serum T4 concentration. In subclinical hypothyroidism the TSH level is usually above 4.5 mIU/L but not greater than 10 mIU/L. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common condition discovered by thyroid screening. According to the review of Helfand and Redfern, 5% to 10% of adult women have an elevated TSH level.5 Controversy persists about screening for subclinical hypothyroidism and the TSH level at which treatment should be initiated. A 1998 position paper from the American College of Physicians questioned whether there were sufficient data to recommend treatment of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.6 A 2004 publication from the US Preventive Services Task Force found that the data were insufficient to recommend for or against screening in adults.7In 2002, a consensus development panel sponsored by the American Thyroid Association, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and the Endocrine Society found insufficient evidence to support screening and recommended against treating patients with a TSH concentration between 4.5 and 10 mIU/L.8 Because endocrinologists...
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...Alzheimer’s disease and dementia have similar characteristics, the treatment for the disease is based on symptoms as well as how the diseases are acquired. Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia so they are very closely related. (Fraller, 2013) Knowing the slight differences between the two diseases could, in some cases, mean a cure. Both Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are caused by a dysfunction in the brain. In Alzheimer’s disease, there is a loss of brain cells brought on by age. Studies have shown that 10% of all people over the age of 65 and 50% of people over the age of 85 have Alzheimer’s. Out of all those people, only 1% of them inherited the disease. Someone who has experienced multiple head injuries or high insulin levels are also at a greater risk of acquiring Alzheimer’s. On the other hand, dementia is caused by changes to the brain. These changes may be caused by a stroke, brain tumors, or even head injuries. Diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, hyperthyroidism, B12 deficiency, and fluid build-up on the brain have also been known to cause dementia. (Healthwise Incorporated, 2011) Once the causes of the two diseases have been determined, it is important to discuss the symptoms. The similarities between the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are typically what dupe people into thinking they are the same disease. Both diseases will cause memory loss. This is the most obvious symptom because patients will forget things like personal hygiene, they may...
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...Minimizing the amount of time in a radiation field and increasing the distance from the radiation source will decrease the amount of radiation received. The use of lead shielding will absorb the radiation transmitted. It is important for a technologist to monitor how much radiation they are being exposed to. To do this, they wear badges that measure how radiation you are being exposed to. The technologist can wear a film badge, which should be worn between the shoulders & waist. Also, they wear a ring badge, which should be worn on the forefinger on their dominant hand. Badges are read monthly or quarterly. The incidence of any adverse reaction to a nuclear medicine scan is very rare. For the most part, nuclear scans are safe tests. Some people might suffer from pain or swelling at the site where the material is injected. Always ask the female patient if she could be pregnant. If she is you may want to postpone the study. This should be discussed with her physician and/or radiologist. If the woman is breastfeeding, the study may be done. She will have to “pump and dump” her milk for 24...
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...Myocardial Infarction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States; approximately 500,000-700,000 deaths related to the coronary artery occur each year. Approximately 1.5 million cases of myocardial infarction occur annually in the United States. Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. This usually results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, which is most often caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Patients with typical myocardial infarction may have the following prodromal symptoms: Intense sharp chest pain, radiation of chest pain up to neck, shoulder, jaw and down left arm, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation or flutter, Coughing, wheezing, Fever, Fatigue, chest discomfort, and Malaise. Atherosclerosis is the disease primarily responsible almost 90% of myocardial infarctions that result from an acute thrombus that obstructs an atherosclerotic coronary artery. Plaque rupture and erosion are considered to be the major triggers for coronary thrombosis. Following plaque erosion or rupture, platelet activation and aggregation, coagulation pathway activation, and endothelial vasoconstriction occur, leading to coronary thrombosis and occlusion. The damage in the myocardium is essentially the result of a tissue response that...
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...ELECTROCARDIO-graphy (E.C.g.) Uses: - To detect arrhythmias To diagnose chamber hypertrophy To diagnose myocardial infarction Electrocardiogram is the graphic representation of electrical changes occurring in the cardiac muscle. It is recorded by using surface electrodes. These are of two types: Bipolar leads Unipolar leads Bipolar leads Lead I-Right wrist and left wrist Lead II –Right wrist and left ankle Lead III- Left wrist and left ankle Unipolar leads - Limb leads and chest leads a. Limb leads- aVR – right wrist aVL –left wrist aVF – left ankle b. Chest leads- V1-4th right intercostal space at the sternal border V2-4th left intercostal space at the sternal border V3- between V2 & V4 V4- at the midclavicular line in the left 5th intercostal space V5- at the anterior axillary line in the same horizontal plane V6- at the mid-axillary line in the same horizontal plane V3R - on the right side – position same as that of V3 V4R - on the right side – position same as that of V4 E.C.g. - - paper speed-25mm/sec horizontally 1mm(one small square)=0.04sec (one large square=0.04x5=0.2sec vertically 1mm=0.1mv P-wave- atrial depolarisation –upright width – 2.5mm=0.1sec QRS - ventricular de-polarisation width – 1-2.5mm=0.04-0.1sec average 0.08sec height – variable PR- interval-from the...
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...Final Exam Study Guide Important to Know the function of anterior and posterior pituitary gland. Anterior Pituitary Gland: (Adenohypophysis) The anterior pituitary gland regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, reproduction and lactation (Adrenal, liver, bone, thryroid and gonads). -It is regulated by negative feedback and the hypothalamus. Major hormones: ACTH: Stimulates the adrenal cortex. TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone, promotes secretion of thyroid hormone. FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone, promotes growth of reproductive system. LH: Luteinizing hormone. Promotes sex hormone production GH: Growth hormone, promotes growth, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. PRL: Prolactin, Milk production and progesterone/estrogen. -Hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus to the A. Pituitary so these hormones can be released. Posterior Pituitary Gland: Mainly axons extended from the hypothalamus. These axons contain and release neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. Oxytocin: Targets the uterus, and mammary glands causing contractions and lactation. Vasopressin (ADH): Antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, argipressin. Stimulates water retention absorbs it back into blood causing raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, and inducing male aggression. Very Important to know and understand Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology: -In DKA, the lack of insulin prevents glucose from being utilized by the tissues...
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...diseases can be reversed with weight loss. It is important to distinguish the difference between patients who are obese and those who are overweight. Overweight...
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...RUP1 Project Western Governors University RUP1 Project Being a nurse is not just a profession, it is a privilege and an honor. With it being a profession where there is an opportunity to touch many patients’ lives, there must be regulations, laws, and codes that nurses must abide by. There are certain professional traits that a nurse must possess to make them not only a good nurse but a great nurse. There are various nursing theories that a nurse can base their practice upon and many historical figures of the past that guide the nurses of today and of the future. A. Functional Differences This section will discuss the functional differences between the regulatory agency that is the California Board of Registered Nursing (BRN) and the American Nurses Association (ANA) which is a professional nursing organization. As a regulatory agency, the CA BRN implements and enforces the Nursing Practice Act (NPA) which consists of laws that are meant to protect the public by regulating the practice of nursing. The BRN is made up of a nine member board that has the authority to make rules and regulations. Some of the various responsibilities of the BRN include: setting standards for nursing programs, approving nursing programs, evaluating licensure applications, issuing and renewing licenses, and taking disciplinary action on a nurse that violates the NPA. An example of a code from the NPA would be that of Code 2732.05 which states that “no person shall...
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...Concept of homoeostasis The importance of homoeostatic control Homoeostasis is the regulation and maintain of the body's internal environment. The levels need to be controlled so that the body can function properly, for example enzymes work at optimum temperatures/ pH levels around the body, so in order to function the internal environments must be controlled. Levels which are controlled tend to oscillate between high and low about the normal/ set point. Blood glucose levels: It is detected by the alpha and beta cells in the pancreas that the normal glucose levels are between 70-110 mg. When the blood glucose has been risen, this is detected by beta cells and they become activated, they secrete insulin which inhibits the alpha cells (negative feedback) and once it has reached its target cells it acts by causing cells to take up more blood glucose from the blood and can increase metabolism so the glucose is used. Glucose can also be converted into glycogen where it is used as an energy store. All of this lowers blood glucose levels. If the blood glucose levels get too low, alpha cells detect this and secrete glucagon; this inhibits the beta cells and causes glycogen to be converted into glucose. It can also turn fat into glucose to raise blood glucose levels. Uncontrolled regulation of blood glucose levels is known as diabetes mellitus, high blood sugar is known as hyperglycaemia, and opposite being hypoglycaemia. Heart Rate: Your heart rate increases when you exercise...
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...Med Surge Process Paper Nur122-201 Human Needs in Health and Illness II Patient is an 80 year old female and her initials are ERH. She is a white, protestant, widow who currently lives at home with her daughter-in-law and grand-daughter. They live in a rancher style home with a wide landing and steps that enable her to use her walker to ambulate in her home. Her birthdate is June 14, 1931. During the initial assessment with the patient, she said that she was formerly employed with the Singer Sewing Machine Company as a book-keeper for 17 years. Upon retirement she and her husband moved back to Delaware and opened one of the first video stores in the state. Patient stated that their life together had been quite an adventure. Patient was admitted to the hospital on January 26, 2012 with symptoms of congestive heart failure. Patient denies that she has difficulties obtaining or affording her medications and that she has oxygen at home. Patient is currently being prescribed the following medications and she has no known allergies. |Medication |Route |Dose |Amount |Reason patient is taking | |Magnesium Oxide |PO |400 mg |1 tablet |Electrolyte replacement | |Pantoprazole |PO |40 mg |1 tablet |GERD | |Atorvastatin...
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