...Reconstruction And The New South Sandra Michelli HIS 125 June 23, 2013 Paul Sunderman Reconstruction and The New South 1. Columbian historian Eric Foner (1983) quotes W. E. B. DuBois in calling Reconstruction a “splendid failure (p. 16).” After studying the events of the late 19th century, defend whether or not you agree with his position. What are the long-term implication? “A Splendid Failure”, a statement made by the African American Historian. W.E.B. Du Bois has been used to describe what some see as the best way to describe the results of the Reconstruction Era. So the question one has to ask is if this remark is actually true. Was Reconstruction a 100% failure or where there some success that came out of this time period in American History? I would say that it was neither, that in fact there were some success and there were some failures. The best way to describe my point is to use what the Military calls and After Action Report and see what these success and failures were. In looking at success of the Radical Reconstruction period the first one that stands out is in fact some say the reason the United States split and ended up in the bloody Civil War. That being the fact that Slavery was abolished. It was now once and for all illegal for a person to own another person as property. Schools for blacks were being created that had not existed before. Schools such as Salem University which was founded in Mississippi in 1872 would not have existed had access...
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...Outline I. THE POPULIST CHALLENGE A. The Farmers' Revolt 1. Agricultural prices were falling and growing economic dependency created instablities. 2. The Farmers' Alliance was formed to end agricultural dependence of farmers from bankers and merchants. B. The People's Party 1. The Farmers' Alliance became the People's Party for Populists in the early 1890s. a. Not only did they gain support of the farmers, but they also gained support from miners and industrial workers. 2. The Populists began spreading information, through pamphlets on political and economic questions, in an effort of community organization and education. 3. The Populists incorportated modern technologies such as the railroad, the telegraph, and the national market. C. The Populist Platform 1. The platform proposed a list of actions to restore democracy and economic opportunity, such as: a. The direct election of U.S. senators, government control of the currency, a system of low-cost public financing, a graduated income tax, and recognition of the right of workers to form labor unions. b. They called for public ownership of the railroads to guarantee farmers' inexpensive access to markets for their crops. D. The Populist Coalition 1. The Populists made attempts to unite black and white farmers on similar political and economic issues. 2. Many blacks declined to leave the ideology of the Lincoln party, but others found...
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...On the topic of unionism and union politics, historians have shown the small success, but ultimate failure of labor unions in the United States of America during the industrial era. Several historians have delved into the topic, but three will be examined. Leon Fink is a historian with a specialty in American labor, immigration history, and the Gilded Age/Progressive Era. He wrote the book Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics. Another historian is David Montgomery is a labor historian. He wrote the book The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism. Finally, the third is Michael Pierce; he is a U.S. labor historian and author of the article “The Populist President of the American Federation...
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...Week 1 Assignment Radical Reconstruction Once I studied the events on the 19th century, the historians and I agree, which based on the occurrence there were not enough radical actions taken during the radical reconstruction. The main intentions of the changes were to recreate the southern general cultural beliefs so it was more like the beliefs of the north. Sadly there was constant fighting and many changes made within the federal government, it would not permit the reconstruction to be become as successful as they (the radicals) had wanted it. Some of the ex-Confederates were afraid if the government implemented the new laws passed, the lives they had before the Civil War would not be the same. Some were afraid with the black slaves becoming freed slaves; the slaves would have an uprising turning against their owners, causing a different Civil War. The new amendments and laws should have been enforced by the government with the same impact as was done in the civil war. Sad to say Southern Whites would take back their power and the northerners knew nothing about this until it was too late. Black Codes made it so many former slaves worked on the land that they had been recently enslaved on for minimal wages. Appointed justices of the peace made it so local democracy was nearly impossible and the poor white as well as the poor black had almost no say against the rich landowning elite that had ruled for decades. Radical Reconstruction made some changes, including the repeal of...
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...Thematic Essay Practice – Reform Movements US History/Napp Name: __________________ From the August 2004 New York States Regents/ U.S. History & Government THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs addressing the task below, and a conclusion. Theme: Reform Movements Task: Some suggestions you might wish to consider include the abolitionist movement, Populist movement, Progressive movement, women’s rights movement, civil rights movement, and the labor movement. Gathering the Facts: 1- The Abolitionist Movement • “The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation. • Advocating for immediate emancipation distinguished abolitionists from more moderate anti-slavery advocates who argued for gradual emancipation, and from free-soil activists who sought to restrict slavery to existing areas and prevent its spread further west. • Radical abolitionism was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening, which prompted many people to advocate for emancipation on religious grounds. • Abolitionist ideas became increasingly prominent in Northern churches and politics beginning in the 1830s, which contributed to the regional animosity between North and South leading up to the...
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...What is the current state of Latin American international relations, particularly relations with the United States? What is unique or “new” about the present situation? How much have we seen before? Make sure to discuss both economic and geo-political/security dimensions, and make reference to at least two historical periods, whether identified by particular doctrines, presidencies, or regimes of international relations. Current state of Latin Ameican international relations with the US— * Emerging independence from US—US is no longer the immediate partner of choice. Regional resentment of US perceived self-serving exercises of power * Economics: * Increased intra-regional economic integration—ALBA, UNOSUR * Expanding economic partners outside the hemisphere—China * Security: * States worry about subordination to the “gringos.” Address problems themselves or with immediate neighbors, rely less on US— * LatinAmerican presidents joined together to defuse tension between Colombia and Ecuador/Venezuela after Colombia’s March 2008 raid inside Ecuador * South American Defense Council (2008)—aimed at institutionalizing and coordinating “defense and security policies in the region while preventing and mediating conflicts within South America * United States: * Economic dependence on the region on the rise— * 50% of US energy imports (largest share accounted for by any region) * 32% of all US FDI ...
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...Q) Discuss the role of political parties in contemporary democracies. Assess whether parties have retained their position or are in a decline or ascent? Consider arguments both in favour and against your judgment. A) In the twenty-first century, the term democracy doesn't just bring to mind the idea of people power; instead it prompts the idea of the existence of several political parties. The changing face of democracy has much to owe to the evolution of the political party system in the world today. Political parties seem to have become an engraved concept of democracy nowadays because of the significant role they play in the prevalent democratic systems. On face value a political party is a group of individuals representing certain views and attempting to gain power through the process of elections and translating these views into policies. However, they have several purposes, that upon being fulfilled act like building blocks to form the wall of democracy as we know it today. These include, but are not limited to, the formation of a government, representation of populist ideas, provision of a political platform for individuals, and the setting of goals for society which of course are coherent with what the masses desire. Moreover parties may also represent a certain faction of society which could be ethnic, religious or a certain class, much like interest groups do. These purposes of political parties are parallel to the essential principles of democracy, hence playing...
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...GLOBALIZATION BACKLASH AND THE RISE OF ANTI-HEGEMONIC PARTY STATES Diego Olstein Hebrew University of Jerusalem Contents Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………..5 Part I: Principle Chapter 1: Defining Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………………………….18 Chapter 2: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Domestic Features of Political Regimes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Chapter 3: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Exogenous Perspective on Political Regimes……………………………………………………………………………………………75 Part II: History Chapter 4: The Global Rise of Anti-Hegemonic Party States and Globalization Backlash 1917-1945...…………………………………………………………….91 Chapter 5: The Big Leap of Anti-Hegemonic Party States: The Second Wave 1946-1975…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………111 Chapter 6: Globalization Anew and the Marginalization of Anti-Hegemonic Party States 1976-2010………………………………………………………142 Conclusions Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State In 1997 the European Commission defined Globalization “as the process by which markets and production in different countries are becoming increasingly interdependent due to the dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of capital and technology. It is not a new phenomenon but the continuation...
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...Influence in the Americas: Potential Consequences facing the United States, Brazil &Venezuela Abstract This research seeks to examine the strategic implications facing the United States of America’s due to its benign interest in the Caribbean and Latin America (Americas) given the People’s Republic of China (China) increasing economic interest in the region. It is intended to first define the current security environment of the Americas and the relations between Brazil and Venezuela with that of the United States of America (United States) and China. Thereafter, China’s economic and domestic agenda in the Americas will be examined with hypotheses of the emerging global power potential growth success, challenges or possible collapse in her foreign policy. The likely consequences facing Brazil, Venezuela and the United States will also be examined. The assessment will be done across a continuum of China’s realized economic growth, development of hostile relations due to competition for scarce energy sources or possible collapse due to the country’s internal problems. Finally, the research seeks to encourage proactive thinking by the United States on China’s increasing political and military influence in the region and its possible underlying agenda of becoming the next global super power or hegemony. Introduction A general perception persists in the Caribbean and Latin America that the United States is disinterested in the security of the region with its emphasis...
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...IMPLICATIONS OF 2014 ELECTIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA’S ECONOMICAL AND POLITICAL FOREIGN POLICIES (in Africa) Presented by Mwayaona Safari[jacques.safari@gmail.com], 2014 Essay Draft (Assignment 1 final) TOPIC 2014 is election year in South Africa. This carries serious implications for the country's political and economic standing overseas. DELIMITATION In order to properly orient the development of this topic, we will define our remarks on South African foreign policy and the consequences on the African continent only. DEVELOPMENT The position of South Africa is central in African politics and economics. The change of politics in South Africa could imply many economical and political changes for both the whole continent and South Africa. These upcoming elections carry within them the seeds of change. South Africa has strong trade relations with many countries in Africa and recently, has developed many programmes on the continent. Energy (electricity and oil) There are many challenges in South Africa today. One of those biggest challenges is Energy. South Africa’s economy’s growing faster and by the end of 2030 it will require twice the electricity needed today as reported by SouthAfrica.info (2012). The successful example we can take to explain our point of view is the Democratic Republic of the Congo where mass Oil resources have been discovered and which has massive electricity potentiality. Recently, South Africa has signed an agreement on the Grand Inga barrage (SouthAfrica...
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...Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). They criticized the PRI as party that claimed to represent the ideals of the Mexican Revolution of 1910, when in fact they had totally turned away from those ideals. The Mexican Revolution was a fight for all Mexicans to have freedom, democracy, and a more egalitarian society but its political momentum was halted by the PRI. Instead, the PRI and its leadership were too capitalist, right-wing, authoritarian, and oppressive. In response, the 1968 student movement sought the recalibration of society from one that was dominated by oligarchical, capitalist interests into one that was more socialist, democratic and equal. This was reflected in the six demands they wanted of the government, what they went to protest for, and in the way they structured their organization through revolving community leadership of its student committees. In effect, the way the student movement structured themselves was how they believed an ideal society in Mexico should be structured. A democratic society where everyone participated in the political process, where no one was left out, and where no one person or group had too much authority and power. Only the goals of egalitarianism, democracy, and social justice would reign supreme. To understand why the student movement of 1968 occurred in Mexico, one has to understand the history of the Mexican Revolution of 1910, why it began, its successes, its failures and how it resulted in the one party state of the Institutional...
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...In an earlier post, we reported on our research joint with Suresh Naidu and Pascual Restrepo, “Democracy, Redistribution and Inequality”, which showed very limited effects of democracy on inequality. So one would be excused for paraphrasing Edwin Starr’s famous song and Ian Morris’s forthcoming book, War! What Is It Good for?, and ask “democracy, what is it good for?” Certainly not economic growth, most would reason. This conclusion is based on a consensus engulfing both academia and the popular press that democracy is at its best irrelevant for growth, and perhaps even a hindrance. For example, Tom Friedman wrote in the pages of The New York Times: One-party nondemocracy certainly has its drawbacks. But when it is led by a reasonably enlightened group of people, as China is today, it can also have great advantages. That one party can just impose the politically difficult but critically important policies needed to move a society forward in the 21st century,” Friedman wasn’t making this up. Robert Barro, who has written several papers on the topic, argued in his book Getting it Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society: More political rights do not have an effect on growth… The first lesson is that democracy is not the key to economic growth. A recent survey of the recent literature similarly concludes: The net effect of democracy on growth performance cross-nationally over the last five decades is negative or null. Equally dominant is the view that democracy isn’t right for...
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...AS Level History Russia 1855 – 1917 Alternative F Revision Guide Contents 1. Alexander II 2. Alexander III 3. Nicholas II 4. Stability of the Tsarist Regime 1905 - 14 5. Political Opposition 6. February / March Revolution 1917 7. October Revolution 1917 Tsar Alexander II To what extent does Tsar Alexander II deserve to be viewed as the Tsar Liberator? Think BALANCE!! Alexander II 1855-81 ▪ Came to the throne during the Crimean War (1855) ▪ Initiated a wide range of reforms (social, economic, administrative and legal) ▪ Earned the title ‘Liberator’ for giving freedom to the peasants BUT did not wish to share political power ▪ Assassinated by the People’s Will in 1881 Answering the key question |Introduction |Use this chart to answer any question on Alex II | | |All questions (whether relating to ‘Liberator’ or not) will require BALANCE | | |Precision of knowledge – “Detail is King!” | | |Yes |No | |Emancipation |Emancipation Committees set up |Redemption Payments...
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...Adil In the 1966 Italian film ‘The Battle of Algeries, the insurgent leader Ben M'Hidi is having a conversation with one of his foot soldiers named Ali. During this scene Ben M’Hidi makes an observation that was true of many nationalist movements for self-determination during the 20th century by stating “It's hard to start a revolution. Even harder to continue it, and hardest of all to win it. But, it's only afterwards, when we have won, that the true difficulties begin. In short, Ali, there's still much to do. “ (Pontecorvo, 1966). Ben M’hidi’s words have rung true of a great many of the national revolutions as the world moved from an imperial world order to one of sovern nation states. The Indonesian archipelago has a history of civilization going back as far as the 7th century CE, but not a united one. The diversity of the region is exemplified in its current national motto, “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity). However, prior to the 20th century this unity was largely nonexistent, and instead consisted of rival kingdoms and sultanates, vying for power with each other and technologically and socially backwards in relation to the Imperial powers which were becoming aware of the potential the region could serve to those who controlled its trade routes and resources. In the 17th century CE, Dutch traders realized the potential of East Indies trade, and set forward in consolidating power over the region. To gain control over the trade of rare spices such as nutmeg,...
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...minimized, with the nation being glorified. Citizens are supposed to only work for the government and it is a system that promotes dictatorship. Below are key benefits of fascism. 1. Enhances security The military plays a vital role in a fascist system since it is required for protecting national security as well as fighting enemies. Most of the nation’s resources are given to the military in spite of domestic problems and policies. Fascism gives more significance to the state in contrast to the citizens’ rights and thus military productivity is a vital state interest. This leads to a better military, thereby increasing security. 2. Promotes patriotism Fascism is essential concerned with the protection of national agendas. Individual rights normally take second place, while national policies are provided first priority. Since patriotic symbols, flags and slogans can be seen everywhere, fascism encourages patriotism. The citizens will thereby be united so as to eliminate any perceived threat to the state. 3. Limits media Sometimes media are credited with reporting biased news that causes conflicts amongst the population. In the fascist system, the government has great control over mass media. There are very strict polices placed on media and the government typically does not desire to showcase its conflicts and problems on an international or national forum. This promotes peace in the society. 4. Economic growth Since fascism involves total authority of the nation...
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