...between diverse interests and stages in which political pressure groups take different strategies. Australian society has had an increasing number of pressure groups, one of main concerns of which has been public welfare policies. As the history of Australian welfare state has developed with substantial inputs from pressure groups, it is worth questioning whether their influence is still considerable in shaping or changing public policy outcomes. This essay will argue that the history of Australian welfare state development has largely prevented pressure groups from establishing a solid foundation in the welfare policy area, and that their participation in the welfare policymaking process...
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...Situation Analysis – 1-1 Situation Analysis – An Approach and Method for Analyzing the Context of Projects and Programme j:\cc69\nmm\website docs\situation analysis\situation analysis approach and method.doc Global M&E Initiative 1-2 An Approach and Method for Analyzing the Context of Projects and Programme Notes: j:\cc69\nmm\website docs\situation analysis\situation analysis approach and method.doc Global M&E Initiative An Approach and Method for Analyzing the Context of Projects and Programme 1-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE RATIONALE FOR SITUATION ANALYSIS IN IUCN ............................................ 5 2. THE BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN SITUATION ANALYSIS ......................................... 6 3. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE............................................................. 7 PARTICIPATORY ........................................................................................................................... 7 OUTWARD LOOKING..................................................................................................................... 7 LEARNING FROM OTHERS ............................................................................................................. 7 USING THE FRAMEWORK OF PEOPLE AND ECOSYSTEMS ................................................................ 7 DATA BASED NOT ANECDOTAL..................................................................................................... 7...
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..."The role of Disraeli was the most important in the achievement of Parliamentary Reform in 1867." How valid is this view? The representation of the People Act in 1867, more commonly known as the Reform Act of 1867 or the Second Reform Act was a piece of British legislation that enfranchised the urban male working class in England and Wales. The 1867 Reform Act was the second major attempt to reform Britain’s electoral process – the first being the 1832 Reform Act. It was not just the role of Disraeli but one must also take consideration to popular pressure and take note of the role of the middle class and working class radicals, the importance of the Reform League and union, the importance of Hyde Park Riots and that of other important political figures such as Gladstone, Derby and Russell and the importance of different political parties; the Conservative and Liberal Party. The passage of the Reform Act resulted in; The 1867 Reform Act enfranchised 1,500,000 men. All male urban householders and male lodgers paying £10 rent a year for unfurnished accommodation got the right to vote. The act all but doubled the electorate. 52 seats were redistributed from small towns (less than a population of 10,000 such as Chichester, Harwich and Windsor) to the growing industrial towns or counties. Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester saw their representation increase from 2 MP’s to 3 MP’s. The University of London was also given a seat. The counties of Cheshire, Kent, Norfolk, Somerset...
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...Bianca Capatina “Pressure groups define the political issues that dominate US politics”.Discuss. Being the most pluralist political system in the world, it comes as expected that pressure groups would have a considerable amount of influence over the American system.However, their sectional views alone are not dictating the political agenda of the US politics, but rather influencing it at different levels(local/state/national), depending on their insider/outsider status and levels of funding. Firstly, because Congress is dominated by their representative function, pressure groups have a leading role in the US elections. This is because their power and influence is heightened by Political Action Committees , which are pressure groups that collect money from their members (up to $5,000/individual)and give it to candidates and political parties which support their interests. This was done by protecting elected officials from accountability in 2000, when 98% of the House incumbents were re-elected, undermining the political efficiency and leaning towards corruption.Their influence could be further observed in 2012, when the SUPERPAC Priorities USA spent $67 mil. on advertising for Obama’s re-election. Priorities USA’s belief is that Republicans’ agenda is to reward the wealthiest few at at the expense of the middle class, so it it came naturally that after he got elected Obama cut the income tax of the middle class families and also offered them tax reliefs. Secondly, the revolving...
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...law and thus to the constitutional importance of an independent judiciary in a modern liberal democracy Role – law enforcement, statutory interpretation, legality of government decisions, application of EU and HRA, protect citizens rights and liberties and potential for involvement in political process (note reduced by creation of Supreme Court however some judges will still seek to make political points especially with regard to political interference in judicial decision making). Consider issues of relative importance between the above factors. Role and power of judiciaries Powers – Judicial Review, Human Rights Act and application of EU law in the UK. Traditionally UK judiciaries only had judicial oversight of decision making by public bodies thus lacking legislative oversight but this has come into force with application of HRA and EU legislation albeit for HRA can only highlight incompatibility and not strike down as in case of US (note can force compliance in case of EU law) Judicial Review – applies to all public bodies can be granted on grounds of ultra vires, irrationality of decision and discrimination. Most cases filtered out in advance and rare for public body to lose (approx 5%). High profile cases such as Herceptin, Standard Life and BAE have forced government and public bodies to change actions (note latter Government won after appeal in the House of Lords). Has expanded in usage and often cases brought by pressure groups. Latest example of judicial review concerns...
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...Participation is a key function of pressure groups as it gives citizens an avenue of participation between elections in a structured and moderated manner to get an issue or issues across to MPs. Given the behaviour of pressure groups such as the EDL it is unlikely that politicians will have sympathy for their concerns. For example on 8 September 2013, 160 EDL members were arrested following a protest in Tower Hamlets after a clash between counter-demonstrators. However, the majority of pressure groups stay true to the function of participation and in many cases bring about change in the government. By participating more peacefully whilst still being effective, MPs are more likely to consider supporting the views of the pressure group in parliament. In 2010, following a series of Greenpeace campaigns such as climbing onto a plane at Heathrow airport, the coalition government scrapped plans to build a third runway which shows how pressure groups can be effective and true to the function of participation. A function of pressure groups is agenda setting which is where they have the ability to influence the importance of topics on the public agenda so as a news item is covered more frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. A successful example of this is where in 2000, the People’s Fuel Lobby successfully managed to shut down the country by protesting on the entrances to fuel depots and blockaded roads over the issue of fuel prices. Of course...
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...In general terms there are four principal methods that a pressure group can use in order to fulfil their functions. These four are; Electioneering and endorsement, Lobbying, Publicity and Organising grassroots activities. I would argue that Lobbying and organising grassroots activities is the most effective method that a pressure group can use as it is direct access to legislators as well as important political figures, whereas the use of electioneering and PAC is effective in a way it is not highly consider. The1970’s campaign finance reforms considerable alter the role of pressure groups and political fundraising, consequently the reforms limited the amount a pressure group could give to a candidate in a federal election. Therefore, the reform encouraged the setting up of political action committees commonly known as PACs that could make donations. A PAC is an organisation whose sole purpose is to raise funds which is then given to candidate campaigns running for political office. The 2006 mid-term elections were the first to run under the McCain-Feingold law of 2002, which had significant changes to federal election finance. The 2006 mid—terms themselves were an opportunity for the Democrats to regain control of both houses of Congress, with these factors as well as it being the most expensive election to date — an increase of 25% on what was spent in 2002, a majority of this increase was by PACs. PAC spending in 2006 exceeded $1billion and also with an increased emphasis...
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...worldwide. Furthermore, globalization has also facilitated the interdependence of the different economies throughout the entire world (Baur, 2011; Betsill & Correll, 2001). In addition to what has been previously mentioned, globalization has also influenced the development of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as a response to the recent increases in private investment (Teegen, 2003). Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) consist of citizens’ groups that are organized on a local, national or international level (Bendell, 2000; van Tulder, 2001). There are generally, three types of NGOs, these are: (1) advocacy NGOs who are primarily tasked with the promotion of the governments or in international for the groups who do not have the capacity to do so; (2) operational NGOs, which primarily deals with the provision of goods and services to the clients who are in need; and lastly, (3) hybrid NGOs or those who perform both tasks previously mentioned (Ghauri, 2003; Vormedal, 2008). It is in this regard that NGOs are popularly known as those groups which are organized based on a certain issue (Ghauri, 2003; van Tulder, 2001). Most of the common objectives behind the establishment of the NGOs are the protection of human rights and that of the environment (Baur, 2011; Betsill & Correll, 2001; Teegen, 2003). To support the said goals, NGOs are also given the task of...
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...African Americans and how we can make change to this by approaching the problem with health promotion and prevention techniques. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015, the population of African Americans is estimated to be a 45 million; which is 15.2 percent of the United States population. Around 14.7 percent of the African American populations are shown statistically to live in fair or poor health. This particular race is known to suffer from high incidences of Heart Disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, poverty and high crime rate. All of these health disparities are either the cause of genetic predisposition, lack of education or financial issues. Healthcare providers need to be aware of this minority groups disadvantages and be able to promote health with these patients and educate them so they can properly prevent future complications. Such complications can go as far as End Stage Renal Disease which is a common...
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...Introduction Researchers focused much of their attention in studying the Factors Affecting the Out of School Youth in Barangay Mulawin of San Jose Del Monte City, Bulacan during the School Year 2014-2015, to determine the different factors that affects in every youth in studying. According to Rizal (1861-1896) that “The youth is the hope of the Fatherland” Rizal (1861-1896). This statement of Rizal says that the youth are the future leaders, workers and citizens of their nations. Yet in many Barangay in San Jose Del Monte City, Bulacan, out of school youth is a vulnerable population with complex needs. Some suffers from lack of basic education, unemployment, uncertain future and are at risk for participation in gangs and trafficking groups. The assets of youth should be used to help their society grow and prosper; instead they often remain underused or are channeled into crime, violence and destructive activities. Statement of the Problem The study focused on the Factors Affecting the Out of School Youth in Barangay Mulawin of San Jose Del Monte City, Bulacan during the School Year 2014-2015. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of following variables: 2.1 age 2.2 gender 2.3 education 2.4 monthly income of the parents...
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...patients requiring bipap masks, what is the effect of applying duoderm to bridge of nose compared to not using any barrier to prevent skin breakdown while in the hospital? This paper is about a problem that has been identified in the nursing field and the change process. Patients who need to wear a bipap mask for better oxygenation are having complications with the mask causing a pressure ulcer on the bridge of the nose. This is not only painful to the patient but also increases health cost. This paper is about Lewin’s change theory and how to implement this new change and overcome resistance. It will talk about the freezing, moving and refreezing process, changes that need to be made and how to implement this plan. As well as what is necessary to enforce this change so that it becomes status quo. Lewin’s Theory Kurt Lewin was born in Germany and immigrated to the US in August of 1933, after Hitler came to power. He had originally been involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions and going into research. He is well known for his writings on group dynamics, group therapy and social psychology. His most influential theory was his model of the change process in human systems. While studying human behavior, Lewin concluded that driving forces push in a direction where change is inevitable. Individuals have a hard time with change and often become a restraining force that opposes change. Lewin identified...
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...International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 2007, 7, 3, 381-391 Factors that affect decision making: gender and age differences María L. Sanz de Acedo Lizárraga*1, María T. Sanz de Acedo Baquedano1, y María Cardelle-Elawar2 1 2 Universidad Pública de Navarra, España Arizona State University West, USA ABSTRACT In this study, the influence of gender and age in the importance allocated to several factors in the decision process was investigated from a naturalistic perspective. For this purpose, the Decision-Making Questionnaire, DMQ was administered to a sample of 589 participants (294 men and 295 women) of ages between 18-80 years old, who were grouped into three developmental stages: youths 18-25 years (n= 207; 97 men and 110 women); adults 26-65 years (n= 205; 110 men and 95 women), and retired persons 66-80 years (n= 177; 87 men and 90 women). The statistical analyses revealed significant differences due both to gender and age in participants’ perception of the factors that determine their decision processes. Keywords: Decision-making, Decision task, Gender, Age. RESUMEN En este estudio se investigó, desde el enfoque naturalista, la influencia que tienen el sexo y la edad en la importancia que se otorga a ciertos factores en el proceso de decisión. A tal fin, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Toma de Decisiones (CTD) a una muestra formada por 589 participantes (294 hombres, 295 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 80 años, agrupados en...
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...Excellence Toolkit-Part 4: Improve Your Estimating and Forecasting Effectiveness March 16, 2011 by Art Petty Leave a Comment 27 Note from Art: Your decisions define you as a leader and a manager, yet we spend very little time in our busy lives finding ways to improve our abilities in this area. This Management Excellence Toolkit Series will help you recognize the challenges and pitfalls of individual and group decision-making and offer ideas on improving performance for you and your co-workers. Part 1 of this series emphasized the importance of developing, updating and referencing a Decision Journal. Part 2, focused on understanding how we make decisions and how various traps and biases often derail us. In Part 3, we tackled the power and importance of framing situations properly to improve your odds of success. Part 4 focuses on improving estimating and forecasting accuracy by strengthening management and leadership practices. Let’s kick this one off with the conclusion: poor management and leadership practices make a tough job tougher by introducing pressures and biases that directly impact estimating and forecasting activities. If these environmentally imposed biases weren’t enough, human nature gets a vote as well. Studies in the field of decision-making have shown, “we are systematically over-confident in our own abilities.” Consider the unscientific annual BusinessWeek poll results: “90% of managers believe they are in the top 10% of all performers in their...
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...HSBC Introduction Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation is a world leading banking and financial services organisation. Its mission is to assist both private and business customers, to enhance economic prosperity which eventually improves people’s living standards and community wellbeing. HSBC operates in more than 80 locations serving 58 million customers. (HSBC Group, 2013). External environment are the factors and forces outside the organisation which affect the organisation’s performance (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2009). The business environment is comprised of a set of relationships between agents or stakeholders in the environment – relationships that are changed by individual decisions taken (Mason, 2007). As HSBC operates internationally, its external environment is complex and due to the nature of the industry, the environment is turbulent and instable. The specific environment is the external factors that directly impact on manager’s decisions and relevant to the organisation. The general environment is the broader external factors that influence an organisation, but less influential and direct than specific environment (Robbins et al., 2009). To illustrate, macro factors are economic conditions and technological changes whereas operating factors are unions and competitors. It is important for managers to realize and react to these factors because they can be opportunities or threats to the organisation...
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...you think that is? Often children, because they integrate into a more popular language. They do this for an economic advantage. 4. What has been the role of boarding schools on the use of indigenous languages? Provide some examples. Mitigated disaster. Kalinga Institute in India has 60 indigenous minority groups are educated in English and taught Hindu religion, which puts pressure on their individuality. 5. What is the conflict between education for indigenous groups and preservation of language? Is there a way to resolve this conflict to the benefit of the indigenous groups? Many different indigenous groups are brought together and educated in a common language like English. They should continue to practice their indigenous tongue when they are young so they have high elasticity and will retain their culture. 6. Since many tribal people are not Hindu, where do they fit within the Hindu paradigm of the world? They are below the caste system. 7. What is elicitation? Process of sharing the language and how you get a comprehensive description of the language. 8. In what way or ways does Kallawya have great importance for Western societies? Provides medicinal uses of plants, roughly 10,000 of them. 9. How is language typically transmitted within a culture and what...
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