...Behaviorism Behaviorism is based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (1) Behavior is the response to stimuli. It is mainly concerned with observable behavior, not internal events such as thinking and emotion. Humans learn behavior from their individual environments through classical and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is “the alteration in responding that occurs when two stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first” (2). Pavlov’s Dogs. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist in the 1890s who did studies on dogs creating “Pavolovian Conditioning” also know as classical conditioning. In his studies he began to look at the correlation between dogs salivating in response to being fed. A dog salivating in response to being fed is not a learned trait but a reflex. The dog salivating is an unconditioned response, which means it requires no learning (3). Pavlov started measuring the salivation secretions in response to being fed (3). Through his studies Pavlov saw that any object or event that the dog associated with being fed would make the dog salivate. “Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic study of basic laws of learning / conditioning” (3)....
Words: 1528 - Pages: 7
...discovered that there are actually differences in the way women’s and men’s brains are structured and in the way they react to events and stimuli. So the next time your wife, boyfriend, or parent starts telling you how you should have done something differently, then refer back to these big differences between men’s and women’s brains. 1. Human relationships. Women tend to communicate more effectively than men, focusing on how to create a solution that works for the group, talking through issues, and utilizes non-verbal cues such as tone, emotion, and empathy whereas men tend to be more task-oriented, less talkative, and more isolated. Men have a more difficult time understanding emotions that are not explicitly verbalized, while women tend to intuit emotions and emotional cues. These differences explain why men and women sometimes have difficulty communicating and why men-to-men friendships look different from friendships among women. 2. Left brain vs. both hemispheres. Men tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres. This difference explains why men are generally stronger with left-brain activities and approach problem-solving from a task-oriented perspective while women typically solve problems more creatively and are more aware of feelings while communicating. 3. Mathematical abilities. An area of the brain called the inferior-parietal lobule (IPL) is typically significantly larger...
Words: 980 - Pages: 4
...potential and not just for entertainment. A Professor named Daphe Bavelier who works at the University of Rochester studies brain and cognitive sciences. She conducts studies on young people who play action video games. Bavelier says, “It turns out that action video games are far from mindless.” Her studies show that video gamers who played action video games showed improved skills in vision, attention, and certain aspects in regards to cognition (Trudeau 2010). German researchers conducted an experiment to help better understand how video games affect the brain. They asked 23 adults around the age of 25 to play “Super Mario 64” for 30 minutes a day over a period of two months. They then had a separate control group which did not play video games at all. Then they examined the brains of the two groups using an MRI machine, which resulted in them finding that the group who played the video game had a rise in gray matter in the right hippocampus, right prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. These areas of the brain are responsible for spatial navigation, memory formation, strategic planning, and good motor skills with the hands. This study helped to establish a direct link between video games and an increase in brain activity (Guarini 2013) In August of 2013 British researchers found that certain strategic video games such as “Starcraft” can increase brain flexibility. The scientists described this as “a cornerstone of human...
Words: 1420 - Pages: 6
...Is your child Moody? Restless? Impulsive? Does he have Difficulty focusing or have Emotional outbursts? Does your child have Trouble sleeping, or getting up in the morning? Do they seem to sleep plenty of hours but still seem exhausted the next day? It could be because your child is spending too much time on electronics. When your child has too much screen time, their entire mood and behavior is changed. Their brain can actually be damaged from too much screen time. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that the average child and adolescent spends as much as seven hours a day looking at a screen, whether it be video games, tablets, cell phone, computer or TV. There are a number of studies that connect delayed cognitive development in children with extended exposure to electronics as well as many other effects....
Words: 706 - Pages: 3
...Title: Why You Shouldn't Ignore Your Hearing Loss Research says that the untreated hearing loss can have fatal consequences, especially as we age. If you have noticed yourself asking people to repeat things more often, it may be the early signs of a hearing loss condition. A hearing impairment can affect the people of all ages. And the obvious reason to get early assistance is that the hearing problem can get worse if you ignore them. While not everyone will deal with the same level of seriousness, the question is - if getting a hearing loss is so easy and accessible, is taking a chance really worth it? Image Credit 1: [Health line] Ignoring Your Hearing Loss Can be Fatal The quality of life is greatly affected while ignoring the hearing...
Words: 885 - Pages: 4
...Emotion-based advertising Discuss some of the reasons why emotion-based advertising appeals are effective. Give example of a company or brand that is using an advertising campaign based on emotional appeals. Emotional appeal refers to a promotional activity aimed at highlighting emotional factors such as appearance, status value, and popularity of a product, rather than the logical or practical factors. It is a method of persuasion that’s designed to create an emotional response. Emotional-based advertising appeals are effective because the right emotional appeal can touch the consumer’s cores and make it easier for them to recall the advertising message. Besides that, linking positive emotions to a brand name may help in creates goodwill for the product. In addition, it’s also reasonable that the more positive and frequent the emotional associations, the more likely consumers will favor the product compared to competitors that are less well known. For example, Google Chrome used an advertising appeals based on emotional appeals. Google Chrome created a touching video campaign that highlighted some of life’s most emotional and heartfelt experiences and how people can share them across multiple media platforms. This campaign attracted the audience’s attention by connects to real-life situations using real people and events. The advertisement called “Dear Sophie” is shown from a father’s perspective as he documents his daughter’s life through email, YouTube and other Web applications...
Words: 831 - Pages: 4
...Running head: GOLEMAN’S SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE BOOK REVIEW Dan Goleman’s Social Intelligence Book Review Summary of Key Points Unveiling a New Science Goleman contends that the most fundamental revelation of this new discipline is that people are wired to connect. Neuroscience has discovered that our brain’s very design makes it sociable, unavoidably drawn into a neurological connection whenever we interact with another person. This two-way connection allows us to affect everyone we interact with both physically and mentally. The new science of social intelligence should be thought of in terms of being intelligent not just about our personal and professional relationships, but also in them. Goleman explains that this involves expanding our focus in a way that looks beyond the individual to understand what really occurs when people interact, and to look beyond narrow self-interest to the best interests of others as well. Emotional Economy The realization that one person can trigger an emotion in another person or vice versa represents the powerful mechanism by which feelings are disseminated to others. Goleman classifies this as emotional contagion which is the emphasis of emotional economy. Emotional contagion comes in two forms; low road and high road. The low road is mental circuitry that operates in our subconscious at a very fast rate and tends to involve impulsive decision-making. The high road consists of mental circuitry that operates at the conscious...
Words: 3609 - Pages: 15
...you're lucky, it's a liaison with your favorite movie star. Sigmund Freud believed that dreams are a window into our unconscious, and some studies indicate that he may have been onto something. For example, in one study, amnesiacs reported dreaming about activities that the scientists knew the patients had participated in before they'd gone to sleep -- even though the amnesiacs had no memory of those activities, outside of dreaming about them. This validates Freud's theory to a certain degree, but there are hundreds of competing theories about what dreams are and what their purpose is. * So what are dreams? Strictly speaking, dreams are images and imagery, thoughts, sounds and voices, and subjective sensations experienced when we sleep. This can include people you know, people you've never met, places you've been, and places you've never even heard of. Sometimes they're as mundane as recalling events that happened earlier in the day. They can also be your deepest and darkest fears and secrets, and most private fantasies. There's no limit to what the mind can experience during a dream and really no rhyme or reason to what you end up dreaming about. Stresses in waking life can manifest in dreams plainly or be cleverly disguised with imagery. For instance, a dream about a grizzly bear chasing you through your house could be the stress you feel about the relationship with a friend. A dream about being stuck inside of a room with no door might echo your...
Words: 920 - Pages: 4
...accomplish, far more than those of infancy and early childhood. Normal teen development is made up of not only biological and physical changes, but also social, emotional, and intellectual changes. A teen is experiencing many changes in: Their friendships and relationships. How their brain functions. How they think. How they exist in the larger society. • • • • Teens are also figuring out who they are or in other words, their identity. Part of this process is working to become more independent while still maintaining ties with parents and family. Accomplishment of these developmental tasks happens gradually, sometimes independently and sometimes together with another task, and in no set order. Each teen matures on his or her own timetable. Teens can be ahead of the typical age in one area of development and at the same time, behind the average age in another area. For example, consider the awkward 15 year old boy who has not gotten used to the extra inches he grew in a few months; this same 15 year old boy might possess wonderful social skills that allow him to easily make friends. What parents can do: Expect change in your teen. Learn more about teen development and what’s normal. Remember your teen is an individual, and everyone develops differently. • • • Although it can be helpful for parents to remember back to when they were a teen, that isn’t enough. Parents need some basic knowledge of what to expect as...
Words: 3342 - Pages: 14
...1.Giving is good for you: When we give to others it activates the areas of the brain associated with pleasure, social connection and trust. Altruistic behaviour releases endorphins in the brain and boosts happiness for us as well as the people we help. Studies have shown that giving money away tends to make people happier than spending it on themselves. Citation: "Happiness Facts." Action for Happiness. Accessed October4,2014. http://www.actionforhappiness.org/10-keys-to-happier-living/do-things-for-others. (If you see someone who is drowning and throw him a rope, he gets a benefit, no question about it. But you might, too. Your body might flood with feel-good chemicals that have a deep evolutionary heritage. You might get a little extra buffer from life’s stresses. Your heart might beat a little healthier. Your immune system might perk up. Your mood might lift. Be an influence: "No one has ever become poor by giving.” - Anne Frank In other words, when you are experiencing positive emotions like joy, contentment, and love, you will see more possibilities in your life. These findings were among the first that suggested positive emotions broaden your sense of possibility and open your mind up to more options. Citation: Clear, James. "The Science of Positive Thinking: How Positive Thoughts Build Your Skills, Boost Your Health, and Improve Your Work." The Huffington Post. July 10, 2013. Accessed October 4, 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-clear/positive-thinking_b_3512202...
Words: 348 - Pages: 2
...3 Thinking Techniques to Improve Your Intellectual Horsepower Here are 3 simple thinking techniques I tend to use each day. There are some more advanced thinking techniques, but here I’m boiling down to a set of 3 you can use today. In fact, you can even use them while you read this post. I’ll go through the thinking techniques in order from simpler to more complex, so you can use them right away. For the sake of this exercise, let’s think of "thinking" as simply asking and answering questions. If you want to improve your thinking, ask better questions. Using these techniques will improve your thinking, by improving your questions. 3 Thinking Techniques Here are 3 thinking techniques I use fairly regularly: * How Might That Be True? * PMI * Six Thinking Hats How Might That Be True When you hear something new, or information that conflicts with what you think you already know, ask yourself, "how might that be true?" This simple question will open your curiosity. It can also help you build rapport. This second point is especially important. If you’re quick to prove people wrong, people won’t share information with you. Rather than fight somebody on a point, right from the start, you can help them explore the point. You don’t have to agree. Instead, you’re exploring possibility. Sometimes people have good information or knowledge, but it’s generalized so it appears to be wrong, but there’s kernels of truth or insight. PMI I think of PMI as Edward...
Words: 5870 - Pages: 24
...What is within the Brain? The brain is an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. The brain is very sensitive to an human. Your brain controls body temperature ,blood pressure , heart rate ,and breathing. It accepts a lot of information about our various senses,as in, seeing , tasting, smelling, hearing and feeling. Your brain controls your physical movement such as walking ,talking, standing, or sitting. Lastly it lets you think, dream, and remember reasons of emotional experiences. Before we get into that I would like to tell a little about the brain. The Brain weighs 2.75 pounds and 28 bones that makes up the skull. Eight of these bones are into locking plates, meaning they form the cranium. The fluid the brain floats in is called CSF means...
Words: 1343 - Pages: 6
..."Dreams are the touchstones of our characters." - Henry David Thoreau Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and concentrated scientific study. Chances are that you’ve often found yourself puzzling over the mysterious content of a dream, or perhaps you’ve wondered why you dream at all. First, let’s start by answering a basic question – What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Ads Do You Have Sleep Apnea? sleepapnea.com It's a very common sleep disorder. Are you at risk? Answer 9 questions "Shocking" 2014 Horoscope astrologyanswers.com/Zodiac Enter Your Zodiac Sign to Find Out Your Future. So accurate it’s Scary! Silva Mind Control www.silvalifesystem.com Learn How To Control Your Mind Get The Famous Silva Guide... Free * Psychology Psychotherapy * Sleep Disorders * Sleep Apnea Sleep Study * Sleep Center * Study Psychology So why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no single consensus has emerged. Considering the enormous amount of time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that...
Words: 1796 - Pages: 8
...A widespread question is about how places live on in our memories. For our minds to create a memory, the connection between our neurons needs to be adjusted. When they adjust, they create a cluster of cells known as engrams. Engrams are basically memory traces. The engram creates a specific code, taking note of the scenery you are surrounded by. Most often, they take note of what your body senses - things you touch, smell, hear, see, and taste. That code is now the memory that will ignite in the future. The simple smell in the air, or a specific sound that occurs can bring somebody back to a place that holds value in their mind. You could hear a song and be brought back to a time in your life when that song was important at some moment. Memories are often stored in the brain because of the senses that we as humans have. In “The Longhouse, Oneida Museum” by Roberta Hill, it is apparent that she remembers the Longhouse because of sensory details....
Words: 598 - Pages: 3
...it alter your cognitive abilities in a negative and positive way, it can also create new schemas for a child and enhance the capacity of their cognitive experiences. As Vygotsky has stated, social contributions aid in the process of development cognitively in a child. Without social experiences and social interactions, a child cannot expand and progress mentally or emotionally. In theory, it seems that external issues have shaped Mason’s personality; social interaction with others and cooperating with others promotes cognitive development and change in a child’s life. In this case it has altered the way Mason reacts depending upon who and what is surrounding...
Words: 927 - Pages: 4
