...was the main source of conflict between the Irish and the British government? In 1870 a third of the land in Ireland was owned by less than 2 per cent of the land-owning gentry (302 people) and 25 per cent of the total number of landlords did not even live in Ireland. Nearly all of them were protestant and British whose families had been given the land during the Ulster planting, displacing the native Irish or allowing them to work the land but only if they paid rent to the land-owner which sowed the seeds of resentment that would last until the modern day. The problems caused by who owned the land was partly responsible for the terrible impact of the Great Famine or Irish Potato Famine from 1845 to 1847. William Gladstone attempted to resolve the land issue but by the end of the Nineteenth Century not a great deal had been done which specifically improved the lifestyle of those who worked on the land. The Irish potato famine was one of the worse famines in European history; close to one million people died of starvation and over fifty thousand evictions of land-workers took place. Many in Britain were sympathetic to the suffering of the Irish with the popular newspaper London Illustrated Times publishing accurate or over-dramatized pictures of the famine to encourage members of the public to lend support and even Queen Victoria donated large sums of money to voluntary organisations seeking to aid the Irish, however the Tory government of the time believed in a laissez faire approach...
Words: 947 - Pages: 4
...The Irish Language INTRODUCTION What I am going to talk about in this essay is how the Irish Language played a huge part in the development of Ireland throughout the 20th century.I picked this topic because I think that the Irish Language was a key element of Irish nationalism. The Irish Language was part of Irelands separate identity, and we the Irish back in the day felt that its revival was vital if the country were to successfully pursue sovereignty. That’s why I picked this topic because I think this is very interesting and would like to learn more about the Irish language. MAIN BODY In 1893, The Gaelic League was founded with the aim of reviving the Irish language. Successful Irish Governments sought to re-establish the Irish Language as the native tongue. In 1924, the Department of Education began its work to co-ordinate a comprehensive primary and secondary school system. The most important aim was to increase participation in education and to make sure that the people of Ireland gained the basic skills of reading and writing. Gaelic became a badge of identity which distinguished the Irish from the British. The Cumann na nGeadheal Government sought to bring the language back into everyday life. One means of doing this was to translate Irish place names back into Gaelic. From 1922 onwards, signposts, addresses and maps were changed. By 1925, the civil service, Garda, armed forces and courts had all introduced Irish into their day to day affairs. In 1926 2RN and Radio...
Words: 1278 - Pages: 6
...department, government and NTMA had already decided on the main course of action to take, meetings and notes indicate that the sequencing and execution of how it would happen was taking shape, with the coming weekend session being used to finalise all streams. The communication and sequencing of the government actions was finalised on the 18th September at a meeting between the separate state institutions, this included the raising of the guarantee. Presentations and meetings organised by the government around this time, with the other significant players in the banking crisis, sought reassurance that the suggested course of action was viable and indeed the correct one to choose. However these other players (the Irish banks and international investment banks advisors) appear to have a quite clear vested interest in the government bank guarantee coming to fruition. Time pressures may have played a part in the lack of diversity in the pool of advisors from which the government based their decisions. Indeed on the 18th of September Anglo Irish Bank presented a misleading state of health for the bank. It’s distorted viewpoint consisted of metrics showing Anglo as class leading in it’s market when the reality could not have been further from the truth. Statements such as “Even at this level the bank continues to be highly profitable” presented a delusional state of thinking that was either intended to hoodwink those present into believing the logic for a government guarantee was...
Words: 823 - Pages: 4
...charge of the administration of Government relief to the victims of the Irish Famine in the 1840s. In the middle of that crisis Trevelyan published his views on the matter. He saw the Famine as a ‘mechanism for reducing surplus population’. But it was more: ‘The judgement of God sent the calamity to teach the Irish a lesson, that calamity must not be too much mitigated. …The real evil with which we have to contend is not the physical evil of the Famine, but the moral evil of the selfish, perverse and turbulent character of the people’. Such racist and sectarian views of the Irish were common enough within the English governing classes and were more crudely expressed by others. For the most part, Trevelyan’s views reflected the prevailing Whig economic and social opinion and that of the Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, who held office from 1846 until 1852. Trevelyan was stiff and unbending. He firmly believed in laissez faire (essentially, the importing of food should be left to the food merchants), he thought that the Government should not intervene, and warned of the danger that people might get into the habit of depending on the state. From March 1846 he controlled the public works through the disbursement of public funds. Under Trevelyan, relief by public works in 1846–7 was too little too late but also it was slow, inefficient and sometimes corrupt. He defended the export of grain from famine-stricken Ireland on the grounds that the Government should not interfere with free...
Words: 2592 - Pages: 11
...During 1798, the Irish rebelled against British rule in order to gain independence. The Society of United Irishmen attempted to lead the rebellion. The Irish rebels had many reasons behind their rebellion regarding Britain’s brutal hostility. For example, the French had already conquered many of Britain’s allies; and when the French were going to attack Britain, the British planned to use the Irish in the front lines of the attack. Despite the Irish rebels’ desires, they were unable to achieve them because the rebellion never spread beyond areas surrounding Dublin. In fact, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was futile because of many internal weaknesses within the United Irishmen as well as the dramatic disparity of military and governmental strength...
Words: 1001 - Pages: 5
...about €5000 a head. Fast forward four years and Ireland is shut out of sovereign debt markets and in an EUIMF adjustment programme. Its debt-GDP ratio has soared over 100% and the sovereign wealth fund is effectively gone. In this short paper, I provide a brief review of how this rapid change came about and discuss potential future developments in relation to Ireland’s sovereign debt situation. 2. The Rise and Fall of the Celtic Tiger It is now well known that Ireland’s famed “Celtic Tiger” ended with the collapse of a housing bubble and a banking crisis. Many have thus been tempted to describe the Irish boom as largely built on an unstable credit splurge. However, this would underestimate the true progress made by the Irish economy during the two decades prior to 2007. The Birth of the Tiger Before the “Celtic Tiger” became a well-known phrase during the 1990s, the Irish...
Words: 5442 - Pages: 22
...the measures established by Peel’s government in order to employed many Irish peasants were continuing to be adopted. Men, women, and even children were employed to improve old roads and build new ones. Many of the workers, who did not have the money to afford proper winter clothes and were malnourished or suffered from various illnesses, fainted and died right on the spot. These people were so poor, especially in the southern counties of the island, that they were buried without coffins (“The Great Hunger”). In January 1847, since this laissez-faire policy proved to be a complete disaster, the government abandoned it and, under the direction of the Prime Minister Russell, the priority became to keep the people alive. The Soup Kitchen Act of 1847 aimed to provide free food through soup kitchens, which were financed by the taxes collected by local relief committees from Irish landowners and merchants. However, since Ireland was going bankrupt,...
Words: 1507 - Pages: 7
...Ireland as, whilst being large in terms of scale and duration, Irish rebellions failed to garner national support due to strict English control. The stabilising effect of the Earl of Kildare’s role as the crown’s deputy lieutenants meant that there were no Irish rebellions during the first fifty years of this period. However, political issues became far more prominent from 1534 to 1603, as it was the main cause for five major rebellions during this period. Religious issues were also a factor as, following the break with Rome, the Irish resisted becoming a protestant country. English rebellions were more successful than those in Ireland as Irish rebellions never presented a serious challenge to English rule and did not result in any substantial change. By contrast, whilst not overwhelmingly successful, some English rebellions did bring about government policy changes. For example, as a result of the Yorkshire rebellion Henry VII agreed not to impose a fine on the rebels and decided not to collect the tax. Further success was achieved by the Amicable Grant rebellion, as no tax was enforced and benevolence (an occasional gift which helped the government deal with financial crisis) was not received. This resulted in permanent change as when Henry VII collected benevolences in the 1540s, he targeted the wealthier groups rather than the poor – a direct response to lessons learned via the Amicable Grant’s rebels. By contrast, Irish rebellions failed to achieve positive change, as the aftermath...
Words: 716 - Pages: 3
...History of Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search History of Ireland Wenzel Hollar's historical map of Ireland This article is part of a series Chronology Prehistory Protohistory 400–800 800–1169 1169–1536 1536–1691 1691–1801 1801–1923 Timeline of Irish history Peoples and polities Gaelic Ireland Lordship of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Republic of Ireland · Northern Ireland Topics Battles · Clans · Kingdoms · States Gaelic monarchs · British monarchs Economic history · History of the Irish language Ireland Portal v · d · e The first known settlement in Ireland began around 8000 BC, when hunter-gatherers arrived from continental Europe, probably via a land bridge.[1] Few archaeological traces remain of this group, but their descendants and later Neolithic arrivals, particularly from the Iberian Peninsula, were responsible for major Neolithic sites such as Newgrange.[2][3] On the arrival of Saint Patrick and other Christian missionaries in the early to mid-5th century AD, Christianity began to subsume the indigenous Celtic religion, a process that was completed by the year 600. From around AD 800, more than a century of Viking invasions brought havoc upon the monastic culture and on the island's various regional dynasties, yet both of these institutions proved strong enough to survive and assimilate the invaders. The coming of Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de...
Words: 11293 - Pages: 46
...nationalism’ which emerged in Ireland from the 1890s. Its most significant outcome was the rejuvenation of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). This small, underground, revolutionary body planned and directed the insurrection in 1916. The truly dynamic element was a tiny minority within this organization; they were acting on the old republican principle: ‘England’s difficulty is Ireland’s opportunity’. In August 1915, this group formed the IRB Military Council. It was eventually composed of seven members – Thomas Clarke, Sean MacDermott, Patrick Pearse, Eamonn Ceannt, Joseph Plunkett, James Connolly, and Thomas MacDonagh. All seven approved and signed the Proclamation, and together they declared themselves to be the ‘Provisional Government’ of the Irish Republic when the Rising began. They were aided throughout by an Irish-American organization, Clan na Gael, which shared their aims and provided virtually the only channel of contact between the insurgents and Germany, from whom they hoped to receive military backing. The IRB was too small in number and covert in operation to precipitate a full-scale rising. For this purpose, it hoped to use the Irish Volunteer Force (IVF). This organization had been formed in 1913 by moderate nationalists, impressed by the impact of the Ulster Volunteer Force and frustrated by the delay in Britain granting Ireland self-government. It had recruited 180,000 men by mid-1914, but then formally split over whether its volunteers should enlist...
Words: 8363 - Pages: 34
...1 On Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, a group of Irish nationalists also known as the Easter Rebellion proclaimed the establishment of the Irish Republic and, along with 1,600 followers, staged a rebellion against the British government in Ireland. The rebels seized prominent buildings in Dublin and clashed with British troops. Within a week, the insurrection had been suppressed and over 450 people including civilians had died. The leaders of the rebellion soon were executed. Initially, there was little support from the Irish people for the Easter Rising; however, public opinion later shifted and the executed leaders were hailed as martyrs, as this brave act would lead the way towards Irish independence. In 1921, a treaty was signed that in 1922 established the Irish Free State, which eventually became the modern-day Republic of Ireland. 2 With the Act of Union in 1800, Ireland (which had been under some form of English control since the 12th century) merged with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. As a result, Ireland lost its parliament in Dublin and was governed by a united parliament from Westminster in London. During the 19th century, groups of Irish nationalists opposed this arrangement in varying degrees. Some moderate nationalists advocated for home rule, under which Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom but also have some form of self-government. Several home rule bills were defeated in Parliament in the late 1800s before...
Words: 925 - Pages: 4
...see how government policy, reckless lending policies by the banks and a lack of any real regulatory oversight of the banking sector culminated so dramatically in that faithful decision on 30th September 2008. From the late eighties onwards, Ireland experienced a period of unprecedented economic expansion. This expansion can be divided into two distinct phases, the export driven growth of the early to late 1990’s - ‘the true ‘Celtic Tiger’ period” (Honahan. P, 2010) - and the major asset bubble in commercial and residential property from 2000 to 2007. The 1990’s saw a dramatic expansion in Ireland’s economy. A large increase in workforce participation due to demographic changes, increased productivity and a huge influx of foreign direct investment combined with other factors resulted in GNI per-capita doubling in less than a decade from 1990 (World Bank, Databank) . These factors formed the basis for the ensuing housing boom. As employment increased, so did incomes and immigration which created increased demand for housing stock. The steady expansion in employment, standards of living and incomes (due largely to social partnership agreements, such as benchmarking) gave rise to an extremely optimistic outlook for the future which served further to drive spending and thus economic growth. The introduction in 2002 bringing greater financial integration and increased access to wholesale money markets coupled with easy monetary conditions in the euro zone gave Irish banks unprecedented...
Words: 2462 - Pages: 10
...Christopher Deion Smith 900751868 History 1112K Keywords Report #2 Irish Republican Army (IRA) The Irish Republican Army (IRA), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army was a paramilitary organization. It was created in 1919 with the purpose of using an armed force to remove British rule in order to create an independent republic and the unification of Ireland. During its time of operation it acted independently of political control and in some instances gained the advantage in the independence movement. During the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) under the leadership of Michal Collins the IRA made used of guerrilla tactics in order to force the British government to negotiate the Anglo-Irish Treaty which resulted in the...
Words: 517 - Pages: 3
...College of Computer Training (CCT) ------------------------------------------------- Assignment Cover Page ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION TO THE IRISH LEGAL SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE IRISH LEGAL SYSTEM Module Title: 6N8395 6N8395 Module Code: Law Assignment One – Origins of the Irish Legal System Law Assignment One – Origins of the Irish Legal System Assignment Title: Owen Keany Owen Keany Lecturer Name: MEMORY TEMBO, HETHERWICK KAMWENDO, NANCY SUNGANI NAMETSO LEGAE . MEMORY TEMBO, HETHERWICK KAMWENDO, NANCY SUNGANI NAMETSO LEGAE . Student Name: (2015334), (2015388), (2015262), (2011853). (2015334), (2015388), (2015262), (2011853). Student No.: 11 October 2015 @ 23.55 11 October 2015 @ 23.55 Assignment Due Date: Academic Year: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DECLARATION ------------------------------------------------- I, the above named student, confirm that by submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to CCT, I have not plagiarised any other person’s work in this assignment and except where appropriately acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment. I, the above named student...
Words: 2664 - Pages: 11
...Introduction: For more than 15 years numerous countries within Europe have been faced with the question of the wearing of religious garments in schools, most notably France. Until recently Ireland had remained untouched by these questions of Identity which arise from emigration and the consequent religious and cultural diversity which ensues. In recent years this situation in Ireland has reversed, as Ireland’s population grows to include a range of different ethnic and religious backgrounds. Terms of Reference: The principal has asked that I make proposals in relation to a policy on the wearing of religious garments in the class room. I am required to consider the feasibility and implications of such a policy for the school. Background: As a health care professional I have worked for many years with professionals of various ethnic groups, and got to know their families through social occasions. More recently my home town was selected for the relocation of refugees from Serbian Kosovo conflict. Most of the refugees have made Baltinglass their permanent home; subsequently their children attend local schools. All of them are of the Muslim persuasion. I have observed some of the teenage girls practice the tradition of covering their hair. It has not posed any problems, generally accepted by all. Deeply appreciated I would imagine by teachers looking at some hair styles and colours they are faced with in Modern day Ireland. Methodology: ...
Words: 1913 - Pages: 8
