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The East Man Kodak

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The Case of Eastman Kodak: Maximizing Shareholder Wealth

Ringkasan kasus: Shareholders Kodak, yang direpresentasikan oleh board of director perusahaan, telah mengkritik management Kodak selama beberap tahun, yang mengekspresikan ketidakpuasan yang sangat mendalam dengan adanya pendapatan dan harga saham yang rendah. Board of directors diperkirakan telah menekan CEO Kay Whitmore untuk merekrut orang luar yang telah mempunyai reputasi untuk menurunkan cost secara ketat. Kurang dari tiga bulan kemudian, financial officer yang baru tersebut mengundurkan diri. Harga saham bereaksi seperti dugaan, yaitu naik secara significant pada saat penunjukan CFO baru dan turun pada saat pengunduran diri CEO tersebut. Kasus ini menjelaskan beberap kemungkinan penyebab dari permasalahan financial Kodak dimana perekrutan orang luar didesain untuk meringankan atau memecahkan masalah tersebut.

Questions and Answers:
Q1: Mengapa shareholder Kodak concern (memperhatikan) tentang profit yang rendah pada saat teori menyebutkan bahwa hal ini adalah cash flow, bukan perhitungan profit?
A1: Hal ini disebabkan karena komposisi board director dari Kodak telah berubah dimana pada awalnya mereka utamanya berasal dari lingkungan internal perusahaan, akan tetapi pada 10 tahun terakhir berubah menjadi dua per tiga dari board director berasal dari pihak eksternal. Hal ini yang menyebabkan mereka lebih concern terhadap rendahnya profit dengan tujuan untuk memenuhi tujuan jangka pendek perusahaan daripada cash flow dan mereka menuntut agar segera dilakukan tindakan untuk meningkatkan profit.

Q2: Perusahaan AS telah sering dikritik untuk fokus pada tujuan short term dengan mengorbankan tujuan jangka panjang, seperti research and development. Mengapa Kodak merasa untuk mengubahnya menjadi short term outlook? Apakah hal ini bagus atau buruk bagi perusahaan?
A2: - Hal ini disebabkan adanya pressure dari shareholder untuk memotong cost guna mendapatkan profit yang lebih besar. Hal ini hanya untuk memenuhi tujuan jangka pendek.
- Salah satu strategi yang diambil oleh CEO Kodak adalah dengan memotong pengeluaran untuk research and development dalam bidang digital imaging. Hal ini sangat merugikan atau membahayakan sustainabilitas perusahaan karena akan berpotensi dapat menurunkan daya saing perusahaan. Kodak bergerak dalam bidang usaha yang sangat tergantung pada kecanggihan technology dan inovasi, sehingga aspek research and development adalah bagian yang vital untuk memenangkan persaingan bisnis.

Q3: Kodak terlihat gagal memenuhi tujuan untuk memaksimalkan wealth (kekayaan) shareholder dan “dihukum” oleh shareholder dengan cara menjual saham mereka sehingga harga saham turun. Apakah Kodak memenuhi kepentingan dari kelompok yang lebih besar, stakeholder, dengan kebijakannya, misal: program extensive lingkungan? Apakah ini baik atau buruk bagi perusahaan?
A3: - Ya, Kodak mempromosikan company image sebagai a good corporate citizen. Di dalam public statement-nya, official Kodak mengatakan, “Kami, Kodak, mempertimbangkan isu-isu health, safety dan environment sebagai bagian dari etika kami dalam environmental responsibility”. Salah satu kegiatan nyata dari perusahaan adalah memberikan donasi kepada kelompok environment, seperti World Wildlife Fund untuk mengembangkan program guna menyediakan materi pendidikan kepada anak-anak tentang environment.
- Usaha untuk mempromosikan company image sebagai perusahaan yang peduli lingkungan sangatlah menguntungkan bagi perusahaan dimana hal ini sebagai bagian dari promosi yang pada akhirnya akan menarik customer untuk lebih cenderung memilih perusahaan yang mempunyai image yang baik. Image atau pencitraan yang bagus ini sangat berguna bagi kepentingan atau tujuan perusahaan dalam jangka panjang. Akan tetapi ditinjau dari segi cost, apa yang dilakukan oleh management Kodak sangatlah berlebihan sehingga usaha promosi company image berbiaya sangat mahal dan merugikan perusahaan dari segi financial. Perlu dipikirkan strategi lain yang lebih murah akan tetapi tujuan untuk mempromosikan image perusahaan sebagai perusahaan yang peduli lingkungan masih bisa tercapai.

Q4: Dikarenakan agency conflict, shareholders berasumsi bahwa manager akan mengambil tindakan sebaik-baiknya dan akan membutuhkan pembuktian bahwa klaim mereka untuk masa depan bisa direalisasikan. CEO Kay Whitmore telah membuat beberapa announcement dalam beberapa tahun bahwa shareholder Kodak adalah yang utama. Bagaimana dia membuktikan tujuannya ini? Seberapa efektif pembuktiannya ini? Apakah yang menyebabkan agency cost pada Kodak? Cost yang manakah yang digunakan untuk mewujudkan kebijakan baru Kodak ini?
A4: - Kay Whitmore membuktikan bahwa shareholder adalah yang utama bagi Kodak, yaitu dengan cara:
a. Melakukan restrukturisasi sebanyak lima kali dengan tujuan memperkecil ukuran perusahaan agar bisa berjalan secara efektif dan efisien. Kay Whitmore telah melakukan restrukturisasi besar sebanyak 5 kali. Akan tetapi kebijakan ini justru menimbulkan cost sebesar $ 2.1 milliar.
b. Mengurangi cost dengan cara memotong pengeluaran untuk research & development dalam bidang electronic imaging sebesar $ 200 juta pada tahun 1993 dan $ 400 juta pada tahun 1994. Hal ini berpotensi untuk menurunkan daya saing perusahaan karena bisnis yang digeluti Kodak sangat tergantung pada pengembangan produk berteknologi tinggi dan produk-produk inovasi.

- Kedua upaya pembuktian di atas efektif karena beberap tahun sesudahnya Kodak masih mengalami penurunan pendapatan, penurunan profit dan penurunan harga saham. Selanjutnya Kay Whitmore menuruti tekanan dari board director dengan merekrut CFO baru dari kalangan luar, Christopher J.Steffen, dimana hal ini adalah yang pertama kali dalam 20 tahun bagi Kodak untuk menunjuk orang dari pihak eksternal untuk menduduki posisi yang tinggi dalam perusahaa. Steffen adalah orang yang sudah sangat berpengalaman dan mempunyai reputasi yang bagus dalam menganani dan memperbaiki kinerja keuangan dari perusahaan-perusahaan yang sedang “sakit”. Penunjukan Steffen ini mendapatkan response positif dari pasar saham dengan naiknya harga saham Kodak sebesar 17% sekitar $ 49 per saham, ini setara dengan kenaikan nilai sebesar $ 2 Milliar. Setelah tiga bulan, timbullah ketidakcocokan antara Whitmore dan Steffen yang diawali dengan kebijakan untuk memangkas pengeluaran untuk payroll. Kemudian diakhiri dengan keputusan Steffen untuk mengundurkan diri yang diperkirakan disebabkan oleh ketidaksepakatan antara dirinya dengan CEO Kay Whitmore mengenai derajat dan kecepatan pemangkasan cost di perusahaan Kodak. Hal ini menimbulkan agency cost bagi Kodak dengan adanya response negative dari pasar saham yaitu penurunan harga saham Kodak yang senilai dengan $ 1.7 milliar.

Q5: Untuk beberapa perluasan agen, yang bukan principal, menimbulkan agency costs. Siapa yang membayar biaya untuk agency problem Kodak? Bagaimana Whitmore membayar untuk potential conflict antara management dan shareholder?
A5: Management Kodak membayar biaya untuk agency problem dengan cara menaikkan pendapatan dan meningkatkan harga saham akan tetapi ini berarti scaling down perusahaan untuk memenuhi market. Selain itu board of director memotong bonus Kay Whtimore untuk tahun 1992 sebesar 70% menjadi $ 140,000.

Q6: Kodak mempunyai tradisi rekrutmen dari pihak internal perusahaan. Ini dapat mem-provide keuntungan internal monitoring bagi perusahaan. Bagaimana policy untuk mempromosikan dari kalangan internal dapat menaikkan monitoring dan mengurangi agency cost?
A6: Karena dengan promosi dari pihak internal, maka yang bersangkutan sudah barang tentu sangat mengenal secara detail dan seluk beluk bisnis proses perusahaan. Pengalaman ini sangatlah berharga untuk monitoring performance perusahaan sehingga diharapkan mampu mengambil keputusan guna memperbaiki kinerja perusahaa. Selain itu karena yang bersangkutan berasal dari kalangan internal, maka potensi adanya konflik, hambatan, reluctancy atau ketidaksesuain dapat diminimalisir. Tentu hal ini sangat penting untuk terciptanya sinergi dalam perusahaan guna mengatasi permasalahan perusahaan.

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