...make it available to everyone. In 1883, Eastman revealed in grandeur, the invention of photographic film in roll. Five years later in 1888, with the slogan “you press the button, we do the rest”, George Eastman introduced the first Kodak camera to the consumer market. The cameras came preloaded with sufficient film for 100 exposures. He made a cumbersome and complicated process easy to use and accessible to nearly everyone and thus gave birth to snapshot photography. Eastman established his business on the principles of mass production at low cost, international distribution, extensive advertising and a focus on the customer. In 1889 Eastman and his research chemist perfected and introduced the first commercial transparent roll film, as a result, Thomas Edison developed the motion camera in 1891. A few years later Kodak marketed the Folding Pocket KODAK Camera, currently considered as the ancestor of all modern roll film cameras. By the time the 20th century rolled around, Kodak accounted for 90% of film and 85% of camera sales in America. Then, the evolution began and digital photography replaced photographic film and smartphones replaced cameras. As a result of the evolution, Kodak consequently experienced a decline in sale of photographic film, because of its slowness in transitioning and adapting to the change; in spite of the fact that they invented the core technology used in current digital cameras. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection,...
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...and equipment to partake in. Eastman’s vision was to provide photography for the everyday consumer at low cost. Eastman accomplished this by starting the Eastman Dry Plate Company, which was a global leader in mass producing dry plates for many years. Within four years of of the commencement of research, negative paper was introduced and would be used for the next century. Film became so efficient and cheap, Eastman invented the first commercial camera called the “Kodak” which revolutionized the “point and shoot” concept as the world know its today. 1 The Kodak camera was so popular that Eastman decided to integrated Kodak into the company name. The newly founded and named Eastman Kodak Company in 1892 became so big they had to expand their facilities to New Jersey for access to new trade routes. This was the beginning of Kodak and the start of photography. Kodak’s history is mainly responsible for making the Kodak name what it is today. The initial products invented by Kodak like the camera and film opened doors and provided a foundation for innovation and success in the photography and developing industry. Furthermore, Kodak’s business model, although a failure, taught the world of business how to run a business. In today’s world, cameras range from expensive professional models to dollar store disposables. In the late 19th century there was only one kind of camera. It was called the Kodak and was marketed along side the slogan, “You press the button, We do the rest”. 1 Soon...
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...Challenges facing the Music Industry As Albert Moran puts it, “film is an economic commodity as well as a cultural good” (Albert Moran, 1996) and therefore, the struggle to dominate the market for films and music has continued for such a long time. These cultural products because of the industrial processes they follow of production, distribution and consumption fall into the category of an industry and are immensely affected by the forces of the market. Distribution is the key factor in determining who would rule the industry as it forms the link between the production of the media goods and their exposure to the target audience. Over the years the cultural industry has evolved imbibing newer technologies and making space for newer companies to make their mark. This process of evolution has been intercepted with changes in its economic and sociological structure owing to the external economic, social and political factors and also technological advancements. Ownership of the media forces to a great extent amounts to a huge control over the global economy and also means greater political and cultural power. Hesmondhalgh, in his book, The Cultural Industries, points out that there has been an "interweaving of change and continuity" in the cultural industry since the 1970s (Hesmondhalgh, 2007). However, this hasn’t ever been a smooth process for the older and established companies who had to face challenges from the new market players. The music industry had to grow from the sheet...
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...essays of an interdisciplinary character, on developments in the Nigerian film industry today. It is a significant and valuable contribution to the growing body of literature devoted to the discourse on Nollywood for several reasons. One of these is that for the very first time we have an assemblage of articles offering varied critical approaches to the reading of a single film text, which makes it not only refreshing but also unique. Using Kunle Afolayan’s The Figurine, it engages the concept of neo-Nollywood...
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...Movie? Many legacy-media forms, which cannot follow the evolution of the society trend and culture, start to fail claiming the audience attention. However, film is a reflection of society for both the present and the past. I believe film and its innovation have to catch up to society but sometimes it leads the society and culture too. That why in the future, “the theaters of the future will be bigger and more beautiful than ever before. They will employ expensive presentation formats that cannot be accessed or reproduced in the home (such as, ironically, film prints). And they will still enjoy exclusivity, as studios relearn the tremendous economic value of the staggered release of their products”, said Christopher Nolan, the director of the "Dark Knight" trilogy, "Inception," and "Interstellar.”(Nolan) In the past, the disadvantage of technology make the film industry cost a lot of money to produce film. In 1981, Thomas Edison, an inventor, created a device called the Kinetoscope which change the course of media history; this invention started a new era of Film industry. However, it took nine years to make the first film called “A Trip to the Moon” was made by a French filmmaker named Georges Mésliès. Also in 1915, another major motion picture was produced by a writer, actor, and camera operator, D.W. Griffith and an Edison Company camera operator Edwin S. Porter; this film was called “The Birth of a Nation”. This silent film cost them $125,000 dollars to produce and had an above...
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...On January, 2006, Walt Disney acquired Pixar Animation Studios by paying $7.4 billion in stock. This event indicated a significant vertical integration of Walt Disney, and also a collision between technology and entertainment. Given the operations and corporate culture of Walt Disney and Pixar, I will focus on the reason for acquisition and analyze the alternatives. Walt Disney is one of the largest media corporate in the world, while Pixar is a top digital animation studio. The history and evolution determine both of their strength and weaknesses. For Walt Disney, the film production dates back to 1934, when they successfully produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In seventy years, they accumulated abundant movie industry experience and knowledge. Furthermore, they obtained a variety of distribution channels such as theaters, DVD and cable channels. However, their management was structured as top down, which restricted the creativity of individuals in terms of the storytelling and animation ideas. In addition, they developed little 3D technology, so they lost market share in animation and competitive advantage from the 1990s. Unlike Walt Disney, Pixar developed its proprietary software system for ten years and took a leading position in 3D film making. In addition, they had technical personnel most with PhDs. The weaknesses of Pixar were the lack of experience and limited revenue sources. Their strength and weaknesses together promoted their relationship and two agreements...
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... a landlady begins to suspect that her lodger is the killer responsible for the killings. One of Hitchcock's earliest and most famous films, 'The Lodger' is regarded as one of the world's first thriller films, incorporating mysteriousness and terror but, notably, lacking the degree of violence which was first introduced by Hitchcock in 'Psycho' , and remains constant in most thrillers. Psycho - 1960 Directed by Alfred Hitchcock, 'Psycho' was initially received sceptically by audiences and critics, however it eventually received outstanding box office returns and is now regarded as a pioneer in the evolution and development of thriller films. The explicit nature of the film set new boundaries for violence and sexuality in film. A majority of this film's success has, however, come since the death of Hitchcock in 1980, with a TV show, multiple sequels and spin offs, and a remake of the original movie all stemming from the 1960 version. The dark and realist nature of the film was previously unexplored by film makers and directors alike, which optimized the effectiveness of 'Psycho' as its thrilling and horrific connotations attracted audiences. The production of 'Psycho', and its success among certain audiences, acted as a catalyst for thriller films' induction into the mainstream film industry. Following its success, several thriller films were produced, with varying degrees of success, many of which boasted aspects which strongly emulated aspects of 'Psycho'. Jaws - 1975 ...
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...about Shakespeare by being portrayed in all types of media. Shakespeare is not longer exclusive to the stage; we see his works in modern day media such as film and TV now more than ever. The way we learn about Shakespeare today had to be conformed to the way our modern society has advanced. I will discuss the history of Shakespearean theatre and its rapid diffusion into modern day films as well as the specific elements originated by Shakespeare that are seen in those films. Beginning somewhere around...
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...Things changed dramatically in 1980s. The technology boom shocked our film production industry a lot. Many new market competitors, such as Fuji, have lunched many new products. Our market power and market value was deeply weakened by these new competitors and their new products. The failure of power-decentralized plan and MAPP also proofed that we have to make big changes. Here is my analysis and suggestion: 1. The key of our success is creativity 2. The key of our revival is to regain our creativity 3. To regain our creativity, we have to: * Create an organic management system * Create an open organization culture to encourage creativity * Recreate the Salary system I believed that my analysis could be very helpful for you to redesign our future plan. I hope that this analysis could bring you some different thinking. The Key Factors that Initially Made us Successful ： 1. Creativity For any innovative industry, creativity is one of the most important key factors to success. For many years, we have been ranked as the top company in film industry because of our creativity. Creativity and innovation would give us better product and better service than our competitors. In other word, creativity and innovation are our core competiveness. To become as successful as we were, we have to regain our core competiveness. 2. Market coverage We used to have the highest market share and market coverage in the industry. We have thousands stores overall the...
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...Decision-Making of Health Care Information Systems Today’s health care delivery model is undergoing an unprecedented evolution driven by industry-wide initiatives to improve patient safety, quality of care, and efficiency of delivery. At the heart of this evolution is Health care Information Technology. This paper discuss about the two types of health care information system are that includes an electronic medical record, known as the Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA) and PACS (picture archiving and communication systems): filmless radiology “A patient record system is a type of clinical information system, which is dedicated to collecting, storing, manipulating, and making available clinical information important to the delivery of patient care. The central focus of such systems is clinical data and not financial or billing information. Such systems may be limited in their scope to a single area of clinical information (e.g., dedicated to laboratory data), or they may be comprehensive and cover virtually every facet of clinical information pertinent to patient care for example it is computer-based patient record systems” (Institute of Medicine, 1997). As medical care gets more and more complex and new information is already overwhelming physician‘s capacity to treat patients with the latest information, physicians need new technologies to help them cope. There is great need for a digital record to allow capture of patient data that can then be...
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...OF CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE FUTURE OF ENTERTAINMENT ——————————————————— Patience Madigan TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….. 4 THE ROLES OF CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FUTURE OF ENTERTAINMENT 1.1 OVERVIEW ……………………………………………………………… 4 1.2 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………… 4 2. DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………… 5 2.1 TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES ON ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY … 5 2.1.1 1950’s ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.1.2 1960’s ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.1.3 1970’s ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.1.4 1980’s ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.1.5 1990’s ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.1.6 2000’s ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.2 CULTURAL FORCES ON ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY …………. 5 2.2.1 1950’s Mass Culture ……………………………………………….. 6 2.2.2 1960’s Counter Culture …………………………………………….. 6 2.2.3 1970’s Punk Culture ………………………………………………... 6 2.2.4 1980’s Heavy Metal and Rap Culture ……………………………… 6 2.2.5 1990’s Grunge and Rave Culture ………………………………...… 6...
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...Entertainment in 2020 The world as we know it today is not the same as it was ten years ago, let alone five years ago. Technology is advancing at a drastic speed therefore causing everything attached to it to change; economy, demography, etc. The industry that we have chosen to focus on is the entertainment industry, with regards to the evolution of technology. We will be analyzing the different changes in the past decade and try to predict what the workforce will look like in 2020. The Generations X, Y and Z are the population born after the World War II era. By the year 2020, most of the population in these three categories will still be in the workforce, with only the ones born at the very beginning of “Generation X” entering retirement. Born between the early years of the 1960’s to early 80’s, Generation X witnessed the expansion of technology, with such things as the personal computer, video games, cable TV, Internet etc.. They are generally considered as very independent and self-sufficient because many of them were born in an era where their families earned two incomes and where divorce rates were rising. This generation was born into a faltering economy therefore witnessed the struggle their parents went through to maintain their jobs, they tend to ignore their leaders and are less committed to one employer because of that. According to the US Census Bureau in their 2009 statistical abstract and also the 2001 Canadian census on education statistics, Generation...
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...be developed. Eastman invented and started producing his next evolution of dry plates by evolving his design from using a gelatin coating, to using an emulsion coating. The business evolved from a partnership to a $200,000 corporation with 14 shareholders in 1884. At that same time, the company name was changed to EASTMAN Negative Paper. The next evolutionary step for the company was one year later in 1885. This is when the first transparent photographic film came to market. With this groundbreaking and revolutionary product, EASTMAN Negative Paper opened a wholesale office in London England. The next few years were so good at EASTMAN Negative Paper that they were able to employ a full-time research scientist to help the company in the commercialization of a flexible, transparent film. A few years later in 1888 the name Kodak was born and they adopted and marketed the slogan “You press the button – we do the rest”. The next years for Kodak were filled with the growth of their film product and the cameras that used the film, while they developed many new products for the photography industry they always stayed true to their core business of producing film and cameras. That is until the digital camera killed the film industry. The History and Core Business of Fujifilm In 1934, Fuji Photo Film Co. LTD was established because of a Japanese government plan to create a domestic film manufacturing industry. The...
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...Introduction The North South Wales creative industries produce a great value that spreads to ranges of different sectors. It can be a key part of wide array of different economic activities such as in supply chain, technology, marketing and many other forms. It employs thousands of workers in the region along which constitutes of more than 6.8% of overall employees within the region. With the great economic potential of creative industries, it is a must that the country will be able to properly guide and support companies and businesses in the sector. As such, it is worth mentioning the drives and initiatives that government of Australia is taking. Recently, the commonwealth government released its National Cultural Policy, Creative Australia, in which the city of Sydney patterned its Creative City (CC). This policy aims to continuously develop and sustain the creative industry activities. The said objectives, if met is set to perceive a distinction that would separate the city like no others. It will also boost the economic growth and social benefits of the region. Through CC, becoming among the world leader in terms of creative industries is not just a dream now. It can be realized sooner or later. It will also play a very important role in shaping the brand in which Sydney will be known like the other countries who have that halo effect. However, there are a lot of challenges that will come into play that needed to be surpassed. It is expected that the marketplace...
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... Business Management (Dr. Galloway) August 5, 2013 Kodak and Fujifilm According to the Fujifilm Global, “Fujifilm was established in 1934 with the aim of producing photographic films.” Over decades they have diversified into new markets and built a very strong presence around the globe. Many people may ask who uses Fujifilm in there career or life, according to business products professionals from medicine to printing uses Fujifilm products to win satisfied customers and strengthen competiveness. Fujifilm originated as a cinematic film producer and has grown into a multidimensional manufacturer and marketer of imagining and informational products. According to Fuji photo films, Fujifilm is the second largest photographic film in the world. Fuji also makes motion pictures film, video tapes, audio tape, and floppy discs. Fuji first task was to build a reputation in the domestic market. Brand reliability proved critical in the photosensitive materials industry, since buyers were not willing to risk losing a desired imaged to inadequate materials, regardless of cost. According to the early history, Fuji continued to lose sales, increased debts, and struggled to meet research expense for the first three years. Another well-known photo company is the Kodak. According to ezine articles Kodak was started in the...
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