...the feminine. - Germaine Greer The word adolescence is taken from the Latin word “adolescere” which means "to grow up”. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical, sex and mental human development generally occurring between puberty and legal adulthood, but largely characterized as beginning and ending with the teenage stage. The onset of adolescence is usually associated with the commencement of puberty and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics. The pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate enlargement and development of the sex organs, which thus become capable of reproduction. In females the reproductive cycle of ovulation and menstruation begins, pubic hair appears, and development of the breasts and other body contours takes place.1 During this phase of transition from childhood, adolescents are often confused about the physical and emotional changes in their bodies and feel hesitant and embarrassed to discuss them with anyone. Therefore adolescence is a critical period which influences one’s reproductive health and well-being throughout life. Adolescent girls are especially vulnerable to the biological and social changes taking place during this time and their effects, owing to the existing inequity between the sexes.2 In India, the adolescent population constitutes more than one fifth (23%) of the...
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...Each culture has their own rites of passage in which a child becomes an adult. In Western society, some might consider graduation from high school as one of such passages. For others, a child becomes an adult when they are legally allowed to drink. Within the Western world, there exists cultures in which the right to call oneself an adult is a much more labour-intensive process. This is the case with the Native American Apache, who live throughout “Arizona, New Mexico, and Northern Mexico” (Eck, 2016). Every year, young adolescent girls who experience their first menstruation are subjected to a physically and spiritually intense process known as the “Sunrise Ceremony” (Apache Girls' Sunrise Ceremony, 2009). This four-day ceremony consists...
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...Gender Roles and Marriage Among the !Kung Although we have yet to discover complete equality among the sexes in any pre-existing or presently existing society, the !Kung people are among the closest to reach such equality. The !Kung are an egalitarian society, meaning everyone has access to the valued resources. While the amount of access does vary, just the fact that everyone is includedat least on some levelwhen it comes to meeting the essential needs of living is significant. Much of !Kung life consists of caring for one another and there is a strong effort put forth to keep everyone relatively on the same status level. A great example of this exists in the traditions of hunting. When a man returns to the village after killing a large animal, there is a certain role-playing he is expected to participate in. As people approach him about what happened, he pretends that nothing worth mentioning took place. This signifies to the rest of the !Kung that the hunt was a success as they continue to inquire for further detail. The successful hunter continues to tell his story, however, if he appears to be too proud the people will not hesitate to make jokes as a means of humbling him. The credit for the hunt invariably goes to the one who made the arrow (which, although rare, can be a woman as well as a man) and it is his (or her) duty to divide the meat fairly between everyone in the village. One way or another, either directly or indirectly, everyone will be given a part of the...
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...as “second to Moses” when providing clarity among the numerous discussions of Hebrew traditions and provided rational explanations to the rulings of Jewish Law (Maimonides 1981, p.III). The explanations and interpretations of the Laws that Maimonides provided were extremely influential and led to improvement of everyday life for individuals, especially women. Maimonides’ reinterpretation and explanations for the women’s ritual of Niddah mitigated the conflicts with other Jewish laws and provided a significant improvement to the day to day lives of Jewish women. Maimonides was a very influential rabbinic voice. He was known to have reconciled the past teachings of the Jewish Bible with a present understanding in order to illuminate the importance of integrating the past into the present interpretation of the law (Maimonides 1981, p.IV). He produced his reinterpretation of the Jewish Law and the Oral Traditions of Israel, in collections of 14 texts entitled the Mishneh Torah, as well as a separate book, “a Guide for the Perplexed” in an attempt to provide teachings to the Jewish people scattered from the wars (Maimonides 1981, p.V). The...
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...tales and other literary works. The hugely influential sixteenth-century Xi You Ji 西遊記 [The Journey to the West] features Guanyin as guardian and protector of the main character and his companions: she often intervenes on their behalf to subdue and convert monsters. However, Guanyin was also known to be particularly attentive to women and their needs, and women fully returned her affection. When writing about the importance of Guanyin for Chinese women, Chamberlayne notes, “In many families, however, the women lavish their worship and affection on Guanyin, the Chinese goddess of mercy. In some places, a month after marriage the young bride receives from her parents an image of the Goddess with a censer and a pair of candlesticks. This image comes to be, for her, a centre of affectionate regard – an object to which she can turn for help, for strength and for consolation.” Why was Guanyin particularly important for women? First, as it was mentioned, for her child-giving ability, especially in case of White-robbed Guanyin. It is difficult to overestimate the importance that having male heirs had in the Chinese society. Male heirs were needed to continue the succession and the family worship. According to Chinese Confucian philosopher Mencius (Mengzi 孟子), “there are three things which are unfilial, and to have no posterity is the greatest of them.” Guanyin was able to alleviate women’s fears by bringing a “virtuous and wise son” or “an exceptionally refined daughter.” For women...
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...us (me and my siblings) how she got to know that guy and how she told him that she has had relationships with women. I was shocked after hearing her story, and realized one thing – that my aunt is not really a lesbian, but a bisexual instead. Thanks to my Sosc3 and Hume10 classes, I finally distinguished the differences between genders. I’ll be turning 18 this February and for the past few days, I keep asking myself how mature did I become back when I had my first menstruation. Although honestly, I really don’t believe that maturity starts right after menarche, the earliest memory I can recall about ‘maturity’ was that moment. It was a Saturday, 17th day of September 2006 to be exact. After my mother found out that I had my menstruation, she started reciting to me the ‘rules of maturity’ that were passed from my great grandmother down to my grandmother, to my mother and her girl siblings, to my older sister, and that time – to me. Funny as it may sound, but it is something about sexuality and its importance. My grandmother is prominent in our place because she belonged to a group called ‘Tres Marias’, named by our then mayor, which is a group of the three most religious people in Lipa. That time, I really don’t know how they became ‘Tres Marias’ and how people measured their religiousness. As expected, I grew religious enough, and because of that, the topic of sexuality is really a sensitive topic for me. -MORE- When I was younger, my mother is the one whom I sometimes...
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...bodily effects this can have on the athlete and links with musculoskeletal injuries. It has been found that female athletes experiencing menstrual irregularities may be linked to low energy availability, which may affect cell maintenance, as well as tissue growth and repair, and thermoregulation. Female athletes lacking calories required for menstruation may also lack the calories required for tissue repair and maintenance, which may lead to higher incidences of musculoskeletal injuries (Thein-Nissenbaum et al., 2012). Despite the severity of long-term consequences of the triad, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, warning signs, such as menstrual dysfunctions, were found to be regularly ignored or viewed as normal in young female athletes. It has also been found that most female athletes’ have a body weight and composition that is within the normal range, and that these factors are independent of reproductive function (Melin et al., 2015). Menstrual irregularities are more frequently observed in athletic women than in non-athletic women and may manifest as amenorrhea, which is the abnormal complete absence of menstruation, or oligomenorrhea, which is abnormally infrequent menstrual cycles (Thein-Nissenbaum et al., 2012). Female athletes with abnormal menses have been shown to be not only more likely to sustain a musculoskeletal injury, but may also be more likely to experience exercise-related pain (Thein-Nissenbaum et al., 2012). Conclusion senctence/transition...
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...that the human species survives. ➢ It is not necessary for every human being to produce children, but in order to continue our human species, at least some people have to have children. ➢ The four main functions of the human reproductive system are: • To produce egg and sperm cells, • To transport and sustain these cells, • To nurture the developing offspring, and • To produce hormones. MAJOR ORGANS ➢ In the human reproductive system, the major organs include the external genitalia and many internal organs including gonads producing gametes and hormones. ➢ These hormones are needed in the maturing of the human reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics, and the importance in regulating the normal physiology of the human reproductive system. ➢ In the males, the major organ of the reproductive system is the penis, and in the females it is the vagina. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female External Reproductive Organs A female's external part of the reproductive organs is called the vulva, meaning “covering.” The vulva is located between the legs and covers the opening to the vagina and other reproductive organs located inside the body. Female Internal Reproductive Organs The female has four internal reproductive organs: • the vagina, • uterus, • fallopian tubes, • and the ovaries. 1. Vagina ➢ The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that...
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...Best Multivitamin for women in their 20s We are all aware of the fact that women should take special care of their health. This is what most young women do not realize, however. And "when they are in their 20s should actually start. When women reach 20 years, it is important to start taking care of your health, especially as this is when many of them are sexually active and are of childbearing age. Multivitamin use, a must, especially for hormonal activity is at large. hormonal imbalance can be experienced by women of all ages, especially those in their twenties who go up to forty. What exactly are multivitamins and why are they important? Let's take a look. The importance of multivitamins It may seem a bit "lame, but our recommended daily...
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...diseases like yellow fever and cholera, epidemics ran rapid throughout the nation. Newborn’s life expectancy was only twenty four years, and failures by physicians in explaining the reasons behind these epidemics only created more hostilities amongst fellow Americans. However, as Americans tried to deal with this ongoing problem they were not successful. Yellow fever and cholera killed more than one fifth of the population in New Orleans between 1832 C.E. through 1833 C.E. Again, cholera stretched all the way to St. Louis by 1849 C.E. killing around ten percent of the city’s population. In 1832 C.E., cholera was named the nation’s first epidemic. Both diseases was derived from a bacteria. As doctors and physicians had not yet realized the importance of sterilization, these diseases continued to spread. At this point no one was able to stay clear of these diseases. Even quarantines could not contain its spread. With the invention of transportation, it played a major role in spreading these diseases. As one could be transported several miles in one day, this is one reason yellow fever and cholera was so widespread. Trains and train stations were everywhere, even Chicago had eleven station in just that one city of one hundred thousand people. They traveled over rivers and canals carrying cargo and passengers between several cities. With each journey, the trains had to be switched out several times and made several stops along the way. Containment in those days was almost impossible...
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...(Okin 124) The second criticism is from Aziza Al-Hibri, who argues that Okin attempts to paint a picture of women in minority cultures as inept, and irrationally co-opted. (Okin 44) She asserts that by doing this, Okin runs the risk of sounding patriarchal, the very concept of male superiority that she advocating against. She provides the example of the many highly successful women, who have adopted orthodox or Hasidic Judaism as adults, even though some of their practices are in direct conflict with modern feminism. Such practices include early marriages, gender roles, and mikvah, which is a ritual purity bathe ceremonies that follow menstruation. (Okin 44) She goes in depth further about the importance of mikvah in Jewish culture, stating, “they see in the mikvah ceremonies “women centered spiritual celebration of women’s bodies, cycles, sexuality and procreative power”(Okin 44). Al-Hibri argues that in this example, it is condescending to believe that such smart and accomplished women would be misled or brainwashed into freely accepting an oppressive lifestyle orchestrated by their male...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises due to Almighty Allah who enabled me to complete the research work. I am pleased to avail myself of the opportunity to express my deepest sense of respect, sincere appreciation and heartfelt gratefulness to my Anthropology department, to honorable supervisor & teachers who helped me for increasing anthropological insights by their guidance in planning and execution of present research work, suggestions, inspirations, affectionate feelings and constructive criticism through the work. I am very grateful for the support that our seminar librarian has shown by allowing me to take books in case of necessity and within short notice. The support will always be remembered. I am indebted to my parents and my friends for their immense mental support and courage to perceive through all sorts of difficulties until this research work was completed. I really feel proud of my honorable respondents who helped me to collect data in regard of my research title. Their helping mind really impressed me. So, I show my deepest sense of respect to them. My supervisor, I thank you for your guidance that brought me to the end of this work. Your politeness & cordial behavior added encouragement to my work. December, 2014 | Roll No:09203219Registration no: 3552Session: 2008-2009MSS, Department of Anthropology | ABSTRACT Being the main force conditioning human relationship, sex is essentially political. In any social context, the construction of...
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...SI.No: | TIME | SPECIFICOBJECTIVE | CONTENT | TEACHERACIVITY | STUDENTACTIVITY | A.V.AIDS | EVALU-ATION | 1.2.3.5. | 2mt.2mt.10mts.5mts. | Introduce the topic.Define the Puerperium Explain involution of uterusExplain the roles. | INTRODUCTIONThe postnatal period usually considered the interval extended from the birth of the baby until 6 weeksIt is the 6 weeks interval between the birth of the newborn and return of the reproductive organs to their normal non-pregnant state.DEFINITIONPUERPERIUM is the period fallowing child birth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back into the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically.D.C.DUTTADURATIONPuerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks. When the uterus regressed almost the non-pregnant size.The period is arbitrarily divided into _ a) Immediate- within 24 hours b) Early upto-7 days c) Remote upto-6 weeksSimilar changes occur fallowing abortion but takes a shorter period for the involution to completeINVOLUTION OF THE UTERUSANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONUTERUS: immediately fallowing delivery, uterus becomes firm and retracted with alternate hardening and softening. The uterus measures about 20*12*7.5cm (length, breadth, and thickness) and weighs about 1000g.The placental site contracts rapidly presenting a raised surface with measures about 7.5cm and remains elevated even at 6 weeks when it measures about 1.5.LOWER UTERINE SEGMENT:After delivery...
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...Carolina Oquendo Sociology of Gender Final Project Gender roles in religion have always been a controversial topic. All of the major world religions belittle women to some degree. It is not a secret that women have historically gotten the short end of the stick, so to speak, when it comes to how they are treated and viewed in religion. After researching this topic, I can safely say that the women do all the work and the men take all the credit. Women are treated less than equal to men in most religious settings. Below I will touch upon women’s roles in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, the Rastafari Movement, Mormonism and Islam and how they have in fact, gotten the “short end of the stick” and how women have been belittled in every major religion. Christianity is a religion wholly based on the life teachings of Jesus Christ as presented by the gospel. Followers of this faith, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the son of God. They refer to Jesus as Christ or the Messiah. There are many denominations within Christianity. Some of these include Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant and Restorationists. The Roman Catholic Church is headed by the pope. Catholics believe that there is one holy catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus. The Protestants are people that separated from the Catholic Church in the 16th century. They often refer to themselves as being born again and when asked what religion they follow, they answer that they are Christian. All...
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...Islamic Marriage A Handbook for Young Muslims Presented by World Islamic Network Title : Islamic Marriage Compiler : Syed Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi Publisher : World Islamic Network (WIN) 1st Edition 2001 ISBN: 81-87793-54-6 Distributed free of charge seeking Allah’s pleasure For FREE copy of this book write to: [pic] 67/69, H. Abbas (a.s.) Street, Mumbai- 400009. (India) Telephones : 377 3648 / 370 0308 ωFax : (91-22) 374 5144. Email: win@bom4.vsnl.net.inωwww.winislam.com Table of Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Importance of Marriage in Islam 7 3. When Must We Marry? 13 4. Selection of Spouse 15 5. The Marriage Ceremony 22 6. The Wedding Night 29 7. Days and Times for Sex 32 8. Sexual Techniques 35 9. Dua for Pregnancy 41 10. Contraceptives and Abortion 43 11. The Major Ablution (Ghusl Janabat) 48 12. Mutual Rights and Behaviour 55 13. Duties of other family members 63 14. Glossary of Islamic Terms 65 15. Bibliography 66 16. Endnote 67 Imam Ja’far as-Sadiq (a.s.) says When a person intends to send a proposal for marriage, he must pray two rakat prayers, praise Allah and recite the following invocation: [1] بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيْم اَللّهُمَّ اِنِّى اُرِيْدُ اَنْ اَتَزَوَّجَ فَقَدِّرْ لِىْ مِنَ النِّسَّآءِ اَعَفَّهُنَّ فَرْجًا وَّ اَحْفَظَهُنَّ لِىْ فِىْ نَفْسِهَا وَ مَا لِىْ وَ اَوْسَعَهُنَّ لِىْ...
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