...The effect of horn on Megasoma elephas beetles Introduction: Megasoma elephas, a large and distinctive tropical beetle inhibits a variety of tropical forests, including tropical plantations and sometimes forest remnants,at elevations up to around 1000 metres.(Wildscreen, 2015). This types of species have a Long, rhinoceros-like horn on its head, its unusual structure is found only in male, which means Megasoma elephas is sexual dimorphic. In addition, male elephant beetles use their impressive horns to fight rival males for access to females or feeding sites.(Wildscreen,2015). Based on that, I would investigate if the horn affect the mating probability in Megasoma elephas by designing an experiment. My hypothesis is that the size of horn...
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...Scientific Experiment: Growth Rate of Mealworms xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx Integrated Natural Science Applications Problem Statement The growth of organisms is influenced by proper rearing conditions determined by temperature, light, air, and moisture (Lawson, 2001). However, literature indicates that mealworms are unlike most organisms as they are the second phase of development of the beetle. The beetle is an insect with grows and develops in four stages to reach complete metamorphosis from egg, larva, pupa, and adult (Schaffer, 2003). This research carries out a scientific experiment to identify the growth rate of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor. The goal of the experiment will be to map out the rate of development of the beetle in its second life cycle in different conditions. The research will try to solve the following research questions: 1. What is the rate of growth of mealworms? 2. To what extent does temperature affect the rate of growth of mealworms? 3. To what extent does light, affect the rate of growth of mealworms? Relevance of Testable Question The research questions identified assist in identifying the research variables that will be tested. They also define the scope and extent of the study and determine the extent of the scientific research. Therefore, from the research questions the variables are rate of growth, temperature, time, and light. Literature Review Mealworms are the second stage of development of insects whose growth...
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...in the air today. A second point to discuss is the exoskeletons. Physical size has its problems. It appears that when an animal doubles in size, its weight increases eight times over, but due to the weight-bearing capacity of this skeleton, the weight is only quadrupled and the actual strength of its muscles is doubled. Large vertebrates have skeletons that are disproportionately heavy compared to smaller vertebrates. The size has not been seen because the costs that come with the large size affect arthropods more so than vertebrates. There is a risk of injury with a large skeleton. The large size is further complicated during molting. The large size can’t compensate for all of the difficulties that come with a large skeleton. This greatly affects natural selection. It will favor the smaller sized animal in a population. Large size skeletons run the risk of abrasions and impact damage on the internal body. There is no cushion for soft tissues. The large size also affects the feet. The animal places all the weight when running on the smallest area of the foot. The lack of cushioning causes fractures related to the force of the impact. The testing of these arthropods could be done by raising several generations of beetles in an increased oxygen rich environment and see if there is an increase in the average size. The size-to-weight issue may be more difficult. It may be possible to raise several generations in a...
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...Entomotoxicology The process of decomposition begins immediately after death and the process can be divided into five stages: fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay and skeletal. Therefore, the availability of tissues and blood samples for toxicological analysis is dependent on the state of decomposition. There are cases where blood and tissue samples are not available or suitable for analysis, the fly larvae found on the cadaver can be used as an alternative toxicological specimen. Successful detection of substances has been accomplished by several extraction methods from maggots, pupae and adults of Diptera and even from the feces of beetles (Miller et al. 1994). Bourel et al. (2001) conducted a study which showed that morphine was detected on third larval instar maggots of Calliphora vicina Linnaeus (Diptera: Calliphoridae) fed with an artificial diet mixed with the drug. This shows that morphine was stored inside the cuticle of the maggots during their development. However, the detection of diethylpropion (Inebex) showed negative result in larvae of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria suggesting the rapid excretion of drugs (Alves et al.2008). Insect succession Insect succession is the wave or pattern of insects’ colonization on dead remains and is also affected by the surrounding environment. Invasion of a body by insects and other arthropods occurs soon after death (Anderson and Goff, 2000). They are capable to arrive and colonized within minutes of the death (Wells...
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...international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.The WTO is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other. The system’s overriding purpose is to help trade flow as freely as possible — so long as there are no undesirable side effects — because this is important for economic development and well-being. That partly means removing obstacles. It also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world, and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy. In other words, the rules have to be ‘transparent’ and predictable. The WTO is run by its member governments. All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, either by ministers (who usually meet at least once every two years) or by their ambassadors or delegates (who meet regularly in Geneva).Trade negotiations- The WTO agreements cover goods, services and intellectual property. They spell out the principles of liberalization, and...
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...The highly controversial, and much disputed issues surrounding the Keystone XL crude oil pipeline project have been under the scrutiny of American politics in recent months. A debate has ensued around national calls for the construction of infrastructure that would transport a crude oil alternative from Canada to the United States, and has rapidly gained increased exposure. This exposure can be attributed to a number of factors, but in large part rising gasoline prices and political pressures are the driving factors. Increased demand for more reliable and stable supplies of crude oil in the United States has been driven by an ailing supply of traditional heavy oil. TransCanada Corporation is a Canadian based energy company which develops and operates energy infrastructure throughout North America. The corporation finds itself at the focal point of the oil sands debate. The transnational corporation has applied for a permit to carry out a $7 billion project by the name of Keystone XL, which would allow TransCanada to construct and manage an oil transport pipeline between the United States-Canada border. The pipeline would transport crude oil produced from oil sands in Canada to oil refineries in the Texas Gulf Coast. Since the pipeline would cross international borders, the project requires the approval of the State Department in accord with Executive Order 13337. It is over this crucial point that much of the discussion has been centered. Time Magazine has dubbed oil sands “Canada’s...
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...10/26/2010 STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL PRODUCTS ZHARI ISMAIL & JAMSHED SIDDIQUI HEAD (R & D) CENTRE FOR HERBAL STANDARDISATION (CHEST) PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS FARMASI UNIV. SAINS MALAYSIA International Conference & Talkshow on Medicinal Plant 39th. Meeting of National Working Group on Indonesian Medicinal Plant. Jakarta, 19-20th October 2010 CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. Introduction: Overview of Standardization of plant extracts Meaning of Standardized Extracts Problems related to standardization of herbal products Common techniques used for standardization of herbal products Validation techniques for herbal products Standardization techniques for mixed herbal products Method for the determination of soluble sugars in plant extracts Conclusion Multiple subsectors for Herbs There are huge global opportunities for herbs based business Phytopharmaceuticals Modern drugs Drug leads Drug intermediates Low to High-End Products available for Herbs • Fast growing industry and require investment to become leader with short time to enter market High MAPs MAPs MAPs Herbal drugs Herbal drug preparation Herbal Med production Traditional medicines Complementary Alternate Medicines House hold remedies 26.6b 5.9b Herbs/Botanicals 5% Growth Rate Functional Foods Nutraceuticals 4.7b 25b Cosmeceuticals/ Cosmetics Insect repellants Insecticides Pesticides Fungicides Pharmaceutical Aids Gums Mucilages Edible dyes Sweeteners Essential Oils Flavours...
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...MARKETING 480 MAJOR CORPORATION PROFILE Volkswagen Group: Marketing Strategy Analysis and Profile Andrew Clayton, Brennen Charles, Brandon Ferrell and Whitney Wilcher MKG 480 Marketing Management Ball State University Muncie, IN 47306 Professor John Vann Dec. 9, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Background ………………………….………………………………………………………………………. 3 Product Market Matrix …………….………………………………………………………………………. 4 Values ………….……………………………….……………………………………………………………. 8 Mission Statement…….….…………………….…………………………………………………..………. 12 Objectives …….….….………………….……………………………………………………………..……. 13 Porter’s Five Forces …..……………….……………………………………………………………..……. 15 Sustainability …..…………...………….……………………………………………………………..……. 20 Boston Consulting Group Growth/Share Matrix ……………...…………………………………..……. 25 Directional Policy Matrix ……………...…………………………...………………………………..……. 31 Positioning ………………………….…...…………………………...………………………………..……. 34 Marketing Mix ……………………..…...…………………………...………………………………..……. 38 References ……………………..…..........…………………………...………………………………..……. 43 2 BACKGROUND Volkswagen group is a automotive conglomerate consisting of several brands of vehicles for a range of customer groups at a range of prices. It is one of the top automotive manufacturer’s in the world and is the top automotive manufacturer in Europe (Volkswagen, 2011a). Beginning in the late 1930s, Volkswagen created tanks and driving equipment for Nazi Germany during World War II. After the war, Great Britain had the choice to either...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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...and lines through inbreeding within the two families. Each generation in the inbred lines was a result of brother-sister mating. This was done with multiple groups over multiple generations. The traits used to determine fitness of various offspring were nymphal weight at various ages, and fecundity, which was approximated by ovarian weight. Purging was also assayed, measured by the number of inbred lines that went extinct. If purging were taking place, it would be expected that the rate of extinction would be higher for a number of generations in the inbred lines. However, there was no significant difference between the extinction rate in control (outcrossed lines) and in inbred lines. To show that inbreeding depression was occurring, nymphal weights and fecundity were plotted against the inbreeding coefficient. These plots showed a negative relationship, with nymphal and ovarian weights decreasing as inbreeding coefficient increases. To test whether or not overall fitness was greater in offspring of crossed inbred lines than in outcrossed lines, nymphal size increase and ovarian weight were compared between the two groups. These two groups were also compared with the pure inbred lines. The results show that nymphal weight and ovarian size were higher in crossed inbred lines than in outcrossed lines. These measures show that fitness was higher in the crossed-inbred generation than in the outcrossed, which is a phenomenon that is predicted under the partial dominance model. Both...
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...1. In your own words, provide a definition for “homeostatic regulator” and “homeostatic conformer”. Describe an example of an animal that is a regulator with regards to one physical condition but a conformer with regards to a different condition. -Homeostatic regulator is one in which it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face external fluctuation. (an otter regulates body temp independently of exterior cold water). -Homeostatic conformer is one in which the organism if it allows an external influence the internal conditions of the organism. (Bass fish conforms to the temp of the lake that it inhibits) 2. In your own words, provide a definition for poikioltherm, homeotherm, ectotherm and endotherm. Provide an example of an animal for each of the following combinations and explain why it fits these terms: - Poikioltherm: An animals whose body temp varies with the surrounding temperature -Homeotherm: An organism such as a bird or mammal, having a body temp that is constant and largely independent of the temperature surrounding. -Ectotherm- heat acquired from external environment -Endotherm- heat generated by metabolism Poikilotherm & ectotherm: Fish, amphibians, reptiles. Poikilotherm & endotherm: Mammals and birds, insects Homeotherm & ectotherm: tropical reptiles Homeotherm & endotherm: Mostly birds and mammals 3. Describe the 4 mechanisms through which animals exchange heat with their environments. -Radiation: Release...
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...another theme tied into the story that is both important and connected with the protest of the war. At this time in history, women had no political rights. However, Aristophanes makes the women the saviors; they seize the Acropolis, demand the end of the war by leaving the men without sex, and negotiate the peace. This theme, women in politics, or feminism, surrounds this story and perhaps foreshadows the eventual rise of women into politics that we are now beginning to see today. These themes lend weight to each other throughout the course of the play. That Lysistrata focused on the Peloponnesian War was nothing new for Aristophanes. The majority of his works date from the years of the Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. The Acharnians, written in 425 B.C. was the story of an Athenian that makes a separate peace for himself and his family, and enjoys the benefits of peace while everyone else is still at war (NAWM, 394). The Peace focuses on an Athenian that flies to Heaven on a dung-beetle and asks Zeus to end the war (394). The theme of the Peloponnesian War is nothing new in Aristophanes work. However, the treatment of women in Lysistrata is very different from anything else. First off, Lysistrata, the “hero” of the play, is in actuality a heroine. By the time Lysistrata was released, Sparta had built its own fleet with the help of its allies and had beaten back the Athenian fleet. Perhaps as a way to show his disapproval with the men of still not settling for a peace, he placed...
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...Eggplant (Solanum melongena) or aubergine is a species of nightshade grown for its edible fruit. It is known in South Asia, Southeast Asia and South Africa as brinjal.[1][2][3][4] While "eggplant" is the common name in American, Canadian, and Australian English, "aubergine" is much more common in British English. Other common names are melongene,[5] garden egg,[6] or guinea squash.[7] The fruit is widely used in cooking, most notably as an important ingredient in dishes such as moussaka and ratatouille. As a member of the genus Solanum, it is related to both the tomato and the potato. It was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species, the thorn or bitter apple, S. incanum,[8][9][10] probably with two independent domestications, one in the region of South Asia, and one in East Asia.[11] ------------------------------------------------- Description[edit] The eggplant is a delicate, tropical perennial often cultivated as a tender or half-hardy annual in temperate climates. It grows 40 to 150 cm (16 to 57 in) tall, with large, coarsely lobed leaves that are 10 to 20 cm (4–8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2–4 in) broad. Semiwild types can grow much larger, to 225 cm (7 ft) with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) broad. The stem is often spiny. The flower is white to purple, with a five-lobed corolla and yellow stamens. The egg-shaped glossy purple fruit has white flesh with a meaty texture. The cut surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit...
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...Class Final: The genetics of cancer * Cancer is when mitosis goes wrong! * Cancer cells lack regulated ability to divide only when needed so they divide uncontrollably. * Hyperplasia- Beginning of cancer development; heightened cell division that can create tumor (neoplasm) * Dysplasia- The change in cells/tissue * Cancer cells go from being complex to primitive—which means cancer cells lose their shape, size and ability to function like normal cells * Cancer originates due to mutations within the DNA, in sequence of nucleotides of genes * Malignant tumors and neoplasms are referred to as cancer; benign neoplasms are NOT cancer * In situ tumors- Precurser to cancer/ precancerous * Very dangerous tumor cells (what’s detected in screenings) Causes of cancer: 1. If there’s mutation in the Proto-oncogenes (tumor suppressor genes), which code for proteins and regulates mitosis… then there will definitely be problem with normal cell division. 2. Carcinogens are substances or physical agents that lead to development of cancer when body is exposed to them. 3. General mutations due to internal/external factors can cause cancer. a. Internal factors- errors in DNA replication; Free radicals; errors in protein synthesis b. External factors- Infectious agents (bacteria/viruses); pollution and chemicals in environment; Radiation (sun); medical treatment (chemo); Lifestyle factors (diet, tobacco) Benign vs. Malignant ...
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...| | | Name : Damian ClarkeSubject : Environmental ScienceUnit 1Centre: St. Mary’s CollegeCentre Number : 160073Candidate Number : 1600730296 | [Title : Human Impact on the Water Quality of the Santa Cruz/San Juan River] | | Table of Contents | Page Number | Site Reports | | Site 1:: Reservoir Road, Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 2 | Site 2:Akal Trace, La Pastora, Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 3 | Site 3:Cantaro Extension Rd, Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 4 | Site 4:Mt Hololo Rd Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 5 | Lab Reports | | Lab 1:Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand | 7 | Lab 2:Total Suspended Solids | 10 | Lab 3:Total Dissolved Solids | 12 | Lab 4:Macro Invertebrate Fauna | 14 | Final Report | | Problem Statement, Objectives | 17 | Methods of Data Collection | 18 | Literature Review | 19 | Presentation and Analysis of Data | 20 | Discussion of Findings | 22 | Conclusions | 23 | Recommendations | 23 | Bibliography | 24 | Site Number: 1 Date: 28/11/13 Site: Reservoir Road, Santa Cruz, Trinidad (Control site – Furthest Upstream) Objective(s): To investigate a section of the river with little or no human impact to use as a control site. Activities: The class arrived at site 1 around 9:15am. Observations of the riverbed, the water itself, human influences and both flora and fauna were made. Also...
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