...woman’s role in the United States was starting to change. The culture of the country was going through a major shift by way of the workforce, the prohibition, and the end of World War I. Parallel to these changes, women’s roles in society began to morph and expand along with women’s fashion. The suffrage movement was a huge step for women in history; it was a fight for political representation and the right for women to vote. After years of lobbying and fighting against the government, the nineteenth amendment was finally passed on June 4, 1919, ratified on August 19, 1920, and guaranteed all American women the right to vote. The new era of the roaring twenties jumpstarted a different view of women...
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...woman to be in both the public and domestic sphere. Women were forced to spend most of their life in the domestic sphere, and wear ridiculous clothes every day. For a long time, women have been degraded and pushed around, causing women to initial movements to change the way society treats women. In America, "the land of the free", women have to fight for their equal rights. Reformers, such as Fanny Wright, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Amelia Bloomer and many more have done so through their actions, and speeches. Nevertheless, in recent times fashion has become an available source of expression. It is a powerful tool to be able to be seen and not heard--but still get the message across. Since its humble beginnings, fashion has oftentimes just existed, but in the past century, it has existed as a form of expression, art, and liberation Now, women are still being influenced and challenged by the media and their peer, but slowly, more and more women are standing up for themselves. Before the early to mid 1800's, women were forced to squeeze into corsets made of whalebone, steel or buckram. It gave them the figure eight profile which resulted on a number of health problems, including their organs and body to become deformed. Over the corsets, women wore heavy layers of petticoats despite the weather. (Small Business Administration 3) Dresses emphasized the bust and hips, attempting to make women look very voluptuous. With the spread of commercialism...
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...In Tyra Banks’ finale of “Sociology’s Next Top Theorist” the finalists are required to put on a fashion show that expresses their theories of how power works in society. The first contestant to outline the models of the walkway is German theorist Herbert Marcuse. Two models walk in parallel with different styles of dress. One is wearing a long ballroom gown made from the stitching of popular advertisements. The newest iPhone, The Force Awakens poster, brand drinks, and Nikes to name a few. Additionally, she is holding a Louis Vuitton purse and wearing make-up. Marcuse defines this style as false couture, representing our “false” needs. While the second model is wearing a simple sun dress with images of brand less water/food/clothing/hygienic products, basic transportation, and adequate shelter. She is carrying a black bag with no label and has no make-up on. Marcuse describes this style as true couture, representing our “true” needs. Several men that are wearing shirts with the word “power” on them come onto the stage and take the true couture model backstage before placing a sticker saying “true” onto the false couture model. The acting consumer audience is then attracted to only the false couture because it is displaying itself as the true needs for society as deemed by those in power and is now the single...
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...Mary Quant: A woman who completed women and the youth culture During the 1960s, although Great Britain was referred as the empire on which the sun never sets, the nation itself was too busy in replicating and imitating culture and arts of France. Even the young nation, United States had the victory of seizing hegemony right after World War 2, which hurt the Great Britain’s pride. Not only the nation itself but also the people of Great Britain desperately wanted something “British-like,” something of their own. Furthermore, the social issues for wanting individualism, having a will to express their own selves, and second wave of feminism, more liberated life styles for women, erupted across the Western countries. New definitions of youth and femininity were epitomized through fashion typically created by Mary Quant, a British fashion designer. She had not only helped translating a generation of women, but also helped the failing British fashion industry into a thriving commercialism. Mary Quant was born in London, 1934. She studied illustration at Goldsmith College of Art and met her future husband, Alexander Plunket Greene and a former solicitor, Archie Mcnair. When she failed to become an art teacher, she teamed up with her husband and Mcnair to open up a boutique called Bazaar in Kings Road, London. In the beginning, she planned to buy clothes from the private wholesalers and sell it as retail items at her boutique, but with the limited designs, which...
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...a firm hold on American, as well as the world’s, political and social norm, and television could not and did not ignore it. News reports as well as comedy television shows used the women’s liberation movement as a basis for a commentary in announcements, an episode, or a show as a whole. Television, as always, captured, communicated, and connected Americans everywhere with the changing times as women sought more than just their suffrage. As a contemporary issue for its time, it seemed unusual for a situation comedy television show like The Brady Bunch (1969-1974 ABC), which kept to traditional family values, to include episodes with feminism as its main subject matter. However, The Brady Bunch – particularly episode 19, season 2 – made the women’s liberation movement a family friendly topic for America’s living rooms. The episode was not just spontaneous and unrelated from the show as a whole; rather it built on the already established balanced norm that the show established since the very first episode. The Brady Bunch took great strides to maintain equilibrium between the boys and the girls – a mother with three daughters, a man with three sons, and the additional woman, Alice, substance a moderate position and generally does not take sides. Episode 19 of the second season, ‘The Liberation of Marcia Brady’ discusses feminism, but in the end nothing is really broken and the family remains united and wholesome. In a time where there was political, social, and familial instability...
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...culture, known as the ‘Enlightenment.’ The inspiration for fashion art and culture began to be drawn from Paris, which saw a shift of influential power from Versailles. The latest fashion coming through at the time had a far greater impact on society, affecting not only royalty and aristocrats but also middle and lower classes. The single most influential figure in the establishment of Rococo fashion was the mistress of Louis XV’s, Madame Pompadour. Her adornment of pastel colours, floral motifs and light stripe characterised by opulence, grace, playfulness and lightness, became known as Rococo. In Europe, the eighteenth century was a period of intellectual, social, and political tumult, referred to as the Age of Enlightenment. The notion of democracy arose and would ultimately replace the monarchical power structure in Europe. The second major development in academic life was the rise of scientific journals and encyclopedias. These publications were often produced by the academies themselves...
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...alleviating poverty and empowering people towards a better future. BRAC started its operations soon after the liberation war, on resettling and rehabilitating refugees returning from India. Later, in 1976, BRAC began training women in sericulture in Manikganj and Ayesha Abed, who worked at BRAC, initiated many of the major activities of Aarong by identifying and experimenting with various crafts that women could produce at home. At that time there were only a few buyers who were scattered across Dhaka. Weeks, even months, would pass before the women would get their payment. The idea of Aarong was born out of a need to ensure that the women silk rearers, embroiderers and block printers of Manikganj were paid for their goods upfront, so that they could feed their families. When BRAC decided to open its own retail outlet under the brand name Aarong, meaning ‘village fair’, it broadened its arms to include other artisans and master craftsmen throughout Bangladesh who were involved in the making of handicrafts for generations, and were finding it extremely difficult to survive in the newly formed country. Bangladesh has a long history of folk art and crafts but in general art and crafts were infrequently marketed as a meaningful enterprise for the poor. In the 1970s, BRAC was examining any and all possibilities for alternative forms of productive livelihood, especially for women, and the proper commercialization of art and crafts turned out to be a promising option. The first Aarong...
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...greater number of total words, please write to South End Press for permission. INTRODUCTION Come Closer to Feminism 1. 2. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hooks, Bell. Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics / Bell Hooks. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89608-629-1 - ISBN 0-89608-628-3 (pbk.) 1. Feminist theory. 2. Feminism - Philosophy. 3. Feminism Political aspects. 4. Sex discrimination against women. 1. Title. FEMINIST POLITICS Where We Stand 1 CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING A Constant Change of Heart 7 3. SISI:ERHOOD IS STILL POWERFUL 4. Vll 13 00-036589 South End Press, 7 Brookline Street, #1, Cambridge, MA 02139 06 05 04 7 8 9 Printed in Canada 19 OUR BODIES, OURSELVES Reproductive Rights 25 6. HQl190 .H67 2000 305.42'01 - dc21 FEMINIST EDUCATION FOR CRITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS BEAUTY WITHIN AND WITHOUT 31 7. FEMINIST CLASS STRUGGLE 37 8. GLOBAL FEMINISM 44 5. 9. WOMEN AT WORI( 48 10. RACE AND GENDER 55 11. ENDING VIOLENCE 61 12. FEMINIST MASCULINITY 67 13. FEMINIST PARENTING 72 14. LIBERATING MARRIAGE AND PARTNERSHIP 78 15. A FEMINIST SEXUAL POLITIC An Ethics of Mutual Freedom 85 16. TOTAL BLISS Lesbianism and Feminism 93 INTRODUCTION 17. TO LOVE AGAIN The Heart of Feminism 100 18. FEMINIST SPIRITUALITY 105 19. VISIONARY FEMINISM...
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...Conventional Gothic gender roles are challenged by Carter through the tongue in cheek nature of some of the stories in ‘The Bloody Chamber’ most notably, Puss in Boots in which the supposed ‘innocent’ and ‘naïve’ female wants to kill her husband in order for new love. Not only this, Carter also uses the theme of feminism to challenge stereotypical female roles in stories which inadvertently also happens to challenge the roles of women in Gothic literature. Her use of feminism seems to be a result of her upbringing where she was heavily influenced by the first and second wave of feminism that achieved gains in gender equality giving way to more sexual liberation and freedom for women. One of the stories where conventional gothic gender roles are most notably challenged is ‘The Tiger’s Bride’ where the female, the daughter of a man who gambled her away to a beast, is the protagonist of the story and seemingly in charge of her fate, whether it be sexual or in loyalty. This mirrors ‘The Taming of the Shrew’, where Katherina is initially in charge of her fate and her sexual fate before she is “tamed” by Petruchio, the story also juxtaposes ‘The shrew’ as it is her who is tamed, while in ‘The Tiger’s Bride’ the protagonist is the one who tames the beast by choosing him over her own father. The contrast in storylines emphasises how gender roles in general have been severely challenged by Carter, giving the effect of female empowerment especially contrasting the male empowerment in ‘Taming...
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...Establishment and recognition: 1909 through 1920s In 1909, Gabrielle Chanel opened a shop on the ground floor of Étienne Balsan's apartment in Paris—the beginnings of what would later become one of the greatest fashion empires in the world.[1] The Balsan home was a meeting place of the hunting elite of France and the gentlemen brought their fashionable mistresses along, giving Coco the opportunity to sell the women decorated hats. During this time, Coco Chanel struck up a relationship with Arthur 'Boy' Capel, a member of the Balsan men's group. He saw a businesswoman in Coco and helped her acquire her location at 31 Rue Cambon in Paris by 1910.[1] There was already a couture shop in the building, and so Coco was not allowed in her lease to produce couture dresses.[1] In 1912, Coco Chanel opened her first millinery shop in Paris and in 1913, Chanel introduced women's sportswear at her new boutique in Deauville and Biarritz, France. Chanel's designs tended to be simple rather than opulent in look. She detested the fashions of women who came to these resort towns.[1][3] World War I affected fashion. Coal was scarce and women were doing the factory jobs that men had held prior to the war; they needed warm clothing that would stand up to working conditions. Chanel fossella's designs from this era were affected by the new idea of women's sports. During World War I, Coco opened another larger shop on Rue Cambon in front of the Hôtel Ritz Paris.[1] Here she sold flannel blazers, straight...
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...used in mainstream media to promote materialism, misogamy and consumerism amongst other things. Traditionally a folk culture the ruling class have adapted the genre to fit the ideology they want to promote, it has been used as a tool in presidential campaigns and promotes the latest fashion to consume. Mass culture is unavoidable, it’s in your Coca-Cola, in your Nike shoes and it’s playing in cinema’s nationwide, but why is their ‘mass culture’? “The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it.” - Karl Marx: The German Ideology (1845) Marx suggests that those who control the production of the materials we consume also control our ideas; if an individual lacks an expression of self they simply take the creativity of others and apply it to themselves. A Simple example of mass consumerism and how we identify ourselves can be seen in the development of mass marketing over the last century – every day thousands of advertising images are registered in the sub conscious of an individual (most likely through mass media), each one of them...
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...Bangladeshi GDP in 2009 and 2010[3] and employs approximately four million people[4]. The export-oriented Bangladeshi garment manufacturing industry has boomed into a $19 billion dollar a year industry[5] following the expiry in 2005 of an international agreement on textiles and clothing import quotas in place since the early 1960’s[6], duty-free access offered by western countries, and low labour costs. The Bangladeshi textile and garment manufacturing sector is fuelled by young, urbanizing, workers many of whom are women. With the majority of production destined for U.S. and European markets, Bangladesh’s ready-made garment industry now accounts for approximately 78% of total exports[7], second only to China as the world’s largest apparel exporter. However, Bangladesh has a long history of health and safety tragedies in garment and textile manufacturing. Garment factory fires and collapses have killed at least 1800 workers since 2005[8]. The Tazreen Fashions fire on 24th November 2012 and the unprecedented disaster of the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory complex on 24 April 2013, together resulting in the tragic death of over 1,200 garment workers are examples of the most recent and highly publicised disasters. The Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh is designed to make all garment factories safe workplaces and is specifically developed to deal with the unique challenges facing the ready-made garment and textile industry in Bangladesh....
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...2010s. If you were shopping in any other decade since the late 1950s, you would see Barbie dolls with different costumes and careers. Since its inception in 1959, by creator Ruth Handler, the Barbie doll has taken on more than 100 different career paths and has become the most successful doll ever produced. This iconic and often controversial doll has had a great deal of influence on every decade since the late 1950s. From its very inception, Barbie was an innovative fashion doll, whose desirability and influence among girls quickly skyrocketed. It was the first ever adult-bodied doll, equipped with breasts, long legs, and a small waist. Previously, the only dolls for girls were baby or infant dolls that allowed little girls to play mommy. But with Barbie, little girls were soon able to imagine being much more than just mothers or wives, and could play as any career they wanted. The Barbie doll was not simply a fashionable toy, but a role model for individuality and freedom of choice for all females. It broke through gender barriers by teaching girls they could be anything they dreamed. However, the doll received a great deal of outrage and criticism throughout the decades as well. In its early years, people criticized the toy for being too sexual and lascivious. On the one hand, this reaction was understandable because...
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...Book Report The Marketing of Evil: How Radicals, Elitists, and Pseudo-Experts Sell Us Corruption Disguised As Freedom MKT 6013 Prof. Gadd March 29. 2011 La Shawn Early The Marketing of Evil: How Radicals, Elitists, and Pseudo-Experts Sell Us Corruption Disguised As Freedom Summary Marketing is the application of the knowledge of human psychology to the task of persuasion." (p.99) David Kupelian. Marketing Evil is a must read for those wishing to understand the culture war that the left has declared on American institutions, values, and ethics. Kupelian, with a calm, steady and patient hand, exposes the left as master marketers’ selling an agenda of ever increasing recklessness and corruption as a designer substitute intended for classical American ordered liberty. His chapter on the three step process (desensitize, jam, and convert) devised by sodomites to sell their spectacular species of wickedness to main street America is worth the whole price of the book. Chapters detailing the rotting corruption of the liberal education establishment, showing the manifest moral bankruptcy of modern feminism, and exposing the blood thirsty, predatory nature of the pro-abortion movement give a chilling glimpse into the cynical techniques used by the left to manipulate people into waging war against their own enlightened self interests. There is a chapter written on "Media Matrix" which is nothing short of brilliant. Kuplelian pulls back the curtain and exposes the wizards pulling the...
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...different, and less tolerated, than they were fifty years ago. Same sex marriage is one of the last challenges to be addressed in some parts of the civilized world. However, the path has not been without setbacks, particularly with the onset of AIDS from the late seventies damaging both the LGBT movement and the ‘free love’ generation. The drug culture of the sixties that inspired a generation became the problem of the seventies, with gang culture, rising crime and harder more damaging drugs taking the place of the ‘fun’ psychedelic years. Popular music was forever changed from the largely clean cut groups that began the decade (despite earlier concerns of the sexuality of rock and rollers such as Elvis Presley), through the music-driving-protest push of Dylan, through to Hendrix playing Star Spangled Banner at Woodstock channeling the bombs of Vietnam. Music was no longer “She loves you” it was “Revolution” and elevated the rock star to a position of public...
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