...inside our own galaxy the Milky Way. However, Hubble was able to prove it wrong by using his observational data he gathered from the 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. Hubble took many pictures of the same galaxy over and over again as multiple images were needed to analyze how the galaxy was changing over time. A few years later, while he was comparing pictures of the Andromeda galaxy, Hubble found a Cepheid variable star inside the Andromeda galaxy. A cepheid variable star is a periodic star that has a cycle of brightness with a frequency corresponding to its luminosity. This was an incredible discovery because Hubble could measure the distance from the earth to the cepheid variable star with the help of Henrietta Leavitt. In 1908, Leavitt discovered a relationship between the period and the brightness of cepheid variable; the longer the period, the more bright a cepheid variable is. Hubble observed the cepheid variable in the andromeda galaxy for a few months to determine the period of the star. He determined that the cepheid variable was 900,000 light years away and since the distance of the Milky Way was about 100,000 light years, Hubble was able to prove that the our galaxy was not just the universe, instead our galaxy was just one of many other galaxies in the universe. By discovering that there are other galaxies, Hubble was able to extend the size of the universe by a hundred fold. But Hubble did not stop here. A decade earlier than Hubble, an astronomer named...
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...constellations defined by Ptolemy in his Almagest (2nd century). The remaining ones were defined in the 17th and 18th century; the most recent ones are found on the southern sky, defined in Coelum australe stelliferum by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1763). * There are also numerous historical constellations not recognized by the IAU, or constellations recognized in regional traditions of astronomy or astrology, such as Chinese, Hindu or Austral Aboriginal. * Are the Stars in a Constellation near each other? * Not necessarily. Each constellation is a collection of stars that are distributed in space in three dimensions – the stars are all different distances from Earth. The stars in a constellation appear to be in the same plane because we are viewing them from very, very, far away. Stars vary greatly in size, distance from Earth, and temperature. Dimmer stars may be smaller, farther away, or cooler than brighter stars. By the same token, the brightest stars are not necessarily the closest. Of the stars in Cygnus, the swan, the faintest star is the closest and the brightest...
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...We have seen no 'edge' to the universe and there are an equal number of galaxies in every direction. Also, galaxies can move relative to space, but at times gravity can accelerate one galaxy toward another faster than space expands. When light waves travel through space, they are stretched by expansion and this increases the wave's wavelength, making it appear redder. Using the Hubble Law, we can estimate the age of the universe. At some point in the distant past, matter in the universe must have been densely packed. From this point, the universe would have expanded at some high speed to become today's universe. Assuming a constant expansion over time, we find that the age of the universe is around 14 billion years. Over very large distances, galaxies in the universe are more or less uniformly distributed. If there are galaxies in every direction we should see a star in any direction we look and if there is an edge to the universe, we should be able to see our way out. In a sense, there is an edge to the universe, an edge in time. Light travels at...
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...cloud of nebulous material that was gradually converted into stars from the outer regions inward. Hubble was able to detect what he thought and what other astronomers thought was a smoky and cloudy substance in space as stars. By measuring the shifting of the stars in brightness could give its absolute brightness, and then comparing it to a star’s apparent brightness would give a measurement of the star’s distance. Hubble was able to solve the Cepheid variable in the Andromeda Nebula (Freedman, 2003). He was able to see that the smoky substance or the gas clouds in space are actually a separate galaxy within the Milky Way. Discovering such objects, Hubble continues to measure the distances of the astronomical objects around the Milky Way and astronomical objects away from it that would probably lead to more discoveries. According to Smith (1990) Hubble was always careful in print to avoid definitely interpreting the redshifts as Doppler shifts. Eddington and others combined the calculation of Lemaitre and other theorist with Hubble’s observations about the redshift-distance...
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...telescope at the time, was able to make measurements of spectra from galaxies much further away than Slipher ever could. After several years of very tedious work, Hubble and his team at the Mount Wilson Observatory had accrued a considerable amount of spectral data for many galaxies with known distances. A linear relationship interestingly emerged when the distance to these galaxies was plotted against their redshift-determined velocities: the further a galaxy is from earth, the faster it is moving away from us. This implied that virtually every point in space was getting further from every other point in space as time progresses. A useful visual analogy is to think of the universe as a loaf of bread being baked in the oven. Imagine the bread has some raisins placed on top of it in a line, and each raisin symbolizes a galaxy in space. Now, as the bread is baked (symbolizing the passage of time), the bread expands, and each raisin gets further apart from every other raisin, but the raisins at the end of the line will spread apart the fastest while raisins right next to one another will spread apart the slowest, just as galaxies farthest from earth will move away the fastest. This distance-velocity relationship transformed humanity’s view of the universe from a static one to one of expansion. This discovery simultaneously answered one question but opened up many new ones for...
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...Chapter 1 Problems 1, 2, 3 = straightforward, intermediate, challenging Section 1.2 Matter and Model-Building Note: Consult the endpapers, appendices, and tables in the text whenever necessary in solving problems. For this chapter, Appendix B.3 may be particularly useful. Answers to odd-numbered problems appear in the back of the book. 1. A crystalline solid consists of atoms stacked up in a repeating lattice structure. Consider a crystal as shown in Figure P1.1a. The atoms reside at the corners of cubes of side L = 0.200 nm. One piece of evidence for the regular arrangement of atoms comes from the flat surfaces along which a crystal separates, or cleaves, when it is broken. Suppose this crystal cleaves along a face diagonal, as shown in Figure P1.1b. Calculate the spacing d between two adjacent atomic planes that separate when the crystal cleaves. [pic] Figure P1.1 Section 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass 2. Use information on the endpapers of this book to calculate the average density of the Earth. Where does the value fit among those listed in Tables 1.5 and 14.1? Look up the density of a typical surface rock like granite in another source and compare also to it. 3. The standard kilogram is a platinum-iridium cylinder 39.0 mm in height and 39.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of the material? 4. A major motor company displays a die-cast model of its first automobile, made from 9.35 kg of iron. To celebrate its hundredth...
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...3-minute radio drama written by Woody Allen and Ray Bradbury (Introduction for “Mission Control” radio dramas) Announcer over gallimaufry of theremins: From the far horizons of the unknown come tales of new dimensions in time and space, all postage paid. These are stories of a future – stories that you may live in a million could-be years on a thousand maybe-worlds, that’ll have a definite lack of affordable dry-cleaning. The National Broadcast Company, in cooperation with Pimple-Faced Magazines, presents “Mission Control” . . . Our story tonight brings you into times of desperation and war. The growing conflict between the Andromeda galaxy and our own has propelled more out of control than my great-nephew’s goiter, and Earth men are being conscripted to fight for their planet. The wives and mothers wave their husbands and sons goodbye as they board the space craft for the long journey ahead, dreading the idea that there mightn’t be any in-flight entertainment. Each craft has a crew of six men: a captain, a navigator, a cook, a mechanic, a robot helper/prestidigitator, and a Groucho Marx impersonator, who is also trained to incorporate passages from Finnegan’s Wake into his stand-up routine. Of the five-thousand nobel ships that left planet Earth, all but one returned. That one was the craft Dyssebeia X, with Captain R. J. Strickland, navigator Peter Venkman, mechanic Abraham S. Christ, chef Emily “Beelzebub” Dickinson, a robot helper known as Ebert the Magnificent...
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...Big Bang? * The event that marked the beginning of the expansion of the universe * What do we mean when we say that the universe is expanding? * Average distances between galaxies are increasing with time. * Based on observations of the universal expansion, the age of the universe is about _________. * 14 billion years * A television advertisement claiming that a product is light-years ahead of its time does not make sense because _________. * it uses "light-years" to talk about time, but a light-year is a unit of distance * The term observable universe refers to _________. * that portion of the universe that we can see in principle, given the current age of the universe * On a scale in which the distance from Earth to the Sun is about 15 meters, the distance from Earth to the Moon is _________. * small enough to fit within your hand * On a scale where the Sun is about the size of a grapefruit and the Earth is about 15 meters away, how far away are the nearest stars besides the Sun? * About the distance across the United States * The number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy is approximately _________. * a few hundred billion * An astronomical unit (AU) is _________. * the average distance between Earth and the Sun * This distance is about 150 million...
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...scales are so different from one step to the next that they are incredibly hard to comprehend all at once – no “everyday” experience to refer them to * If the Earth were a basketball how big would the moon be? Tennis ball * How many Earths would fit into the Sun? ~ 1 million * How many Jupiter’s would fit inside the Sun? 900 * How many Moons would fit inside the Earth? 50 * If we say the distance from here to Toronto (71 km) represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how far are we from Pluto? From Hamilton to Mexico, or from Hamilton to Calgary * If we say the distance from here to Toronto represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how far is the Earth from the Moon? From here to the edge of campus (Sterling and Forsyth) * If we say the distance from here to Toronto represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how big is the Earth? 3 meters * If we say the distance from here to Toronto represents the distance between the Earth and the Sun, how far is the Sun from the next nearest Star? 1/10th the distance from the Sun to Earth Lecture 3: The Earth: * Our starting point and only home * Both land and water * The only planet to have liquid water at its surface * Atmosphere: dense at sea level and then thins upwards * Clouds + weather * Temperature range: from -90 degrees to 60 degrees Celsius The Moon: * Earth’s only natural satellite * Rocky, ancient surface (powdery) ...
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...loss of life. A. dumping of waste in the oceans B. tsunamis C. fish populations D. oil drilling E. tidal cycles F. surfing championships Question 5 The two types of technology that are mostly used to monitor deep-water oil drilling and to locate and recover deep shipwrecks are: A. AUV’s and compasses B. ROV’s and Side-scan sonar C. GPS and radar D. Chronometers and sextants E. B.P. stock price forecasts and FEMA bureaucrats. Question 6 The reason that ancient sailors had trouble calculating their LONGITUDE is that they did not have reliable A. sextants B. astrolabes C. clocks D. compasses E. all of the above Question 7 Our Sun is but one of billions of stars in the ________ galaxy. A. Andromeda B. Milky Way C. Almond Joy D. Nebular E. Ursa Major Question 8 Earth is approximately how old? A.2500 years B.120 million years C.4.6 billion years D.8.4 billion years E.10 billion years F. It is a tie with Larry...
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...Universe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). Part of a series on Physical cosmology • • • • Early universe[show] Expanding universe[show] Structure formation[show] Future of universe[show] Components[show] History[show] Experiments[show] Scientists[show] Social impact[show] Universe Big Bang Age of the universe Chronology of the universe • • Astronomy portal Category: Physical cosmology • • • V T E The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of existence,[1][2][3][4] including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy.[5][6] Similar terms include the cosmos, the world, reality, and nature. The observable universe is about 46 billion light years in radius.[7] Scientific observation of the Universe has led to inferences of its earlier stages. These observations suggest that the Universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe, which is calculated to have begun13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.[8][9] Observations of supernovae have shown that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.[10] There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many...
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...SERMON -- WE BELONG TO ABBA! by Eddie Lawrence Alternate Title: YOU ARE ADOPTED! Galatians 4:3 Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world. 4 But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, 5 to redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption as sons. ROMAN LAW CONCERNING ADOPTION Source-- Backgrounds of Early Christianity, by Ferguson, page 51. 1. Taken out of his previous condition. 2. All old debts were cancelled. 3. He started a new life as a son. 4. He took the family name. 5. He was entitled to the family inheritance. 6. The new father owned the adoptee's property. 7. The new father controlled his relationships. 8. The new father had the right of discipline. 9. The new father was responsible for his support. 10. The new father was liable for his actions. 11. The adoptee was viewed as natural born. 12. Could not be reversed. WHAT THE FATHER DOES FOR US: 1. A Father gives his children life. A. A New Nature (2 Cor. 5:17; John 1:12) B. Receives God's life (Jo. 3:36) C. Receives new desires (Gal. 5:22) D. Recieves a new family (brethren) 2. A Father loves his children. Luke 11:13 "If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will [your] heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask Him!" 3. A Father protects his children. John 10:28 "And I give them eternal life, and...
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...THE UNIVERSE When we look up in the night sky we can see the stars and the moon. And because it is natural to be curious, we ask questions and we want answers. When our view was limited by what our eyes could see, the sky was our Universe. Then the telescopes deepened our view, photography enhanced it, and spectroscopy broadened it. The universe grew from a sky of stars to a realm of galaxies, to an expanding universe of galaxies. Many people believe that nature, the sun and moon, the star, even human beings never had a beginning. There is an endless, external cycle of birth, life and death that constantly repeats itself and it never began and will never end. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, it was written that at first the world did not exist and that God is the only one who existed. So He created the world. The universe is the totality of everything that has ever existed. It is so large that it contains billions of stars, and all of the planets, galaxies and all of space. The study of the universe is called Cosmology. Traditional Views about the Universe 1. Geocentric Universe Greeks believed that the earth was a sphere that stayed motionless at the center of the universe or the geocentric (Earth-centered) view. Orbiting the earth were seven wanderers (planetai in Greek) including the sun, the moon and the known planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Greece was centered as the “Golden Age” of early astronomy. Claudius Ptolemy created the book Almagest...
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...Bibliographic Citations I. Each of the following resource citations has three parts. ❑ The first part is the type of resource (for example, “Book, one author”). The BOLD Comic Sans font in 14 pt identifies this part of each citation. ❑ The second part is a template containing the components needed to cite the resource. The grey boxes identify the template in each citation. This part is in 12 pt Times New Roman. ❑ The third part provides an actual example of a resource found in a Lexington County District One Library Media Center. The red font in 12 pt Times New Roman, double-spaced lines and hanging indent identify this part of each citation. II. To use the citation template, highlight the template for the resource you need to cite, then copy and paste into your paper. 1st_Author's_LastName, 1st_Author's_FirstName, and 2nd_Author's_FirstName 2nd_Author's_LastName. Title. City_of_Publication: Publisher, Date_of_Publication. III. Select one of the grey boxes and type the correct information. As soon as you click on each grey box to select it, it is highlighted—do not delete the grey box—just start typing. Notice in the sample below, “Warhol” has replaced the grey box that said “1st_Author’s_LastName” in Step II above. Warhol, 1st_Author's_FirstName, and 2nd_Author's_FirstName 2nd_Author's_LastName. Title. City_of_Publication: Publisher, Date_of_Publication. IV. The punctuation, italics, and underlines will be inserted automatically...
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...Chapter 1, Introduction CHAPTER 1 Conceptual Problems C1. A room in a house has a floor area of 120 ft2. Which of the following is most likely the approximate volume of the room? a. 3 m3 b. 30 m3 c. 300 m3 d. 3 000 m3 C2. When SI units are plugged into an equation, it is found that the units balance. Which of the following can we expect to be true for this equation? a. The equation will be dimensionally correct. b. The equation will be dimensionally correct except sometimes in cases when the right hand side of the equation has more than one term. c. The equation will not be dimensionally correct. d. All constants of proportionality will be correct. C3. How long has it been that scientists have accepted that the nucleus of the atom consists of neutrons and protons? Think of your answers in terms of order of magnitude. a. about a decade b. about a century c. about a thousand years d. since Aristotle C4. Consider the sine of any angle between 30° and 40°. If the angle were doubled, what would happen to the sine of the angle? a. It would double. b. It would more than double. c. It would increase but be less than double. d. In different cases, it could do any of the above. C5. There are other ways of expressing uncertainty besides significant figures. For example, suppose a quantity is known to have a value between 20.4 and 20.0 and our best estimate of the value is midrange at 20.2. We could write the number as 20.2 +/- 0.2 and say that the number has a 1% uncertainty. We would...
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