...Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language Author(s): George Lakoff and Mark Johnson Source: The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 77, No. 8 (Aug., 1980), pp. 453-486 Published by: Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2025464 Accessed: 23/01/2009 17:46 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=jphil. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Journal of Philosophy, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR...
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...Most people go about their daily lives without giving much thought to their actions or the language they use. Instead, people go about their lives in a sort of automatic manner. Since most people usually don?t think about the language that they use, it is easy to understand why most of us are unaware of the pervasiveness of conceptual metaphors. As Lakoff and Johnson (1980) explain, ?or conceptual system is not something that we are normally aware of? and ?most of our ordinary conceptual system is metaphorical in nature? (p. 454). Conceptual metaphors are powerful because they impact the way that we think about things, how we experience life, and how we conduct our daily lives. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), (m)etaphor is pervasive...
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...Metaphor as a Cognitive Process Iordache Delia Master: Limba engleza. Studii teoretice si aplicate Anul II. Sem. I Introduction From the perspectives of construction, poetic and cognitive function and working mechanism, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of metaphor as a cognitive process, where metaphor is constructed from human perceptual experience and is extended through imaginative processes An important feature of cognitive stylistics has been its interest in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation onto another when we read texts. Cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researchers within the field of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated. Definition and Construction of Metaphor As we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in terms of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek ‘metapherein’ which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic...
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...7 What do Internet metaphors reveal about the perception of the Internet? 1 Denis L. Jamet, University of Lyon (Jean Moulin – Lyon 3) (denis.jamet@univ-lyon3.fr) Abstract The objective of this article is to throw light on what Internet metaphors – i.e. the metaphors used every day by English and French native speakers – reveal about their perception of the Internet. Within the framework of cognitive linguists such as Lakoff & Johnson, Sweetser, Turner, etc., I will analyze Internet metaphors to bring out the conceptual metaphors generating the various Internet metaphors, in English and in French. The main aim of this paper is to examine Internet linguistic metaphors a.k.a. Internet metaphorical expressions used to conceptualize the Internet, and try and see what conceptual metaphor(s) structure(s) the everyday metaphors we use to refer to the Internet, as well as the changing perception we have of it. Dieser Artikel untersucht Metaphern, mit denen die Technologie des Internet durch englische und französische Muttersprachler konzeptualisiert wird. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist die kognitive Metapherntheorie, die von Lakoff & Johnson entwickelt sowie von Sweetser und Turner weiterentwickelt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, die unterschiedlichen sprachlichen und konzeptuellen Metaphern aufzudecken und zu analysieren sowie Überlegungen dahingehend anzustellen, inwiefern ein konzeptuell metaphorischer Wandel im Zusammenhang mit einem Wahrnehmungswandel...
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...Hampshire (1923) and West-Running Brook (1928)—such as “Fire and Ice,” “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” and the title poem of the latter book—a bleak outlook on life persuasively emerges from the combination of dramatic tension and nature imagery freighted with ambiguity”. Frost was a powerful poet who used metaphors and imagery in his writings; for that reason most of his written work is discussed at the academic level and his work can often be...
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...Creative metaphor in three creation myths Introduction In this essay I will analyse the creative use of metaphor in three creation myths: Japanese, Chinese and Australian aboriginal creation myths. Before going into the detailed analysis of each creation myth, I will first consider the most appropriate framework by outlining the concept of cognitive metaphor and its uses. I will also draw on historical and cultural background information of each creation myth to provide the context for my analysis. I will then employ the chosen framework to analyse the three creation myths and draw particular attention to the interplay of metaphor and language creativity. Finally, I will evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen framework by considering how far it enables me to interpret creation mythology in context. Cognitive metaphor theory Traditional approaches have regarded metaphor mainly as a rhetorical or artistic figure of speech (Johnson, 1989). Cognitive metaphor theory coming more recently has recognised metaphor as a persistent trait in human thoughts. It is based on the foundation that metaphor is not limited to literary texts but is a pervasive feature in all language uses (Jeffries and McIntyre, 2010). Lakoff, Johnson and Turner were the forerunners in establishing cognitive metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Turner, 1987; Lakoff and Turner, 1989). In the classic work Metaphor We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) argue that metaphor is not merely a matter of language...
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...Making choices in life has proved to be universally difficult. Everyday people make choices that could impact their whole lives. In The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost, the speaker utilizes an extended metaphor, and repetition to convey the speaker’s thoughtfulness and understanding attitude towards making decisions, and how the reader should understand the power that decisions have on their future. As a whole, the poem itself is one extended metaphor, using the choice between two paths to display everyday choices indirectly. Everyone, including myself, has to make decisions. AS a senior, one has to figure out what the future is going to hold. Questions such as “university or trade school?” help the young reader connect to the “two roads”...
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...views after the death of his lover are expressed in stanzas one and four. In the first stanza, the speaker uses the muffling of sounds as a metaphor for his wish for detachment from reality after his lover’s death. In the fourth stanza, the speaker’s illogical demands to disrupt the natural phenomena reveals that the death of his lover devastated him and that the world is no longer meaningful to him. The metaphorical commands in these stanzas reveal that the world after the death of the speaker's loved one is forlorn, dark, and absurd to him. The figurative language in the first stanza indicates that the death of the speaker’s loved one causes him to wish to become detached...
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...In this essay he will be explaining the different roles metaphors play in helping people understand the concept of artificial intelligence. He will also give his opinion on if the brain is a so-called meat machine, and giving different examples of metaphors that prefer to the function of the human brain. I also will be explaining how Victor Frankl would answer the question, “What does it mean to be human?” The author will give his definition of what it means to be a human, while describing what metaphors Victor Frankl used to communicate his ideas. He will also be discussing the different difficulties of addressing certain characteristics and whether the characteristics are limited to humans. When it comes to metaphors and the roles they play in helping people understand artificial intelligence, they are significant to people who need a demonstration or idea of what’s going on. Artificial intelligence is basically computer created to perform human like activities, so describing a situation such as cars, machine made will make the definition of it more understandable to some. After reading and defining different terms to help me understand the situation, I have come to the conclusion that the brain is a meat-machine because it controls the body and it daily functions. That is similar to a machine because it is set to perform daily tasks to perform a certain goal. Different metaphors that have been used are the spider-web which is delicate and connects many things, it responds...
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...simple language to make the road not taken so easy to relate to. the road not taken focuses on the narrator who reaches a fork in the road where he must decide on which path to take. the narrator hoses the path that he considers to be less traveled. this poem acts as an extended metaphor for difficult life decisions. From this poem the reader can interpret that frost is trying to convey the message that no matter which decision you make there is always a chance that it is the wrong one. From the last lines of the poem "I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference" the reader can also interpret that Frost is trying to say that making the right decision can have a huge impact on life. For the road not taken Frost was able to have a very large intended audience with the use of simple, easy to understand language and the relevance to everyday life. Frosts intended audience is anyone who has decisions so make but is indecisive about those decisions. The road not taken was written in 1916 shorty after Frost had moved back to America, Frost was 42 at the time. According to Emerson media (n.d.) it is believed that Frost wrote this poem due to regretting a decision made in his life. Frost uses past tense for the majority of the poem however the last stanza is written in future tense which draws the readers attention. Frosts tone in the poem helps to portray his message to the reader. Frost comes across as uncertain through the first three stanzas which helps...
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...Summative Rhetorical Analysis Essay Format. Intro=hook+precis 3 body paragraphs, one about each choice: 2 pieces of evidence Commentary linking choice to SOAP Final body paragraph ends with a concluding idea. Summative Rhetorical Analysis Outline Choice 1: Repetitions Choice 2: Different Perspectives Choice 3: Use of metaphors Evidence 1: The word “Breath”. Connection to SOAP: Purpose- the hardships of having to breathe and what they have to do just to breathe. Evidence 1: If you’re white, you may be thinking, “They certainly aren’t socially distant.”. Connection to SOAP: Purpose- the different lives you live depending on what color you are and how you are treated. Evidence 1: “Racism in America is like dust in the air”. It seems invisible....
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...feelings in ‘Praise Song for My Mother’? Grace Nichols uses metaphors to present feelings for her mother, using a praise song which celebrates her mother’s life and her key qualities. The first stanza includes the metaphor ‘You were water to me’ which introduces the idea that her mother was essential for life, nurturing and reviving things. However the aspect of water also adds a depth to her mother’s personality, showing that she can also be powerful and dangerous. Nichols goes on to say ‘deep and bold and fathoming’ which emphasises the image of depth, strength and uncertainty- not knowing and a sense of mystery. Another example of a metaphor used in the poem is ‘You were moon’s eye’ which creates the image that her mother is always there, precious and irreplaceable like the silver of the moon and that her mother is like a guiding light in the darkness – a reliable and reassuring object. The third metaphor used ‘You were sunrise to me’ relates back to the heavenly and powerful objects used in the previous metaphors – water and the moon. A sunrise gives light and warmth to the world which shows that her mother was a loving person. It also is very reliable as everyone knows that the sun rises everyday which demonstrates that her mother provided a security. Lastly the sunrise provides the image of enlightenment, that her mother was a source of understanding and knowledge. Nichols also uses imagery through a series of metaphors to present her memories of her childhood through the senses...
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...The Bridge Between the World and Cognition: A Comparison of the Use of Metaphor in Professional, Popular and Pedagogic Science Introduction: “Metaphor was defined as a conceptual-linguistic mapping between a source and a target domain” (Aliskan, 2005), which is used when people want to talk about a concept, object or process unconventionally. It often acts as a bridge to associate abstract ideas or concepts with something that is close to people’s life, so that people can understand the idea or concept better. In the use of a metaphor, the comparison of two things is usually involved. Although the two things are not necessarily alike as a whole, they always have some specific similarities. Technically, those abstract ideas and concepts are called “vehicle”, the things closed to our life is called “topic” and their similarities “grounds”. It is widely acknowledged that science is an area full of abstract processes, concepts and ideas, thus the use of metaphor makes it much easier for scientists and science learners to understand scientific theories and be understood, which makes it very important and interesting for a science student to have a deep look at the use of metaphor in science, because it will help science students have a better idea of the metaphor used in science and furthermore, help them improve their learning. In this essay, the similarities and differences of the use of metaphors in professional, popular and pedagogic sciences will be carefully checked. Their similarities...
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...The second sentence of the exegetical passage of Nietzsche’s On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense is; “We believe that when we speak of trees, colours, snow and flowers, we have knowledge of the things themselves, and yet we possess only metaphors of things which in no way correspond to the original entities” (144). This helps understand the analogy Nietzsche used earlier, we as human beings believe that we understand snow, colors, flowers, and trees through knowledge like how a deaf human being, thinks he understands sound through vibration. The metaphors that Nietzsche uses in this line are examples of different words that we use in everyday life. He describes these words as metaphors because the way that we form conceptions of objects...
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...Frost uses imagery, metaphors, and the theme to tell the reader what has made the difference. I. Frost uses imagery to show the reader how decisions change fate. A. Visual imagery was used to show how bright his future is. B. Without Frost using imagery, the reader would not have understood why the decision was so important. II. The poem was an extended metaphor. A. The description of autumn is a metaphor for Frost’s fall in life, growing old. B. The roads are a metaphor for the future. C. “I doubt I should ever come back”, Frost was making this line a metaphor for one a person make a choice, they can’t take it back. III. Theme is centered around choices. A. Paths represent choices in life. B. Frost Talks about one path more but still chooses the other. Robert Frost’s poem, “The Road Not Taken,” uses figurative roads to show readers how choices impact ones daily life. The poem begins with the narrator standing at a fork with two available roads ahead. Even though he explains how one path looks, he chooses the opposite path. Then changing his mind, to say the paths could be the same, but at the end says he took the less traveled by. Most of the time, the decisions people have to make are not easy or even logical. In “The Road Not Taken,” Robert Frost uses imagery, metaphors, and the theme to tell the reader what has made the difference (Kennedy & Gioia, 2007). Frost uses imagery to show the reader how decisions change fate. Everyday people have to...
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