PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE
AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND
AIR FORCE OFFICER SCHOOL
Col. Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City

COMMANDANT’S PAPER

THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATION IN THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF AIR DEFENSE WING

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1.1 INTRODUCTION

"Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur."

- Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air

A fitting quotation by Douhet for the case of Air Defense Wing wherein the organization was not able to anticipate the streamlining strategy of the government, leaving the Wing no choice but to adapt to the changes in the Command’s thrust of prioritizing Internal Security Operations rather than Territorial Defense Operations to prove its relevance as one of the primary unit of the Philippine Air Force. Caught unprepared of the significant changes in governments thrust, ADW is now suffering in terms of its force structure and budget allocation as it continues to fight for its relevance and existence as one of the premier unit of the PAF.

The Background and Rationale of the Study

Budget Allocation Statistically, the lowest percentage of allocation in National Budget is in Defense. Debt service gets the biggest share in the proposed budget at 34.1 percent. Social services and economic services follow with 27.9 percent and 18.7 percent, respectively. The general services sector and the defense sector will be getting 15.3 percent and 5 percent of the proposed budget, respectively[1]. This is so because the TEN POINT AGENDA (Appendix A) of President Arroyo does not include modernization and no primary defense expenditures. It can therefore be noticed that because of these, the defense environment is experiencing budget constraints; that’s why Department of National Defense (DND) and the Armed Forces the Philippines (AFP) formulated Defense Policy Guidelines (DPG) that will rationalize the force structure of defense.

According to the medium term fiscal plan of Department of Budget and Management (DBM), balanced budget will be accelerated to 2008 instead of 2010. In effect, as can be seen in the chart (Appendix B), the strategy that will be used by the government is contraction spending or decrease in disbursements until a balance budget by 2008 occurs.

Another factor that affects the budget of defense is the strategic use of tax to increase government revenues. Implementation of such will have no significant effect to the whole appropriation of budget since its revenues will be used to accelerate balance budget by 2008. In effect no additional budget will be allocated for defense.

The Department of National Defense and the Armed Forces of the Philippines The DND and its primary bureau, the AFP, play a crucial role in maintaining a growing economy. The mission of DND is "to provide and maintain the conditions of security, stability and peace and order conducive to economic growth and national development". The AFP is mandated to uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution and defend the territory of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies, foreign and domestic; promote and advance the national aims, interests and policies; and plan, organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular and citizen reserve forces for national security. Through the years, the DND and AFP have remained steadfast and active in protecting the nation from threats that have eaten up our resources and hindered lasting economic growth. Thus, as the DND and AFP fulfill their basic missions, they shall also strive to transform into a highly mission-capable, strong and responsive defense force through the Philippine Defense Reform. A thorough assessment of the defense and military establishment that gained impetus and sustained focus under the direction of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was completed in 2003. This assessment has resulted in the formulation of the Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) Program. The PDR provides the framework for introducing a comprehensive reform package at the strategic level for the defense and military establishment.

Defense Planning Guide DPG of 2004 was approved and this was based in the PDR program of 2003. The DPG provides a framework for translating government direction and presidential policy into doable, efficient and effective programs that would deliver affordable, sustainable and credible national defense and security services to the nation. The DND and AFP, thru the PDR and DPG, have embarked on a comprehensive program to re-engineer its systems and retool its personnel. These efforts are geared towards promoting cost-effectiveness and efficiency, and sustaining a long-term balance among the following, within specified financial limits: (1) forces and personnel (structure); (2) equipment, systems and facilities (investment); and (3) training operations, stocks, facilities, utilization, and sustaining (readiness and operations).

Streamlining of the 5th Fighter Wing, and activation of Air Defense Wing The Philippine Air Force (PAF), through the DPG, attuned its organizational streamlining efforts to the current and emerging thrust of the DND-AFP and that of Internal Security Operations (ISO), while performing its other mandated tasks. Headquarters Philippine Air Force (HPAF) staff restructuring had been implemented in the 1st quarter of the year 2005, validating the PAF organization to suit operational demands, downgrading and merging of units, reduction of personnel, and more. As such, the Command has downgraded our territorial defense functions, so that it could focus its resources on ISO. Thus deactivation of 5th Fighter Wing, accompanied with the reduction of its personnel and operational fund support, took effect in the first quarter of 2005. This marked another unfortunate event for the men and women of Basa Air Base particularly to the personnel of 5th Fighter Wing. Some enlisted personnel chose to retire early because of the dislocation factor from its family while most of the key personnel from each squadron were transferred to other major units of the PAF that created a low morale atmosphere among the personnel and Basa community as well.

From the basic operations of the PAF and in relation to its strategy, an organization was formed to handle the primary mission of the PAF; and that is Air Defense Wing (ADW). This major unit of the PAF is assigned “To Conduct Territorial Defense in Support to AFP Mission” (Appendix C). This primary operation mission embraces the following functions:

1. Provides territorial defense 2. Provides maritime air patrol over the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and KCI (Kalayaan Chain of Island) 3. Provides air surveillance, air warning, aircraft control, command & control of communication network in support to PAF Air Defense System; 4. Conducts training for air defense and tactical air support; 5. Plans and supervises the base security requirements; 6. Conducts Civil-Military Operations within its AOR; 7. Participates in the rehabilitation and relief operations; 8. Provides base services to organic and tenant units; 9. Develops, operates and maintains the base facilities; and 10. Performs other functions as maybe directed by higher Headquarters.

The organization is tasked to defend, secure and protect the territory of the country. The 5th Tactical Fighter Group and the 580th Aircraft Control and Warning Group back the Air Defense Wing. The whole Wing comprises the Philippine air defense system. It is therefore necessary to conduct an inquiry that will find out the impact of the paradigm shift by prioritizing ISO mission rather than TDO (Territorial Defense Operations) mission in the strategic management of ADW. This inquiry will also recommend measures, if there is a need, to improve the management system in the conduct of Internal Security Operations missions of ADW; and prioritizing it rather than its mandated task of performing TDO missions.

The Identified Research Problem

Shifting priority missions from TDO to ISO may have significant impact in the organization’s management and operation style since most of its training on pilots was focused on external defense operations rather than internal security operations. Live Gunnery training missions were not even regularly conducted; and only through this training mission a pilots gets its proficiency in order to perform actual ISO mission.

The Variables under Study

A variable is anything that may change or may be changed from one condition to another, either qualitatively or quantitatively[2]. In this inquiry, the researcher used the two types of variables; dependent and independent variables. Dependent variables are those variables that we have little control over, yet we have a strong interest in manipulating while Independent variables are those variables over which the researcher has control and wishes to manipulate[3]. The researcher used the operational rate of S-211 aircraft, the number of ISO missions performed, the number of training missions conducted, the number of flying hours for pilots, and the commitment to command’s thrust in the conduct of ISO as its dependent variables because the response or change in these variables can be measured thru the effects made by the independent variables in this study. The independent variables in this inquiry are the different means and ways in which ISO missions are performed according to the command’s guidance.

All of the said variables will be used by the researcher to determine the impact of ISO mission in the strategic management of Air Defense Wing and be able to come up with a proposal that will best address the issues and concerns brought about by the said impact.

The Need for the Study or Investigation of the Problem

Department of National Defense (DND) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines have shifted its main thrust from Territorial Defense to Internal Security Operation for the medium term 2006 – 2011. Air Defense Wing, with its former name as 5th Fighter Wing and with its primary mission, focuses on External Defense of the Republic of the Philippines for the last 54 years. In order to align the organization to the AFP objectives, ADW made the paradigm shift in the performance of its mission from external defense to internal security operations. It is therefore important to study the impact of the said paradigm shift in the strategic management of ADW and be able to determine through this investigation the different effects of prioritizing ISO mission instead of TDO missions to the whole organization.

The Motivating Factors/Reasons for Doing the Study

As one of the major organization of the PAF, ADW was one of the first to experience the concept of the DPG where it serves as a model in the streamlining, restructuring, and reorganizing of an organization into a lean but capable force provider. ADW underwent a lot of changes that drastically decrease the morale of organization and was ranked as one of the least supported units of the PAF in terms of budget allocation since priority was given to other units performing ISO missions. According to MAJ AUGUSTO D DELA PEŇA PAF of the Office of Special Studies, the PAF leadership as of now has no concrete studies and recommendations on how to deal with the present predicament of ADW. Strategic plans for the organization is yet to start in the second horizon of the PAF Capability Upgrade Program (Appendix D) which is within the time period of 2012 to 2017. Until then, ADW will expect minimal share of the budget pie for the next six years.

The fact that the researcher was assigned to ADW for 10 years and witnessed the downsizing of its force structure; it created an urged to investigate its current condition. It is because of the present undesirable condition of ADW that motivated the researcher to conduct the study and be able to contribute to ADW management and the strategic planners of PAF additional pertinent information that might be useful in their planning for the organization’s welfare.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Major Problem

The PAF shall continue to support the ISO of the country. The imminent effect of internal threats from armed leftist elements, separatists and terrorist groups require PAF forces to focus on ISO[4]. The government, for over 36 years now, wanted to give importance to its long due problem of insurgency in the country since it sees no eminent danger in the external environment of our nation. An organization whose core competency is in TDO missions for five decades is now making a priority shift of performing ISO missions. The big shift by ADW was made in order to align itself to the DND and AFP thrust of Internal Security Operations. In this connection, the research intends to determine the IMPACT OF INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATION MISSION IN THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF AIR DEFENSE WING as it affects the organization in the carrying out its new priority to support the government objectives.

Sub-Problems

The research also intends to answers the following specific questions in the organization’s quest to perform ISO missions:

a. Are there any effects in the Operational Readiness of its aircrafts? b. Are there any effects in the in the conduct of its overall Flying Missions? c. Are there effects in the progress of its pilots in terms of Individual Flying Time? d. Are there effects in the Budget Allocation for ADW?

1.3 THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

ILLUSTRATION OF CONCEPTUAL PARADAIGM
Figure 1 To understand the approach to the problem statement the researcher must formulate a theoretical framework that will serve as an overall guidance in the conduct of the study. Based from the review of the different related literature and studies, the theoretical framework consist of the researchers own position in dealing with the existing problem after the review of various theories that that has bearing on the conduct of investigation.

Relationships Between and Among the Variables of the Study

The Paradigm is the diagrammatic representation of the conceptual framework. It depicts in a more vivid way what conceptual framework wants to convey[5]. There are lots of variations in using the diagrammatic frameworks, but the study will use the Basic 4-Step Problem Solving and Decision Making Model and these are: INPUT Phase – PROCESSING Phase – OUTPUT Phase – REVIEW Phase diagrammatic form[6]. The researcher focuses on the Decision Making Model rather than Problem Solving Model since according to Calderon and Gonzales, Research may be defined as a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life[7]. Research is conducted not primarily to solve a problem but to make contribution to general knowledge[8]; although all research is also intended to solve some kind of problem but is not the primary aim[9].

The INPUT Phase involves problem identification and recognition. Its goal is to gain a clearer understanding of the problem or situation. This phase identifies the gaps between the present state of ADW and its desired state in the performance of ISO mission. It also involves gathering of data by classifying and categorizing facts and be able to established relationships, patterns, and meanings. The following items are the different variables used in the Input Phase:

1. Response from the Survey Questionnaires. The respondent’s reply is of his own free will because there is no interviewer to influence him. This is one way to avoid bias, particularly the interviewer’s bias[10]. The researcher will use the different views and perspective of the population used in the study. Evaluation of its response will help formulate a plausible recommendation.

2. Results from Interviews. Results from interviews yields a more complete and valid information. The respondent is usually pressed for an answer to a question which the interviewer can validate at once[11]. The researcher can look into the authenticity of the interviewee’s reply immediately. Therefore because of its higher proportion of usable returns, the extracted information from the interview will help in the conduct of the study.

3. Operational Readiness Rating of S-211 Aircrafts. CG, PAF top command thrust that focuses the whole Air Force towards increasing its below standard Operational Readiness Rating in 2005 is through Capability Enhancement. In line with it, ADW should include in its operational management the increase of its air assets through a focused aircraft maintenance program and suitable aircraft restoration program. The information from the said variable is needed to determine its effects in the performance of ISO by the organization.

4. Number of ISO Missions Conducted. In prioritizing ISO mission over TDO mission and since ISO is the PAF Command thrust for its short term plan, the number of ISO flight missions that must be conducted by ADW should have a proportional and positive effect in terms of number. Logic will tell that the more ADW prioritize ISO the more ISO flights should be available for them to perform; thus translating into a positive outcome for the whole organization. This variable will tell if prioritizing ISO will give positive outcome to ADW as a whole.

5. Number of TDO Training Missions. As a TDU, the Wing should be performing its primary and mandated mission and that is external defense. TDO is the core competency of the organization which is considered as its main mission of the organization’s existence. This variable is connected to no. 4 variable just stated above. It will determine if there will be significant effects in the shifting priority of ADW from TDO to ISO mission. This variable will help validate findings made in the study.

6. Flying Hours of Pilots. Although this variable is considered to be secondary in importance in the Wing’s fight for its existence, its relevance in the Air Force profession is undoubtedly one of the driving factors for an Aircrew especially its pilots. In study of Human Behavior in an Organization (HBO), People are the primary key elements in the study of Organizational Behavior. People make up the internal social, system of the organization; People are the living, thinking, feeling beings who work in the organization to achieve its objectives[12]. Thus, ADW pilots are considered as such essential workforce in the achievement of the organization’s objectives.

7. Budget Allocation. This variable simply refers appropriation of ADW against the whole budget of the PAF. This is were the Personnel Services, Monthly and Other Operating Expense, and the Capital Outlay of the Wing will be identified as per DPG and CG,PAF guidance. But for this study the researcher focused on the AVPOL (Aviation Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants) products sine these is one of the major drivers in the performance of ADW missions.

The PROCESSING Phase is task to develop, evaluate, analyze, and identify the effect on the variables stated above in the conduct of ISO mission by ADW. In this phase, the impact of prioritizing ISO over TDO mission by the organization. The following are steps used in this phase:

1. Presentation of the Findings

• Topical presentation of findings based on each of the specific problem • Tabular and/or graphical presentation of data to support/illustrate the findings • Interpretation/Analysis of data (In relation to the problems and related studies mentioned earlier)

2. Implication of the Findings

• In relation to the general body of knowledge related to the field of study • In relation to the importance of the study earlier proposed • In relation to the respondents, researchers and the different stakeholders concerned

The OUTPUT Phase involves developing a recommendation plan that can address the existing problems encountered in the research. In the case of ADW, the Output Phase will develop a PLAN that will address the Impact of ISO Mission in the Strategic Management of ADW.

The REVIEW Phase involves evaluation of the effectiveness of the chosen solution. It will compare outcomes with intended results and the problem statement itself. The solution should be judged according to efficiency, its impact on people involved, and the extent to which the participants value it.

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

Sometimes or most of the time people makes a statement about the population parameter based on prior knowledge, assumption, or intuition. The statement made by those people is called Hypothesis. According to Calderon and Gonzales, Hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to specific question[13].

In this study since the researcher used descriptive and historical research method, hypotheses if not absent are seldom expressed in this situation. The research methods used will be explained in the latter part of this study (Chapter 3: Research Design). Referring to the above situation, according to Good and Scates, the sub problems or specific questions raised before the start of the investigation and stated under the statement of the problem serve as the hypotheses[14].

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Rationale

As stated in the DPG, “Given the low likelihood of external aggression and lack of power projection capability in the region, territorial defense is the lowest priority for spending over the period of 2006 to 2011[15]”, and “ In 2006-2011 period, territorial defense units with obsolete equipment and low readiness should be considered candidates for elimination[16]”. “Military capabilities necessary to successfully implement the internal security campaign are the top priority among all DND requirements for the current mid-term period”[17].

With the stated defense policy, AIR DEFENSE WING, whose primary mission is territorial defense, decided to take part and comply with the new policy of the Department of National Defense (DND) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines. This is a defensive move on the part of ADW in its quest for its existence since the downgrading of its force structure last April of 2005 left an undesirable morale environment which affected the whole organization. For this reason the researcher deemed it necessary to investigate if the defensive move of ADW, in its performance of ISO mission, has a significant impact in the strategic management of its organization.
Timeliness and Relevance

This study is very timely for the reason that the international environment as of now is unstable and dynamic due to the recent incident of North Korea’s nuclear testing by launching 5 missiles. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), where the Philippines is a member, and China called for the immediate revival of Six-Party talks (countries involved: U.S., China, Japan, Russia, South and North Korea) to bring a diplomatic and peaceful solution to the international community’s concern over North Korea’s nuclear program[18]. Because of such developments, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo recently, during her ASEAN-China commemorative summit to celebrate the 15th year of ASEAN-China Dialogue, stated that “In the light of recent events in North Korea, regional peace and security has never been more important”[19]. The President’s statement now shows a question mark is starting to pop out regarding regional peace and also a question mark in its strategic threat assessment that our country sees no perceived external threats in the near future. It should also be noted that while the Philippines is busy resolving its internal security situation, neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and China are also busy modernizing their fleet of fighter and strike aircraft[20]. With the above statement of our President and linking it to the downgrading of our territorial defense due to ISO until the next five years, strategically poses great risks to the territorial sovereignty and security of our country.

Who are to be benefited and how they are going to be benefited

In the inquiry conducted about the impact of ISO mission in the strategic management of ADW, some disadvantages or negative impacts may be discovered. This will benefit the ADW command because they can use the findings of the study as a basis for formulating their strategic plans for the ensuing year and also for the next five years. ADW may include in their plans some measures to correct the weaknesses as to its management. In turn, ADW personnel especially its pilots will also benefit from the said improvements. In the long run, the PAF as well as the whole country will benefit the good result of the study when it comes to territorial defense position.

Air Defense Wing has contributed immensely to the outstanding achievements of the Philippine Air Force and to the political stability and securing the country despite limited support brought about by the changing national priorities. The ADW strives to maintain a combat readiness and preparedness for its long awaited aircraft modernization as the AFP transitions its functions from internal security to external defense. It is hoped, thru this study, that in the near future the ADW will once again take its rightful place as the primary striking unit of the AFP and the country’s first line of defense.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The Uncontrolled Aspects of the Study

Department of National Defense and the Armed Forces of the Philippines have shifted its main thrust from Territorial Defense to Internal Security Operation for the medium term 2006 – 2011. In order to align the organization to the AFP objectives, ADW made the paradigm shift in the performance of its mission from external defense to internal security operations. The study will determine the impact of the said paradigm shift in the strategic management of ADW and recommend measure to improve the management system in the conduct of its missions.

There are some weaknesses of the study beyond the control of the researcher. For instance, the inaccuracies of perceptions of the respondents because certainly not all of them could be correct in their assessment. Some could have inaccurate if not entirely wrong perceptions. Examples of these are the pilots who are planning to resign from the service that may have different perceptions from those who are patriots of the service. Some are still used as respondents since they are still included and considered by the Wing in the roster of effective pilots. The decreasing number of effective pilots in ADW makes them perform official duties in the Wing as officers and as pilots.

Another point beyond the control of the researcher is the approval of the pertinent documents that are forwarded beyond the PAF command. Some documents are approved in the PAF level but are still pending in the AFP or DND level. An example of this is the PAF Program Proposal for DPG 2008 to 2013 where some of the changes and proposal are included although overall the main guidance of prioritizing ISO is still in effect. Other examples would be some of the study and reviews of other researchers that are related to this topic but are beyond the scope of this study are considered. It was assumed by the researcher that its veracity of the data was approved by the panelists of previous defense of the paper. Then finally some documents are not updated because during the time the research (01 August to 31 October 2006) the said documents, at that time, are the most current information that a particular source can provide; but what the researcher have are the latest documents as of the study period.

Restrictions Imposed On the Investigation as To Aspects Included and Not Included

General Purpose: To determine the impact of ISO missions in the strategic management of ADW and recommend measure to improve the management system in the conduct of its missions.

Subject Matter: The impact of ISO mission. Topics Studied: Operational Readiness Rating of ADW aircraft, Effects of ISO in TDO Training missions, Progress of Pilot’s flying time in ISO, Wing level commitment to command’s thrust, Defense Planning Guidance, Budget Allocation of ADW, Problems and proposed solution to problems.

Population: Active ADW Pilots attached and assigned at 5TFG Locale of the Study: ADW, PAF, BAB Period of Study: 01 August to 31 October 2006

Limitations on Coverage, Area of Study, Significance and Representativeness of Sampling

The study limits its coverage to one of the Wing’s Group and that is the 5th Tactical Fighter Group. It must be noted that this research is directed more towards aiding the decision making of the concerned management personnel of ADW particularly the 5th Tactical Fighter Group and PAF planners as well rather than directly proposing to solve the problem at hand through concrete actions steps. The study will just serve as a benchmark in the decision making process on what is best for ADW and for the PAF organization itself. Although the study touches some macro perspective of the situation, its main focus or output will be in the strategic management of ADW.

The variables used in the study were limited to what was mentioned in the INPUT Phase since these are the items that the researcher sees significant based on the initial interviews conducted to the different resource personnel of the PAF and on the ADW level.

In the case of the survey method of research, although the surveyed respondents are few in numbers, its composition is the total strength of the effective pilots of ADW; therefore its information are more or less the generalization of the whole pilot core in ADW.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Strategic Management of ADW

It is a Military Strategy that translates the broad principles of military doctrine into practical application after an assessment of one's own military capability and that of the adversary's. It also deals with the underlying concepts for deploying and employing military forces to attain a desired objective[21].

Operational Readiness (OR) Rating It refers to the Equipment Fill-up and Equipment Maintenance rating of ADW in relation to its aircraft status.

Resource Managers[22] The Program-Director-Project Administrator concept has been effectively replaced by the Resource Managers which have first instance responsibility for recommending mid-term capability programs to SND. Resource managers are responsible to SND for implementing the approved mid-term programs and associated budgets. For the Program 2 (Air Forces), CG, PAF is the designated Resource Managers.

Downgrading It refers to the organizational streamlining of ADW wherein its force structure and budget allocation were significantly reduced. It also refers to the shifting of priority mission from external defense to internal security operation.

Active Pilots of ADW This refers to all the active pilots in flying status and actively flies the S-211 aircraft.

Abbreviation and Acronyms

ADW: Air Defense Wing

DPG: Defense Planning Guidance

PDR: Philippine Defense Reform

ISO: Internal Security Operations

TDO: Territorial Defense Operation

TDU: Territorial Defense Unit

SND: Secretary of National Defense

DBM: Department of Budget and Management

AGE: Aircraft and Ground Equipment

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 RELATED READINGS

The Defense Planning Guidance provides a framework for translating government direction and presidential policy into doable, efficient and effective programs that would deliver affordable, sustainable and credible national defense and security services to the nation. The DND and AFP, thru the PDR and DPG, have embarked on a comprehensive program to re-engineer its systems and retool its personnel. These efforts are geared towards promoting cost-effectiveness and efficiency, and sustaining a long-term balance among the following, within specified financial limits: (1) forces and personnel (structure); (2) equipment, systems and facilities (investment); and (3) training operations, stocks, facilities, utilization, and sustaining (readiness and operations). The document serves as the guidance of the researcher in formulating its specific questions to be researched on particularly on the budget allocation variable of this study. It gives strategic guidance by assigning roles and responsibilities for catalyzing Departmental transformation and prescribes how we will organize to leverage the synergies between our core skills and institutionalize the sustained development of transformational capabilities[23].

Program Decision Memorandum FY 2006 provides a strong institutional foundation for a responsible defense resource management of the whole AFP. Through this document, DND and it bureaus will produce an annual budget that reflects the best possible balance between available resources and the development of capabilities for effective and efficient national defense in support to national strategy of the Philippines. This reading help the development of the study thru analysis its future projections and linking it to the mission and vision of ADW management and forecast what is best for the organization in the next five years.

The decisions detailed embody the commitment of the Department to produce Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) that conforms to realistic fiscal projections, and have component force programs that are structured to achieve maximum capability and are executable[24].

The primary factor that drives ADW budget allocation is Resource Management at all levels of Command in the AFP guidelines. It prescribes the efficient utilization and disposition of funds and property resources at all levels of commands in the AFP. The said guidelines helped the researcher in the evaluation of the strategic intent of DND and AFP to the PAF and its subordinate units in terms of resource allocation Stated below is the Resource Determination policy:

In programming of AFP Resources, Defense Planning Guidelines issued by the SND based on the Program Proposal submitted by the Resource Managers and the CSAFP Programming Advice. The DPG serves as a basis in the development of the Program and Budget Guidance of the Resource Managers. It also provides guidance in the preparation of the Program Objectives Memoranda (POM) of Resource Managers 1-3. The POM presents the objectives for their forces, weapons system, logistic support and other requirements of the Unified Commands or subordinate units within the fiscal limits set by the DPG[25].

The Annual General Inspection Report of ADW, PAF dated 07 December 2005, is a resulting document that examined and evaluated the management of the whole organization in terms of its present accomplishments and performance and relates it to the future events in the organization. Review of this document helped the researcher in developing the specific questions to be researched on in terms of flying time and its importance to ADW especially to its pilots. It also helped in the study of the organization’s operational accomplishments in flying different missions.

The OA-3 mandated program flying time for ADW is 560 hours. To date, the Wing has flown 1,383 hours representing a 147% over flown time. The very high operational readiness rate of the AS-211 aircraft it temporary and the after effect of exceeding the programmed flying time will definitely be adverse to its OR rate for the upcoming year as far as fuel and spare parts requirements are concerned. Flying time is inversely proportional to fuel and spare parts while programming and planning are directly proportional to OR rate. Accomplishment is therefore dependent not on the number of flying time but sustainability of the primary mission and functions up to the turnover of the upcoming supply cycle[26].

The AUDIT report prepared by the Office of the Air Force Internal Auditor, HPAF on Air Defense Wing, Basa Air Base is a document that examined, evaluated, and reports whether ADW funds were properly utilized according to their purposes. It ascertains whether funds and properties in the custody of the accountable officers were all accounted for. It also determines the adherence to prescribed rules, policies, and regulations in the administration/management of funds and properties of ADW. The reading gave the researcher significant perspective on how ADW manage its funds in relation to its use in its mandated mission; it also helped during the analysis on how much financial support given to ADW. The document pertains to the Audit on the Funds and Property of ADW covering the period from 3rd Quarter 2003 up to 1st Quarter 2006. Publisher: Office of the Air Force Internal Auditor Place: Headquarters Philippine Air Force Date: 20 June 2006

Aircrew Management Manual PAFM 17-1 complements existing regulations and provides guidance and detailed procedures and instructions concerning the management of both personnel flying status and appropriate resources. It explains requirements fro qualifications, annual training, evaluation of air crews and such other requirements desired to establish an effective aircrew management system. This manual helped the study formulate the variable used in the input phase of the conceptual framework which is the importance of flying time in mission accomplishment. COMMAND GUIDANCE 2006 is the Commanding General, PAF command thrusts in 2006 that provides the foundation for activities that reinvigorate the PAF capabilities and effectively manage the resources to sustain the Air Force. This document assist in the formulation of conclusions and recommendation by aligning its criteria in choosing the best alternatives to address the issues and concerns of ADW in the decision making process of this study. Command Guidance of 2006 proposes that the current PAF planning will be continuing in the current direction to sustain the force. The planning and “project managing” have stayed within the boundaries of resource based capability development envelope[27].

THE CG, PAF COMMAND GUIDANCE 2006, B.E.S.T. TRANSFORMATION is the CG, PAF command guidance based on the success of the PAF Short Term Plan by sustaining its accomplished programs and addressing the completion of the shortfalls that came from the 2005 command guidance. This document also helped in the formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendation of this study. Maintenance of Core Capability is the maintenance of core capability which means sustaining aircraft, skills and training shall continue to be the centerpiece of our operations[28].

PAF Program Proposal for DPG 2008 – 2013 This document serves as a guidance of ADW in its function as Territorial Defense. It was also used as a road map by the researcher on what to propose as the recommendation of this study. The PAF still temporarily holds the upgrading of Territorial Defense capability, based on its assessment that the country will not have any offensive threat from the neighboring countries. Therefore, the PAF overall capability that is related to TDO shall be maintained at its current level for CY 2008 to CY 2012. Aircraft under ADW may also perform ISO sorties on a limited basis as directed by Higher Headquarters. Manpower and equipment of ADW will provide additional ISO capability at the same time maintain the proficiency level of the unit in performing combat operation[29]. It is expected that by 2013, the AFP will start to shift its capability thrust toward the enhancement of TD operations. Initial phase of the capability upgrade will be the activation of the Combat Crew Training Squadron and Aircraft Control and Training Squadron[30].

2.2 LITERATURE/STUDIES

Related Literature

Capability Enhancement

CG, PAF top command thrust that focuses the whole Air Force towards increasing its below standard Operational Readiness Rating in 2005 is through Capability Enhancement. The following publications tackles capability enhancement that helped the study in formulating specific question operational readiness rating of ADW air assets.

a. The Air Force Way, 2005 anniversary issue, Public Information Office, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City

b. First Force, the PAF Air Force News and Safety Magazine, Command Accomplishment Report, Public Information Office, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City October 2005 to December 31 2005, Volume V No.4

b. Air Force Review, Commander’s Corner, Office of Special Studies, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2006, Volume 5, No.1

c. First Force, the PAF Air Force News and Safety Magazine, Public Information Office, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City January 2006 to March 31 2006, Volume VI No.1

External Defense vs. Internal Security Operations

In prioritizing ISO mission over TDO mission, our National leadership should realize that external Defense concerns are equally important as the Insurgency problem of our country. The readings below helped in the analysis of the study about the importance of both TDO and ISO mission to our country.

a. Air Force Review, Office of Special Studies, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2002, Volume 2, No.1

b. Tala, Official Publication of the AFP, Information Development Group, Civil Relations Service, AFP, Camp Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City, 3rd Quarter 2005, Volume XII No. 2. p.16

d. Air Force Review, Air Power Concerns, Office of Special Studies, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2006, Volume 5, No.4

e. The Philippine Star, News, October 31 2006, p.4

Leadership and Air Power

Commitment to command’s thrust simply refers to one of the principles of air power that may well be applied in leadership. Effective leaders influence their followers to achieve the organization’s mission and functions and are agents of planned changes and organizational renewals. Therefore commitment of ADW management and its pilots is very important since they help achieve the Wing’s thrust to perform its missions.

a. Air Force Review, Office of Special Studies, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2004, Volume 4, No.1

Locale Related Studies

Operational Effectiveness

CPT MIGUEL ERNESTO G OKOL PAF, Establishing A Fighter Base at Clark Air Base, A Commandant’s Paper, SOC CL 2003B, November 15 2003.

Sustaining operational effectiveness, organizational efficiency and relevance are the main concern of ADW as of now due to the downgrading of external defense to internal security operations. One possible way to address these concerns is to merge the operational hub of ADW with its central headquarters. As we all know, the flying operation of ADW is at Clark Air Base while its headquarters is in Basa Air Base. The study made by CAPTAIN OKOL was all about the “Big Switch” between ALSC and 410th MW, and 5th FW. The said study was part of the analysis but its consideration was just a part of the present study in the formulation of its recommendation.

CPT ARTURO D MUICO III PAF, The Effectiveness of S-211 Jet Trainer in Internal Security Operations within Northern Luzon Area, A Commandant’s Paper, SOC CL 2006A, July 27 2006.

Air Defense Wing initiated Capability Enhancement Program for its AS-211 aircraft to make it a suitable platform for ISO missions. This came about due to shifting of priority by the government brought about by the country’s budgetary constraints. In line with it, in order to support the generation of operational funds and maximization of its budget, ADW focuses its resources in support to ISO missions by enhancing its air assets through research and development projects. The said study helped the present study in the preparation and validation of data gathered under the research technique of content analysis.

Importance of Flying Time in ADW

CPT RUBEN C PALECPEC PAF, The Level of Flying Proficiency of S211 Pilots in 5th Fighter Wing, A Commandant’s Paper, SOC CL 2003B, November 17 2003,

With the limited operational support to ADW, the limited numbers of S-211 aircraft in the inventory, proficiency of its pilots were greatly affected. The said study helped the present study formulate specific questions in the variable of flying time and at the same time helped the present researcher to analyze the level of proficiency of the past and the present condition of ADW pilots. Although this related study was used by the present researcher, its focus and analysis is just part of the present study.

Importance of External Defense

CPT LEO A FONTANILLA PAF, R.P. WITHOUT AIR DEFENSE, A Critique Paper in Management, UP Clark Air Base, March 25 2006

Because of the recent developments on the regional peace, much focus should be done by the strategic planners on the external defense of the Philippines. With North Korea’s nuclear program, ASEAN countries together with US, Russia, South Korea are now considering diplomatic talks to eliminate the nuclear program of North Korea. The said paper identifies the effects of a “zero” air defense capability of the Philippines on the management of PAF resources. Although related to the present study, CAPTAIN FONTANILLA did not cover its impact on the ADW management although the present paper studied its impact in the PAF perspective. No method of research analysis was done unlike the present paper which uses descriptive method of research and analysis. The said study helped the present inquiry in the analysis and interpretation of data gathered in order to propose a well crafted recommendation to address the issues and concerns of ADW.

Foreign Related Studies

Sanu Kainikara, Air Power in the Protection of Territorial Areas, Air Power Development Center, 205 Anketelle Street, Tuggeranong, Australia, May 2006

This paper focuses on the strategic use of air power to address insurgency in an archipelagic country like the Philippines which is considered difficult due to the nature of its geographic setting. According to the author, optimizing the air force primarily for counter-insurgency will find it difficult to define its strategic role and mission in the broader context of national security. A correct balance in the force structure must be done with a combined and joint effort of other military forces and with other agency. The said structure will be commanded by a multi-layered defense strategy consisting of other government agency. The paper helped the present study in the formulation of its conclusion and recommendation.

2.3 SYNTHESIS

Justification of the Present Study and Its Bearing on and Relatedness to the Reviewed Literature and Studies

After reviewing the different related readings, literature, and studies that were cited above, the researcher concluded that there is no duplication of other studies since there is no inquiry that directly focus on the impact of ISO to the strategic management of ADW. Other studies focus on determining the impact of downgrading external defense in the Philippines as a country because of prioritizing internal security operations. Although this study included the effects of downgrading external defense in the country, its consideration mainly focused on its effects on ADW.

The findings and generalizations of this study would be the contribution of the researcher to fund of knowledge and be able to aid ADW management and PAF strategic planners on what to do with the current set up or the undesirable condition of ADW as one of the premier unit of PAF whose mandated mission is vital to our national territorial sovereignty.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Although almost every research problem is unique in some way or another, care must be taken in selecting the most appropriate set of approaches for the unique problem and research objectives at hand. There are three major research methods that a researcher can employ in his investigation. These are the Historical, Descriptive, and Experimental methods of research. In other books, Research Designs are classified into three traditional categories: Exploratory, Descriptive, and Causal[31]. All of the methods mentioned mean the same thing when it comes to employing them in a study.

Major Method/s Employed

In choosing the research method, the researcher is not limited in doing one kind of method in a particular study. Three points should be made relative to the interdependency of research designs[32]. First, in some cases, it may be perfectly legitimate to begin with any one of the three designs and to use only that one design. Second, research is an “iterative “process; by conducting one research project, we learn that we may need additional research, and so on. Third, if multiple designs are used in a particular order, it makes sense to first conduct Exploratory (Historical) research, then Descriptive, then finally Causal (Experimental). In this present study, the researcher initially used Historical Research to provide the necessary information needed in the conduct of Descriptive Study. Now that the approach to this study was mentioned, we begin the discussion of the two types of research designed used.

Brief Description and Justification of the Suitability of the Research Method/s Used In Relation To the Problem

Historical Research Method

After choosing the appropriate research problem of the study, the researcher initially used the Historical Research method to describe what occurred in the past and then makes a critical inquiry into the truth of what occurred[33]. Historical Research must be interpretative, that is, it describes the present situations in terms of the past events[34]. In this study, the occurrence describes the organizational streamlining and downgrading of ADW last April of 2005 and the inquiry about the real reason of such occurrence is needed in the development of the study. The said Historical Research is an interpretation of the present and undesirable condition of ADW.

A major activity in Historical Research is the collection of data. The researcher, in gathering historical data, used the Written Sources such as Official and Public Documents that comprises of Master’s critique papers; Newspapers and Articles; Records of orders, circulars, bulletins, reports and other communications of executive departments. Examples of these that were used in the study are the Master’s critique paper of CAPTAIN FONTANILLA entitled RP Without Air Defense; The Philippine Daily Inquirer Breaking News entitled Air Force decommissions its 40-year-old fighter jets, dated 01 October 2005 and the First Force, the PAF news and Safety Magazine entitled Final Flight for F-5 “Freedom Fighter” dated July to September 2005 issue; the DGP of 2006 to 2011 Air Force -Territorial Defense section p.20; and Memorandums from DND (MyCAPS and PDM FY-2006). Some facts that were gathered through Interviews were considered Primary Sources of Data because the Interviewees actually experienced the downgrading events in ADW.

After the gathering of data, a Critical Analysis of Historical Data was done by the researcher to determine their authenticity or genuineness and truth of the statements therein. The first analysis used was External Criticism wherein the researcher evaluated the author’s personality, qualifications and his general and technical knowledge for learning about the downgrading of ADW. The researcher also examined how the document was written and how the documents are related to other documents. The second analysis used was the Internal Criticism wherein the true meaning and value of the statements contained in a document was evaluated whether the statement made is in good faith or if the statement was accurate by checking out the author’s sources of information.

Descriptive Research Method Now that the collection and critical analysis of Historical Data under the Historical Research Method was done, the researcher then used these data in the Descriptive Research Method. According to Calderon and Gonzales, Descriptive Research may be defined as a purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends, and cause and effect relationship and then making adequate accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical methods[35]. In the case of ADW, the said method can reveal the existing problems and irregular conditions in the organization’s management and operation in the conduct of ISO. This is in connection to the organization’s paradigm shift from territorial defense to internal security operation. Under the Descriptive Research Method, Survey and Content Analysis were also used by the researcher as techniques in collecting data. Survey was used to collect demographic data about ADW pilot’s behavior, practices, intentions, beliefs, attitudes, opinions, judgments, perceptions regarding the paradigm shift of the organization from TDO to ISO. Instrument used was Questionnaire and Interview where the former was employed to ADW pilots while the latter was utilized on concerned ADW management personnel and also HPAF staff members; then such data were analyzed, organized, and interpreted. Another technique used was Content Analysis because the researcher dealt with documentary materials that are already existing and available[36]. An Example of such documents is the Annual General Inspection Report on ADW dated December 07 2005, Annual Flying Time Accomplishment Report CY 2005 to date, and Audit on Air Defense Wing dated 20 June 2006. Instrument used under content analysis was a tally sheet especially in determining the number of different flight missions conducted by ADW from 2005 to 2006.

Diagram of the Research Design Employed

Figure 2

3.2 SAMPLING

Setting: Brief Description of the Locale and/Or Population Where Respondents Are Drawn

From the deactivation of 5th Fighter Wing emerges the activation of a new organization, the Air Defense Wing with a mission to “Conduct territorial defense in support to AFP mission. To accomplish this mandated task, the Wing is organized in a line staff set-up composed of the Wing Commander, the Deputy Wing Commander, the Director for Operations, the personal staff, the coordinating staff, the special staff and the line support unit composed of three groups namely the 5th Tactical Fighter Group, 580th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, and 540 Air Base Group. Since the study is all about the impact of ISO in Air Defense Wing, the population and the sample considered comes from Air Defense Wing, Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pamapanga.

By definition, population is the entire group under study as specified by the objectives of the research[37]; while a sample is a subset of the population that should represent that entire group[38]. In this case, the population considered is the active pilots of ADW because these personnel are among first ones to feel the impact of ISO. It has a direct impact in terms of their flying accomplishments in mission performance that primarily contributes to the mandated mission of ADW. Also these pilots are management level officers who perform managerial administrative duties in ADW making them well verse in the organization as a whole. Now from this study population, a sample was drawn and is utilized in the research specifically in the survey technique in collection of data.

Respondents: Brief Description/Profile of the Respondents

The chosen respondents in this study are active pilots of ADW in flying status and are all male officers of the organization. At present they are the 26 active pilots of the 5th Tactical Fighter Group (Appendix E) both organic and non organic to the Group. In rank distribution, there are two are Majors, 21 are Captains, and 3 are Lieutenants. In Flight qualifications, there are two Flight Commanders, two are Test Pilots, three are Instructor Pilots, eight are Element Leads, eight are Combat Ready Pilots, and three are Student Pilots.

Sampling Procedure

Sampling Size and How It Was Determined

In determining the sample size, the researcher used the Steps in Computing the Size of Sample[39]. The following are the steps involved:

1. Determine the size of study population (N). This was pre-determined above and the value was 26 active pilots of ADW.

2. Decide on the Margin of Error. The margin of error used was 5%. According to Calderon and Gonzales, as much as possible the margin of error should not be higher than 5%[40].

3. Use the formula,

N Where, n = the size of sample n = N = the size of population 1 + Ne2 e = the margin of error

Therefore,

26 n = 1 + (.05)2

n = 24.45; say 24 samples

4. Sample proportion (%) = n / N = 24 / 26 = 0.9231; say 92%

Brief Description of the Specific Technique Used In Selecting the Samples

There are two general types of sampling: (1) Probability sampling and (2) Non-probability sampling[41]. The critical difference between the two sampling methods is the mechanics employed in the sample design of the research. With a non-probability sampling method, selection is not based on probability. That is, you cannot calculate the probability of any one person in the population being selected into the sample[42]. In this study the researcher used the Non-probability Sampling because the study population is not that large to do some mechanics in sampling. The present number of active ADW pilots, during the period of study, was only 26 individuals and therefore in order to get a desired result, around 92% of the respondents should be utilized in this study. The said percentage was computed using the sample proportion percentage previously computed above.

In using a sampling technique, the study used the Judgment Sampling under the non-probability sampling methods; the researcher uses his or her judgment or that of some other knowledgeable person to identify who will be in the sample[43]. This technique is similar to Purposive Sampling where it determines the target population, those to be involved in the study. The difference lies in the method of sampling; the former uses non-probability sampling while the latter uses probability sampling method. According to Burns and Bush, in judgment sampling subjectivity enters in here, and certain members of the population will have a smaller chance of selection than will others[44]. But the result of sample computation above indicated that only two active ADW pilots will not be chosen as respondents among the study population and therefore subjectivity is not a factor. Guidelines for determining adequate sampling states that, the size of a sample varies inversely as the size of the population; a larger proportion is required of a smaller population and a smaller proportion may do for a bigger population[45]. For this case, the researcher utilized 92% of the study population.

3.3 INSTRUMENT

Development and Validation of the Instrument

1. Survey

a. Questionnaire Method

The instrument used in the survey method of collecting data was the Questionnaire primarily because according to Calderon and Gonzales, confidential information may be given freely[46]. This is very possible because the respondents have the option of writing their name in the questionnaire making their identity anonymous. Another consideration was that, respondents have time to think and digest the questions in order to come up with an accurate reply.

In developing the questionnaires, the Construction of a Questionnaire[47] was used as a guideline. After doing some library research, consulting knowledgeable persons, and reading the sample questionnaires made by past researchers in their study, the researcher formulated his own set of questionnaire using the variables under study as its basis. After the questionnaire has been done, the researcher showed it to knowledgeable persons for proof reading and incorporated their comments and suggestions for its improvement.

For validation, 10 respondents who are also active pilots were used as a pretest in order to know the reliability of each dimension in the study of the construct framework. After answering the questionnaires the pilots were interviewed by the researcher to find out their assessment of the questionnaire. All of them said that the questions were relevant to the research problems although some find the additional question “Why” for every variable in the questionnaire too much already. Others commented on some minor corrections regarding the wrong perception of the respondents if not corrected at once. Most of the comments were corrected but the “Why” question was retained by the researcher because their personal insights are needed in the study for accuracy in its findings; and as a remedy the statement “Kindly Explain Briefly” was added (Appendix F). b. Interview Method

In this method the researcher used the Semi- standardized Interview[48] wherein the interviewer was required to ask a number of specific major questions, and beyond these he is free to probe as he chooses. The particular interview instrument used in the study was the Interview Guide (Appendix G) wherein the interviewer guide does not go into details but it only provides ideas and allows the interviewer to freely pursue relevant topics in depth[49].

In developing the interview guide questions, the researcher used the variables in the study and also the interview guide in the related studies as its basis in questioning. For validation purposes, knowledgeable personnel were asked to proof read the interview guide. Some of their comments were incorporated for corrections. An example of which was that some of the questions were too specific and too obvious to be leading into the interviewer’s perspective. The questions were revised only once and adjusted it to extract the objectivity of the interviewee and the overall conduct of the interview.

2. Content Analysis

Tally Method

Instrument used under content analysis was a tally sheet (Appendix H). Indicated in the said instrument for collecting data are important items or aspects to be studied. For this research, the following items are contained in the tally sheet: (1) Flying time Accomplishment Report (2) Actual vs. Program Flying time Accomplishment, and (3) Minimum Flying Hours Breakdown. In the development of the tally sheet, the researcher used the variables of the study as its basis. After formulation of the tally sheet, knowledgeable persons were ask to critique on the objectivity, organization, and if a quantitative result can be extracted in using the said instrument. All of them said that the tally sheet will serves its purpose in the study because all items contained in the tally sheet are directly affected by impact of ISO in ADW. Validation of the tally sheet was done by the researcher by conducting a pre-test tally using a monthly accomplishment report by ADW. After using the items as basis for tallying, the resulting tally sheet contains a good perspective at the frequencies of items contained in the sheet. The researcher then used the said tally sheet on a yearly (2005 & 2006) basis of its study and came up with an annual perspective tally for analysis.

Description of the Instrument; Its Use, Coverage and Scoring Key

Questionnaire

The format used for the questionnaire is a scaled-response question. Since the researcher wants to measure the different attributes of some variables of this study. For example in the variable of Operational Readiness rating of S211 aircraft, the “satisfaction” level of every pilots attributed to the readiness of the aircrafts is subjective and in varying degrees. Therefore, using the scaled response question particularly Labeled scaled-response type allows for degree of intensity/feelings to be expressed by every pilot towards Operational Readiness of their aircrafts. It will also be easy for the respondents to relate to the scale since it is measured using interval descriptors. Besides the fact that the marketing researchers commonly use it, the modified Likert-Scale is easy to relate from the respondents perspective. They are asked to indicate the degree of Agreement or Disagreement on a symmetric Agree or Disagree scale for each of a series of statements (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neither Agree or Disagree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree).

In order to interpret the weighted mean, Tables 1 and 2 below shows the weight points, ranges, and description used as the scoring key in this study. The values used in the tables are sourced out from review of related studies in this research.

Table. 1 : Descriptor A
|WEIGHT |RANGE |DESCRIPTION |
|1 |1.0 – 1.8 |Poor |
|2 |1.9 – 2.7 |Needs Improvement |
|3 |2.8 – 3.6 |Fairly Satisfactory |
|4 |3.7 – 4.4 |Highly Satisfactory |
|5 |4.5 – 5.0 |Excellent |

Table. 2: Descriptor B

|WEIGHT |RANGE |DESCRIPTION |
|1 |1.0 – 1.8 |Strongly Disagree |
|2 |1.9 – 2.7 |Disagree |
|3 |2.8 – 3.6 |Neither Agree or Disagree |
|4 |3.7 – 4.4 |Agree |
|5 |4.5 – 5.0 |Strongly Agree |

Table. 3: Descriptor B

|WEIGHT |RANGE |DESCRIPTION |
|1 |1.0 – 1.8 |Not at all |
|2 |1.9 – 2.7 |Seldom |
|3 |2.8 – 3.6 |Fairly Often |
|4 |3.7 – 4.4 |Often |
|5 |4.5 – 5.0 |Very Often |

Interview Guide

As stated above, Interview guide does not go into the specifics but only provides and shows ideas that allow the interviewer to freely ask more questions related to the topic in depth. Using an interview guide, flexibility in the manner, order, and language of questioning exists. There is no scoring key in using this instrument unlike the questionnaire technique. The relevance of the interview will be decided by the researcher himself. The instrument covers all the variables in the guide questions since these are the necessary data needed in the study.

Tally Sheet Indicated in the said instrument for collecting data are important items or aspects to be studied. For this research, the following items are contained in the tally sheet: (1) Flying time Accomplishment Report (2) Actual vs. Program Flying time Accomplishment, and (3) Minimum Flying Hours Breakdown. The use of tally is to determine the frequencies of each item that needed to be studied subject for interpretation. Its coverage is only limited to items stated in the tally sheet. No scoring sheet is used in this technique because its statistical treatment uses frequencies rather than scale and its relevance is according to the researchers’ interpretation in connection to its research problem.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT

Types of Data Needed In the Study

Secondary Data was needed in the study because its availability and access were within the reach of the researcher; also it does not necessarily require a primary data as long as the content of the researched data are relevant to the study. Another factor is that Secondary Data were are more convenient to use since they are already evaluated, condensed, and organized; thus making analysis more convenient. Nevertheless, Primary Data still needed to know the real events of before, during, and after the downgrading of ADW. This will help in the development of the study thru a better understanding of the topic.

The researcher used the written sources such as Official and Public Documents that comprises of Master’s critique papers; Newspapers and Articles; Records of orders, circulars, bulletins, reports and other communications of executive departments. These written sources are considered to be Secondary Data. Examples of these that were used in the study are the Master’s critique paper of CAPTAIN FONTANILLA entitled RP Without Air Defense; The Philippine Daily Inquirer Breaking News entitled Air Force decommissions its 40-year-old fighter jets, dated 01 October 2005 and the First Force, the PAF news and Safety Magazine entitled Final Flight for F-5 “Freedom Fighter” dated July to September 2005 issue; the DGP of 2006 to 2011 Air Force -Territorial Defense section p.20; and Memorandums from DND (MyCAPS and PDM FY-2006). Some facts that were gathered through Interviews were considered Primary Data because the Interviewees themselves actually experienced the downgrading events in ADW. In one way or the other, they have personal accounts of he events; and this was taken advantage of the researcher.

Details of Data Collection Procedure/S for Each Type/Group of Data

Secondary Data

This study uses a self-administered survey called Drop-Off Survey[50]. The researcher approaches prospective respondent, introduces the general purpose of the survey to the prospect, and leaves it with the respondent to fill out his or her own. The surveys were handed out to the respondent place of work at Basa Air Base and were ask to fill it out and it will be retrieved the next day. The advantage of this method of survey is that it has a quick turnaround, high response rates, minimal interviewer influence on answers, and has a good control over how respondents are selected; and it is inexpensive.

When it comes to written sources, the researcher went to the different offices in HPAF and gather the necessary data related to the topic studied. Other data were collected by doing library research at AFOS and other mini library in the locale area; and also by using the internet services for quick access of information. For HPAF staff personnel, the researcher went to their places of work for the interview to be formal and official. Before starting with the interview, the researcher did the military protocol of knocking before entering the room and immediately saluted the concerned officer. The researcher then handed the “Authority to Research” letter prepared by AFOS faculty duly signed by the Commandant. Then after which the researcher started introducing himself and immediately stated the importance of having the interview in the study. The interviewee was assured of confidentiality on certain facts and comments that he felt should not be quoted or included in my study although the interviewee’s information was important. Then, the actual interview was carried out and the pertinent information was recorded properly. Before closing the interview, the interviewee provided some pertinent documents that shed light in the study.

Primary Data

Some facts that were gathered through Interviews were considered Primary Data because the Interviewees actually experienced the downgrading events in ADW; and in Survey, respondents are also considered primary sources because they were able to witness conditions before, during, and after the downgrading of ADW.

Time Frame, Instrument and Persons Involved In the Data Collection

Historical research and other documents needed in the study, through library research, were collected during the time frame 14 August to 31 October 2006. The researcher went to different HPAF offices and started collecting pertinent data whenever there’s free time in the AFOS schedule. The survey and interview were conducted during the time frame of September to 31 October 2006 because the researcher needs more background information before formulating the different instruments to be used in the study.

As mentioned in this chapter, Questionnaire, Interview Guide, and Tally Sheet are amongst the instrument used by the researcher in his collection or gathering of data. Other research instrument and tools such as mechanical devices and clerical tools were also used in this study. Examples of mechanical devices used are digital cameras, computers, calculators, SPSS software, and USB devices. Examples of Clerical tools used are filed records at different HPAF offices and libraries, and case studies of other researchers.

Primary personnel involved in data collection are the AFOS librarians, Officers and Enlisted personnel of different offices in HPAF and ADW. Others are civilian personnel who assist and advices the researcher for a fast and efficient research study.

3.5 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

Mathematical Tools for Data Management and Justification for Its Use

a. Data Matrix

One of the important mathematical tools that a researcher needs to formulate first before he can start the statistical analysis is Data Matrix. By definition, Data Matrix is the coded raw data from survey. These data are arranged in columns, which represent answers to the various questions on the survey questionnaire, and rows, which represent each respondent or case[51]. In this study the researcher used this tool first before making the descriptive analysis and before using any other mathematical tools.

b. Measures of Central Tendency

b.1 Mean

Also known as “Arithmetic Mean”; is the average value characterizing a set of numbers. Computation of which is made to determine the average. Its use will determine the average response of all the respondents in a particular variable in the questionnaire. Means communicate a great deal of information, and they can be plotted for quick interpretations[52]. The mean is computed by adding up all the numbers and divide this sum by the total number of numbers in the set. The formula for computing the mean is,

n where: ∑ X i n = the number of cases i-1 X I = Each individual value Mean ( X) = ∑ = signifies that all the X i n values are summed

b.2 Mode

The mode is a descriptive analysis measure defined as that value in a string of numbers that occurs most often. It is most appropriate for categorical data such as nominal (yes/no) or ordinal (rankings) scales[53]. In this study the researcher use such categorical data in evaluating the response of the respondents; thus this mathematical tool is appropriate for analysis.

c. Measures of Variability

c.1 Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution is a tabulation of the number of times that each number value appears in a particular set of values. It is in the study to determine the number of times each response appears. This will be used by the researcher to evaluate which responses of the respondents prevail most. This is done by counting the number of times each number appears in the set, and make a table that shows each number, its count, and the total count.

c.2 Percentage Distribution

Frequencies are considered raw counts, and normally these frequencies are converted into percentages for ease of comparison. Expressed as a percentage, the presence of each different number of response can be easily analyzed by the researcher in this study and draw findings from it. The conversion is arrived at very simply through a quick division of the frequency for each value by the total number of observations for all of the values, resulting in a percent.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 RESTATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

As discussed in the previous chapter, the PAF shall continue to support the ISO of the country. The imminent effect of internal threats from armed leftist elements, separatists and terrorist groups require PAF forces to focus on ISO. The government, for over 36 years now, wanted to give importance to its long due problem of insurgency in the country since it sees no eminent danger in the external environment of our nation. An organization whose core competency is in TDO missions for five decades is now making a priority shift of performing ISO missions. The big shift by ADW was made in order to align itself to the DND and AFP thrust of Internal Security Operations. In this connection, the research intends to determine the IMPACT OF INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATION MISSION IN THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF AIR DEFENSE WING as it affects the organization in carrying out its new priority to support the government objectives.

The research also intends to answers the following specific questions in the organization’s quest to perform ISO missions:

a. Are there any effects in the Operational Readiness of its aircrafts? b. Are there any effects in the in the conduct of its overall Flying Missions? c. Are there effects in the progress of its pilots in terms of Individual Flying Time? d. Are there effects in the Budget Allocation for ADW?

4.2 PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

In this section the research will now make the analysis and presentation, of findings derived from the survey, interviews, and content analysis previously conducted by the researcher.

Topical Presentation of Findings Based On Each of the Specific Problem

The following are the topical presentation of findings based on specific questions in the organization’s quest to perform ISO missions:

a. Are there any effects in the Operational Readiness of its aircrafts?

Based on the respondent’s reply, majority of the active pilots of ADW are satisfied with the Operational Readiness rating of the S211 aircrafts since the conduct of ISO mission. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 4.0 with the descriptor as “Agree”. More than half (79.2%) of the respondents answered “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” combined together. Between the two, the “Agree” descriptor is more than the “Strongly Agree” descriptor because the former has a percentage of 50% while the former has 29.2%. This indicates that out of the total 24 respondents, 19 of the respondent’s answers did not fall below the Mean value of 4.0. Tabular and graphical presentations are shown below to have a clear picture of the results.
| |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent |
|Valid |5.00 |7 |29.2 |29.2 |29.2 |
| |4.00 |12 |50.0 |50.0 |79.2 |
| |3.00 |3 |12.5 |12.5 |91.7 |
| |2.00 |2 |8.3 |8.3 |100.0 |
| |Total |24 |100.0 |100.0 | |

Table 4: Mean and Mode Values Effects in the OR rating of S211

|N |Valid |24 |
| |Missing |0 |
|Mean |4.0000 |
|Mode |4.00 |

Table 5: Frequencies and Percentage Distribution Effects in the OR rating of S211

Chart 1: Pie Distribution Effects in the OR rating of S211

b. Are there any effects in the in the conduct of its overall Flying Missions?

b.1 Flying ISO Missions

Based on the respondent’s reply, majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying ISO missions. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 2.0 with the descriptor as “Seldom”. More than three-fourths (78.2%) of the respondents answered “Seldom” and “Not at all” combined together. Between the two, the “Seldom” descriptor is more than the “Not at all” descriptor because the former has a percentage of 45.8% while the former has 25 %. This indicates that out of the total 24 respondents, 17 of the respondent’s answers fall on and below the Mean value of 2.0. Tabular and graphical presentations are shown below to have a clear picture of the results.

Table 6: Mean and Mode Values Flying ISO Mission
|N |Valid |24 |
| |Missing |0 |
|Mean |2.0417 |
|Mode |2.00 |

Table 7: Frequency and Percentage Distribution Flying ISO Mission

| |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent |
|Valid |3.00 |7 |29.2 |29.2 |29.2 |
| |2.00 |11 |45.8 |45.8 |75.0 |
| |1.00 |6 |25.0 |25.0 |100.0 |
| |Total |24 |100.0 |100.0 | |

Chart 2: Pie Distribution Flying ISO Mission

b.2 Flying TDO Training Missions

Based on the respondent’s reply, majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying TDO training missions that often. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 3.0 with the descriptor as “Fairly Often”. More than half (66.6%) of the respondents answered “Fairly Often”, “Seldom” and “Not at all” combined together. Among the three, the “Fairly Often” descriptor has the largest percentage because the first descriptor has 37.5 while the other two descriptors have a percentage of 20.8% and 8.3%. This indicates that out of the total 24 respondents, 16 of the respondent’s answers fall on and below the Mean value of 3.0. Tabular and graphical presentations are shown below to have a clear picture of the results.

Table 8: Mean and Mode Values Flying TDO Training Mission

|N |Valid |24 |
| |Missing |0 |
|Mean |3.0417 |
|Mode |3.00 |

Table 9: Frequency and Percentage Distribution Flying TDO Training Mission

| |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent |
|Valid |3.00 |9 |37.5 |37.5 |37.5 |
| |4.00 |6 |25.0 |25.0 |62.5 |
| |2.00 |5 |20.8 |20.8 |83.3 |
| |1.00 |2 |8.3 |8.3 |91.7 |
| |5.00 |2 |8.3 |8.3 |100.0 |
| |Total |24 |100.0 |100.0 | |

Chart 3: Pie Distribution Flying TDO Training Mission

| | | | |
| ANNUAL FLYING TIME ACCOMPLISHMENT CY 2005 |
| |January to September | | |
|ACFT TYPE |TYPE OF MISSION |SORTIES |FLYING TIME |
| |Training/Proficiency |682 |1255.7 |
| |Maritime Patrol |29 |36 |
|S211 |Socio-Eco/ Aerial Recon |2 |5 |
| |Maintenance |30 |46.7 |
| |Special Mission |3 |6 |
| |TOTAL |746 |1349.4 |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| FLYING TIME ACCOMPLISHMENT CY 2006 | |
| |January to September | | |
| | | | |
|ACFT TYPE |TYPE OF MISSION |SORTIES |FLYING TIME |
| |Training/Proficiency |375 |625.9 |
| |Maritime Patrol |28 |54 |
|S211 |Socio-Eco/ Aerial Recon | | |
| |Maintenance |20 |34.8 |
| |Special Mission |4 |4.9 |
| |TOTAL |427 |719.6 |
| | | | |

Table 13: Comparative Analysis. Actual Flying Time 2005 vs. 2006 (Data was extracted from ODO, ADW)

In Table 13, there was a significant decrease in the actual flying time accomplished from 1,349.4 hours in 2005 to 719.6 hours in 2006; a 46.67% decrease in actual flying time accomplishment of ADW. On the other hand, ISO mission (Special Mission) increased by one sortie or a total of 1.1 hours in 2006.

c. Are there effects in the progress of its pilots in terms of Individual Flying Time?

Based on the respondent’s reply, majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying ISO missions. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 2.375 and 2.0 with both descriptors as “Needs Improvement”. More than half (54.2%) of the respondents answered “Needs Improvement” and “Poor” combined together. Between the two, the “Needs Improvement” descriptor is more than the “Poor” descriptor because the former has a percentage of 45.8% while the former has 8.3 %. This indicates that out of the total 24 respondents, 13 of the respondent’s answers fall on and below the Mean value of 2.0. Tabular and graphical presentations are shown below to have a clear picture of the results.

Table 10: Mean and Mode Values Progress in Flying Time

|N |Valid |24 |
| |Missing |0 |
|Mean |2.3750 |
|Mode |2.00(a) |

a Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Table 11: Frequency and Percentage Distribution Progress in Flying Time
| |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent |
|Valid |2.00 |11 |45.8 |45.8 |45.8 |
| |3.00 |11 |45.8 |45.8 |91.7 |
| |1.00 |2 |8.3 |8.3 |100.0 |
| |Total |24 |100.0 |100.0 | |

Chart 4: Pie Distribution Progress in Flying Time

Table. 14: Flying Time Breakdown 2006 vs. 2005 (Data Source : Safety Meeting Presentation at ADW)

Using Table 14, there are significant changes that occurred in the flying time breakdown of ADW pilots. It can be noted that there is an improvement in the flying time accomplishment because as compared with annual 2005, there are 7 pilots who logged in more than 25 hours; while in 2006, there were 11 pilots who logged more than 25 hours given that the period covered was only up to 2nd quarter. Another finding was that the number of ADW pilots decreased from 42 individuals in 2005 to 34 individuals in 2006.

d. Are there effects in the Budget Allocation for ADW?

In this variable, 15th SW was used by the researcher as the point of comparison with ADW in terms of AVPOL budget allocation. 15th SW was chosen because it its one of the primary unit of PAF mandated to conduct ISO mission. Both units are the only Wing that can provide sufficient fire power using its respective ISO platform in the fixed wing category. Based on the document research and content analysis technique done by the researcher, in comparing the comparative figures of the two units for the year CY 2006 and FY 2007, there were budget allocation increase on both units. It can be noted that a much higher increase was allotted to 15SW than ADW in terms of fund support. Details of the said budget increase were shown in Table 12 below.

|Table. 12: Comparative Analysis on Budget Allocation (AVPOL) | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|UNIT |2006 |2007 |Increase |% Increase |
|ADW |5,434,000.00 |6,183,520.78 |749,520.78 |13.79% |
|15SW |31,423,518.00 |36,373,901.51 |4,950,383.51 |15.75% |

Interpretation/Analysis of Data

Now at this point, the researcher will analyze and interpret the findings extracted from the data gathered and presented above. The interpretation and analysis will follow the order of the stated sub problems of the research study; and will answer specific questions using the findings from data in order to determine the impact of ISO in the organization’s quest for relevance.

a. Are there any effects in the Operational Readiness of its aircrafts?

Findings reveal that majority of the active pilots of ADW are satisfied with the Operational Readiness rating of the S211 aircrafts since the conduct of ISO mission. With the said findings, does this mean that there was a positive effect in prioritization of ISO over TDO mission by ADW? Can the said increase in OR rate be attributed to the paradigm shift of ADW? As stated and cited in the CG, PAF Command Guidance of 2006 (Appendix J) on Capability Enhancement states that, (1) continue increasing air assets with the emphasis on restoring adequate numbers of aircraft and ensue a proper mix of utility, attack and trainer types, (2) Achieve an 80% operational readiness of our air assets and AGE. As a result, in 2005 as compared to 2006 there are only four programmed supportable S211 aircrafts (Appendix I); According to an interview with CAPTAIN BEN (the acting Assistant Director for Logistics, ADW) this CY 2006 the supportable aircraft was increased to five aircraft; thus increase in the average O.R. rating in S211 aircrafts can really be felt by the respondents. CAPTAIN BEN added that in 2005 the average OR rating was only 75% unlike now in 2006 (as of September) the average OR rate is from 75% to 100%.

With the said guidance, it can be inferred that prioritizing ISO mission over TDO mission does not necessarily mean an increase in the operational readiness rating of the S211 aircrafts. Even if ADW prioritized TDO over ISO, its programmed supportable aircraft will determine the increase in OR rate; and since the programming is based on the DPG and overall guidance of CG, PAF, the prioritization of TDO over ISO will not decrease the OR rate.

b. Are there any effects in the in the conduct of its overall Flying Missions?

Findings reveal that majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying ISO missions. Although there are a lot of valid reasons stated by the respondents in the questionnaires, their reasons funneled down to one word, “Restart”. At this point ADW, although not new in conduct of ISO mission, is still in the marketing stage of its capabilities since the conduct of interoperability exercise at NOLCOM last April 2006. Since that interoperability exercise, the ADW was able to accomplish only two sorties of ISO mission (Appendix K).

In terms of TDO related missions, majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying TDO training missions. This is obviously accounted for the reason that ADW shifts its priority from TDO to ISO as what is the study is all about. Most of the respondents’ reasons stated that, out of four operational aircrafts, two were automatically committed to ISO and are always on standby alert at Clark Air Base. This means that the two standby alert S211 aircrafts can only be utilized in ISO related flights. The two respondents who answered “Very Often” are Instructor Pilots and those who answered “Often” can be attributed to the conduct of the recent “Talon Vision 06” last October at Clark Air Base where U.S. and RP conducts interoperability training exercises. Thus it can be said that prioritization of ISO has a direct and negative impact in the conduct of TDO mission which is considered as the mandated mission of ADW.

Overall, referring to Table 13, the training and proficiency flights of ADW significantly decrease from 682 sorties or 1,225.7 hours in 2005 to only 375 sorties or 625. 9 hours in the current year. With this it can be inferred prioritizing ISO has a negative effects in the training and proficiency flights of ADW pilots; although it can be attributed to micro-level reasons like the lack of fuel, spare parts, and weather, its macro-level reason can be attributed ISO thrust of the Wing.

c. Are there effects in the progress of its pilots in terms of Individual Flying Time?

Findings of the research revealed that majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying ISO missions. Since the prioritization of ISO mission, individual flying time of majority of the respondents falls under the “Needs Improvement” category. But it should also be noted that almost half of the respondents answered “Fairly Satisfactory” which is above the Mean and Mode value in the descriptive analysis of the study. It only shows that there is still a good number of fairly satisfied ADW pilots even though they are the minority of the respondents (11 fairly satisfied pilots against 13 not satisfied pilots).

Does the good odd (11 satisfied pilots vs. 13 not satisfied pilots) mean that there was a positive effect in the prioritization of ISO mission to ADW pilots? In the study of the flying profile of S211 pilots conducted by CAPTAIN PALECPEC in his commandant’s paper entitled The Level of Flight Proficiency of S211 Pilots in 5th Fighter Wing, in the year 2003 shows that there were 47 active pilots. Now referring to Table 14, there were 42 active pilots in ADW but 35 of them falls in the less than the minimum required 25 hours accomplished flying time per month. However in first semester of 2006, there were only 34 active ADW pilots and 11 of them passed the minimum required time per month at the early stage of the year. And as of the conduct of the study, there are only 26 active ADW pilots (Appendix E) wherein the current 11 vs. 13 odd was derived. Therefore, it could be said that the prioritization of ISO by ADW does not have a direct positive effect on the progress of the individual flying time of ADW pilots. Based on the data, it could be inferred that the decreasing number of flyers accounts for such increase in the flying time of the remaining ADW active pilots.

d. Are there effects in the Budget Allocation for ADW?

Based on Table.12, findings revealed that there is a programmed budget allocation increase for ADW for FY 2007. As there were programmed increased in the programmed flying time of ADW (Appendix L) in FY 2007 as compared to CY 2006, naturally there will also be increase in its programmed budget allocation; hence the findings in Table.12 exist. In this analysis CY 2006 was considered as the baseline year because it is in the said year that ADW was authorized to conduct ISO mission. It should be noted that the resource allocation programming for of PAF for 2007 was based on the DPG and the CG, PAF guidance of 2006 in accordance to DND directive 1-2004. Therefore, there was a positive effect on ADW budget allocation due to the conduct of ISO.

But it should be noted, from a different perspective, that a much higher increase was allotted to 15SW than ADW in terms of fund support. ADW has a programmed allocation increase of only Php749, 520.78 while 15thSW has Php4, 950,383.51. This shows that although there was increase in ADW budget allocation, there were also increase in the budget allocation of other units like the 15thSW. The increase in fund allocation by ADW was not solely due to the conduct of ISO mission but because there was a PAF wide increase in program allocation to its units which can be attributed to the increase in the budget allocation of PAF from its appropriations in the government. Therefore, coming from the strategic level, it can be inferred that there is no established direct link on the proportionality of budget allocation and the prioritization of ISO by ADW.

4.3 IMPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS

In Relation To the General Body of Knowledge Related To the Field Of Study

Territorial Integrity of a nation is one of the primary concerns of all governments. This is more so in nation or states that are beset with economic constraints and internal strife generated by factors that may or may not be interrelated. This is where synergism plays a major factor in achieving that territorial integrity. As one of the tenets of air power, and in relation to leadership, the air commander or leader must employ cooperative action of the various elements of his force such that the total effect is greater than the sum of the two or more effects taken independently. In relation to it, ADW followed this concept of synergism by taking that priority shift in performing ISO mission rather than TDO mission; this is so because of the PAF Command thrust of prioritizing ISO problem of the country. But the findings of this study showed that there are significant things that need to be considered by ADW management in its quest for its contribution to the PAF objectives.

In Relation To the Importance of the Study Earlier Proposed

As stated in the DPG, “Given the low likelihood of external aggression and lack of power projection capability in the region, territorial defense is the lowest priority for spending over the period of 2006 to 2011, and “ In 2006-2011 period, territorial defense units with obsolete equipment and low readiness should be considered candidates for elimination. “Military capabilities necessary to successfully implement the internal security campaign are the top priority among all DND requirements for the current mid-term period. Based from the statements cited, ADW took that major step of prioritizing ISO over TDO mission to avoid being considered as candidates for elimination. But the finding of the study does not fully support such defensive move by ADW management. Although the organization is fighting for its relevance and existence in the short term, the findings mentioned in the study should be considered by the management of ADW in its strategic planning on what is best for the whole organization.

In Relation To the Respondents, Researchers and the Different Stakeholders Concerned

The findings of the study does not discourage ADW from performing ISO missions but rather aid in the planning, leading, organizing, and controlling of ADW as an organization; both internal and external to the Wing.

In relation to the respondents, the findings of this study can have a positive or a negative implication on the progress of their individual flying time. Negative in the sense that the ISO campaign of ADW is still in the upwind or ascending stage wherein ISO mission sorties are seldom performed. Active ADW pilots who support the ISO prioritization can be discouraged from their commitment in the command’s thrust. As any other start ups organization, the initial phase of its operation is the most difficult part because there are a lot of factors to be considered. Positive in the sense that as of now their current number as active ADW pilots have increase their individual flying time accomplishment as compared to the previous years. Although there is a high turn over rate of ADW pilots, the remaining ones may have the perception that their decreasing number is in the long run good for them and for the organization; as of now they benefited from it since their share on the allocated flying time for the whole ADW pilot corps was increased.

The findings of the study have implications to both past and future researchers that are somehow related to the present study. In relation to the past researchers, the findings maybe viewed that the present researcher does not give justice to the past studies made wherein they support the ADW command’s thrust of performing ISO; while the implication of the present findings to future researchers maybe viewed as a discouragement if they plan to conduct studies in the improvement of ISO campaign by ADW. It should be made clear that the intentions of the present researcher in his findings is to aid in the strategic management of ADW and the PAF command as well by supplementing the planners and programmers pertinent information that can address the issues and concerns that ADW is currently facing.

In relation to the different stakeholders, the findings may have an implication that there is no positive horizon for ADW for the short and medium term period. The undesirable condition that the organization confronts as of now made that decision to prioritize ISO over TDO mission. Taking part on the PAF command thrust and be able to contribute to the objectives and goals of the government, is the right intention put into action by ADW; and that is by performing ISO mission. In this connection, findings of this study are intended to envision the rebirth of the Air Defense Wing as the premiere unit of PAF in securing the territorial integrity and environment of the country.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study was pursued by the researcher for the purposes of determining the impact of Internal Security Operation mission in the strategic management of Air Defense Wing. The historical and descriptive research methods were utilized. In historical research method, the documentary research and critical analysis technique was used to gather data; in the descriptive research method, survey and content analysis technique were utilized for gathering data. The questionnaire, interview, and tally sheet served as the instruments for data collection. All the active pilots of ADW and a 92 percent representative sample of the said pilots were the respondents. HPAF staff officers and enlisted personnel and ADW management, especially the Wing Commander of ADW and the Group Commander of 5th TFG, were interviewed. The study was conducted covering the period of 01 August to 31 October 2006.

The research also intends to answers the following specific questions in relation to the impact of ISO in the strategic management of ADW:

a. Are there any effects in the Operational Readiness of its aircrafts?

Majority of the active pilots of ADW are satisfied with the Operational Readiness rating of the S211 aircrafts since the conduct of ISO mission. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 4.0 with the descriptor as “Agree”. More than half (79.2%) of the respondents answered “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” combined together. Between the two, the “Agree” descriptor is more than the “Strongly Agree” descriptor; the former has a percentage of 50% while the former has 29.2%. Out of the total 24 respondents, 19 of the respondent’s answers did not fall below the Mean value of 4.0 (Agree).

b. Are there any effects in the in the conduct of its overall Flying Missions?

b.1 Flying ISO Missions

Majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying ISO missions. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 2.0 with the descriptor as “Seldom”. More than three-fourths (78.2%) of the respondents answered “Seldom” and “Not at all” combined together. Between the two, the “Seldom” descriptor is more than the “Not at all” descriptor; the former has a percentage of 45.8% while the former has 25 %. Out of the total 24 respondents, 17 of the respondent’s answers fall on and below the Mean value of 2.0 (Seldom).

b.2 Flying TDO Training Missions

Majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying TDO training missions that often. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 3.0 with the descriptor as “Fairly Often”. More than half (66.6%) of the respondents answered “Fairly Often”, “Seldom” and “Not at all” combined together. Among the three, the “Fairly Often” descriptor has the largest percentage; the first descriptor has 37.5 while the other two descriptors have a percentage of 20.8% and 8.3%. Out of the total 24 respondents, 16 of the respondent’s answers fall on and below the Mean value of 3.0 (Fairly Often). There was a significant decrease in the actual flying time accomplished from 1,349.4 hours in 2005 to 719.6 hours in 2006; a 46.67% decrease in actual flying time accomplishment of ADW. On the other hand, ISO mission (Special Mission) increased by one sortie or a total of 1.1 hours in 2006.

c. Are there effects in the progress of its pilots in terms of Individual Flying Time?

Majority of the active pilots of ADW are not flying ISO missions. The Mean and Mode values came out to be 2.375 and 2.0 with both descriptors as “Needs Improvement”. More than half (54.2%) of the respondents answered “Needs Improvement” and “Poor” combined together. Between the two, the “Needs Improvement” descriptor is more than the “Poor” descriptor; the former has a percentage of 45.8% while the former has 8.3 %. This indicates that out of the total 24 respondents, 13 of the respondent’s answers fall on and below the Mean value of 2.0 ( Needs Improvement).

There are significant changes that occurred in the flying time breakdown of ADW pilots. There is an improvement in the flying time accomplishment from annual 2005 against 1st and 2nd quarter of 2006. There are 7 pilots who logged in more than 25 hours in annual 2005; while in the 1st quarter and 2nd quarter of 2006, there were 11 pilots who logged more than 25 hours. Another finding was that, the number of ADW pilots decreased from 47 individuals in 2003, then 42 individuals in 2005, and then 34 individuals in the 1st and 2nd quarter of 2006. Recently only 23 individuals are active ADW pilots.

d. Are there effects in the Budget Allocation for ADW?

In comparing the comparative figures of ADW and 15thSW for the year CY 2006 and FY 2007, there were budget allocation increases on both units. There was a much higher increase allotted to 15SW than ADW in terms of fund support.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

A General Conclusion Inferred From the Main Problem

The general conclusion that can be drawn from the research was that there are significant impacts in the strategic management of Air Defense Wing in the carrying out its new priority of performing internal security operation mission over territorial defense operation to support the Philippine Air Force and the government’s objectives. Air Defense Wing management was able to focus strategically its force structure, equipment and technology, and resources in the conduct of ISO missions.

Corollary Findings/Conclusions Inferred From the Sub-Problems

The research intends to make its conclusion based on the following specific questions in the organization’s quest to perform ISO missions:

a. Are there any effects in the Operational Readiness of its aircrafts?

Yes indeed there are effects in the operational readiness rating of the S211 aircraft. But using the findings drawn in this specific question, it can be inferred that prioritizing ISO mission over TDO mission does not necessarily mean an automatic increase in the operational readiness rating of the S211 aircrafts. The mandate in the DPG and the overall CG, PAF guidance has the direct impact in the OR rate of S211 aircrafts. Even if ADW prioritize TDO missions over ISO missions, the overall guidance of the DPG and the CG, PAF will prevail; and that is increase in the overall OR ratings of the PAF assets.

b. Are there any effects in the in the conduct of its overall Flying Missions?

Yes there are significant effects in overall flying mission of ADW. Based from the findings it can be concluded that the conduct of TDO missions and the training and proficiency flights of ADW were decreased by the prioritization of ISO over TDO. The regular or automatic commitment of two S211 aircraft, at ADAC, Clark Air Base has contributed to such decrease.

c. Are there effects in the progress of its pilots in terms of Individual Flying Time?

Yes there are effects in the progress of flying time by the individual pilots of ADW but it is not that significant because the numbers of ISO mission sorties are very seldom. It showed that the prioritization of ISO did not directly increase their flying time. The decreasing number of active ADW pilots was the main reason for the improvement in the overall flying time accomplishment of the remaining individuals. As of now the number of pilots is inversely proportional to the number of flying time accomplished.

d. Are there effects in the Budget Allocation for ADW?

Yes there is an effect in the budget allocation of ADW in prioritizing ISO over TDO. But based from the findings in this specific question, it can be concluded that there is no significant increase in the budget allocation of ADW in prioritizing ISO over TDO. The increase was the due of the additional budget allotted PAF wide. This means that there is no special increase in the programmed budget allocation for ADW its priority shift from TDO to ISO.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Before stating the recommendations of this study, it must be made clear that the aim of this paper is to find solutions that will help alleviate the current condition of ADW. The outcome of this study does not discourage the ADW management to abandon the ISO campaign program of the command. Determining the effects of prioritizing ISO over TDO is envisioned to help the strategic planners and decision makers on what is best for ADW as a whole.

On the effects on the Operational Readiness rating of S211 aircraft, it is recommended that ADW should regularly conform to the DPG and the CG, PAF Command Guidance; and according to DPG 2008 – 2013 (Appendix M), ADW will only perform limited air defense operation; at the same time may also perform ISO sorties on a limited and as directed by Higher Headquarters. In this connection, an evaluation should be made by Director for Operations, ADW regarding the program allocation of flight sorties allotted for TDO missions in order to preserve the core competency level of ADW pilots; and at the same time perform ISO mission as directed by Higher Headquarters.

On the effects in the conduct of its overall flying mission, it is recommended that ADW should not commit on a regular basis the two S211 aircraft in alert status for ISO because ISO mission sorties are seldom given by Higher Headquarters since after the interoperability exercise. The said recommendation will only require a Wing level decision making in order to implement such proposal. Using the two S211 will enhance the flying missions conducted by ADW thus resulting to Wing Accomplishment.

On the effects regarding the progress of its pilots in terms of individual flying time, it is recommended that ADW management should communicate to the Assistant Chief of Air Staff for Personnel, A-1 to temporarily hold assignment of pilots to ADW who are still active in flying; instead assign personnel who are also officers but not in flying status to fill up the manning requirement. This will significantly increase the flying time allotment of each remaining ADW pilots. ADW must determine the correct pilot to aircraft ratio adjusted to its present condition. ADW must maintain a good number of its corps of fighter pilots and focus on their preservation in terms of skill by prioritizing proficiency flights in TDO related missions.

In terms of budget allocation, it is recommended that a further study should be conducted on the impact of budget allocation intended for the organization because for as long as the focus of the PAF command is to internal insurgency, the budget allocation of ADW will remain at the least priority for as for the next five years or more. Result of the investigation will help ADW management to address such impact in the organization as a whole.

After formulating recommendations that answers all the different concerns indicated in the sub-problems of the study, the researcher deemed it necessary to propose an additional recommendation that answers the long term effect of prioritizing ISO over TDO. Research shows that as of this date, ADW though performs TDO missions have significantly decreased its sorties to the point that the core competency levels of ADW pilots are sacrificed. As sorties decreases, flying hours also decreases; and as flying hours decreases, proficiency level of pilots becomes very low.

Some argue that ISO should be prioritized because we really do not have the external defense capability in its true sense; it should be emphasize that what matters most as of this time is the preservation of the fighter culture and skills because according to the Program of Instruction of a fighter pilot training, it takes more or less 7 years to breed a full pledge and a competent fighter pilot.

Therefore, it is further recommended, on a strategic point of view, that Air defense Wing should prioritize Territorial Defense Operations as mandated in its mission and functions. This can be done on a Wing level decision making process. This concept shall serve as the guiding strategy in all of ADW management philosophy and operational style. This does not imply that ADW management will stop performing ISO mission just to give way for TDO. The recommendation simply states that ISO should take the backseat of TDO in its flight towards the accomplishment of the organization’s goals and objectives. Prioritizing TDO does not mean a decrease in the operational readiness rating of S211 aircrafts. As long as the overall Command Guidance of CG, PAF focuses on the increase in the PAF air asset and ADW will continue to perform limited ISO functions, the OR rating will not be affected; but will depend on the number of programmed supportable aircraft. As of this time, there are five programmed supportable aircraft for ADW.

The said recommendation has high hopes because according to COLONEL OBAN JR, the current Wing Commander of ADW during the conduct of his interview, even though the thrust of his management is towards prioritizing ISO, he does not loose sight of the importance of TDO missions. Therefore by presenting the findings of this research study, the author hopes to convince the Wing Commander that TDO should be prioritized over ISO.

Strategic plans of PAF are not to eliminate ADW but to preserve the organization in preparation for its much more important task in the future of maintaining the territorial integrity and national interest of the Republic of the Philippines.

C. BACK MATTERS / APPENDICES

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Office of Special Studies, Air Force Review, Commander’s Corner, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2006, Volume 5, No.1

Office of Special Studies Air Force Review, , HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2002, Volume 2, No.1

Office of Special Studies Air Force Review, Air Power Concerns, , HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2006, Volume 5, No.4

Office of Special Studies Air Force Review, , HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, March 2004, Volume 4, No.1

Public Information Office The Air Force Way, 2005 anniversary issue, , HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City

Public Information Office, First Force, the PAF Air Force News and Safety Magazine, Command Accomplishment Report, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City October 2005 to December 31 2005, Volume V No.4

Public Information Office First Force, the PAF Air Force News and Safety Magazine, , HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City January 2006 to March 31 2006, Volume VI No.1

Locale Unpublished Materials

CPT LEO A FONTANILLA PAF, R.P. WITHOUT AIR DEFENSE, A Critique Paper in Management, UP Clark Air Base, March 25 2006

CPT ARTURO D MUICO III PAF, The Effectiveness of S-211 Jet Trainer in Internal Security Operations within Northern Luzon Area, A Commandant’s Paper, SOC CL 2006A, July 27 2006.

CPT MIGUEL ERNESTO G OKOL PAF, Establishing A Fighter Base at Clark Air Base, A Commandant’s Paper, SOC CL 2003B, November 15 2003.

CPT RUBEN C PALECPEC PAF, The Level of Flying Proficiency of S211 Pilots in 5th Fighter Wing, A Commandant’s Paper, SOC CL 2003B, November 17 2003,

Foreign Unpublished Materials

Sanu Kainikara, Air Power in the Protection of Territorial Areas, Air Power Development Center, 205 Anketelle Street, Tuggeranong, Australia, May 2006

2. APPENDICES

Appendix A: TEN POINT AGENDA OF PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

Appendix B: MEDIUM TERM FISCAL PLAN

Appendix C: UNIT MANNING DOCUMENT OF ADW

Appendix D: CAPABILITY UPGRADE PLAN

Appendix E: ADW LIST OF ACTIVE ADW PILOTS

Appendix F: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Appendix G: INTERVIEW GUIDE

Appendix H: TALLY SHEET

Appendix I: ADW PPRA 2006

Appendix J: CG, PAF COMMAND GUIDANCE

Appendix K: AFTER MISSION REPORT

Appendix L: PROGRAMMED FLYING TIME 2006 vs. 2007

Appendix M: DPG 2008 - 2013

3. CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHER

-----------------------

[1] DBCC briefs Appro Cttee on 2006 budget Committee News, A publication of the Committee Affairs Department, volume 13 no. 73 September 28, 2005

[2] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.83

[3] Alvin C Burns and Ronald F Bush, Marketing Research, 4th Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 1994, p.133
[4] A5, HPAF. PAF Program Proposal fro DPG 2008 – 2013, p.1
[5] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.187

[6] LIEUTENANT COLONEL PAREDES PAF, Problem Solving and Decision Making, Lectured at AFOS, Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, SOC CL-2006B
[7] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.4
[8] Ibid, p10
[9] Ibid
[10] Ibid, p.105
[11] Ibid, p.130
[12] LTCOL PEDRO T MACALINTAL PAF (GSC), Human Behavior in Organizations, AFOS handout lecture, SOC CL- 2006B
[13] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.31
[14] Good and Scates. Methods of Research: Educational, Psychological, Sociological. Manila: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1972 (Reprinted by National Book Store), pp. 220-221
[15] Defense Planning Guidance, 2006 to 2011, p.8
[16] Ibid
[17] Ibid, p.7
[18] Aurea Calica, ASEAN, China call for revival of Six-Party Talks on North Korea, The Philippine Star News, 31 October 2006, p.4
[19] Ibid
[20] LTCOL ENRIQUE J. DELA CRUZ PAF (GSC), Air Power Concerns, Air Force Review, December 2005, Volume 5, No.4, p.18
[21] MAJ AUGUSTO D DELA PEG[pic]A PAF, The Nature and Framework of Strategy, Lectured in SOC CL-2006B, AFOS, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, PaMAJ AUGUSTO D DELA PEŇA PAF, The Nature and Framework of Strategy, Lectured in SOC CL-2006B, AFOS, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City.
[22] AFP Management and Fiscal Letter Nr. 2005-14 GHQ AFP dtd 17 Aug 2005
[23] Avelino R. Cruz, Jr, Secretary of National Defense, Defense Planning Guidance 2006 – 2011, DND, January 04 2005, Foreword, p.1
[24] Avelino R. Cruz, Jr, Secretary of National Defense, Program Decision Memorandum FY 2006, Memorandum to Resource Managers 1-5, Department of National Defense, May 10 2005

[25] AFP Management and Fiscal Letter Nr. 2005-14 GHQ AFP dtd 17 Aug 2005

[26] Office of the Air Force Inspector General, Annual General Inspection Report of ADW, PAF, HPAF, Col Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City, December 07 2005, item no. 52
[27] Command Guidance 2006, Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff for Plans, A-5, Headquarters Philippine Air Force, October 06 2006, p.1
[28] The CG, PAF Command Guidance 2006, B.E.S.T. Transformation, Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff for Plans, A-5, Headquarters Philippine Air Force, October 06 2006
[29] PAF Program Proposal for DPG 2008 – 2013, Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff for Plans, A-5, HPAF, October 06 2006, p.4
[30] Ibid
[31] Alvin C Burns and Ronald F Bush, Marketing Research, 4th Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 1994, p.120
[32] Ibid. p.122
[33] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.41

[34] Ibid
[35] Ibid. p. 62
[36] Ibid. p.75
[37] Alvin C Burns and Ronald F Bush, Marketing Research, 4th Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 1994, p.334
[38] Ibid

[39] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.176

[40] Ibid
[41] Ibid. p.169
[42] Alvin C Burns and Ronald F Bush, Marketing Research, 4th Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 1994, p.349
[43] Ibid
[44] Ibid
[45] Jose F Calderon and Expectacion C Gonzales. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing., Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong City, 1993, p.175

[46] Ibid, p.106
[47] Ibid, p.107
[48] Ibid. p.132
[49] Ibid. p.134
[50] Alvin C Burns and Ronald F Bush, Marketing Research, 4th Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 1994, p.256

[51] Alvin C Burns and Ronald F Bush, Marketing Research, 4th Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 1994, p.432
[52] Ibid. p.438
[53] Ibid. p.437